Footprints of interaction among Finniс-speaking, Slavic, and Turkic-speaking populations in modern gene pool and their reflection in pharmacogenetics

Genetic contribution of pre-Slavic populations to gene pools of modern Russia is increasingly relevant, along with genetic footprints of the Golden Horde invasion. The novel genome-wide approaches enable advanced solutions in this field. The study aimed at searching for the footprints of genetic interaction among Finnicspeaking, Slavic and Turkic-speaking populations of Central Russia and Volga Region and their reflection in pharmacogenetic landscape. Modeling ancestral components by ADMIXTURE software and their mapping involved genome-wide genotyping data for 248 individual genomes representing 47 populations of 9 ethnic groups. Of specific ancestral components identified in each of the Finnic-speaking peoples, only Mordovian ancestral components are common for all populations within the studied geographic area, regardless of their linguistic affiliation. Gene pools of Russian populations include 80% of intrinsic component, 19% contribution from Finnic-speaking peoples, and 1% of Central Asian influence. The Tatar gene pool combines all identified ancestral components, including 81% contribution from Finnic-speaking peoples and only 12% of Central Asian influence, which prevents using it as a reference for the assessment of Golden Horde footprints in Russian gene pools. A map of genetic distances from Ryazan Russians based on a panel of 42 pharmacogenetic markers reveals a landscape strikingly independent from the selectively neutral ancestral genomic patterns. For instance, populations of Mordovia, Kaluga, Smolensk, and Kostroma regions are the closest to Ryazan Russians in pharmacogenetic status, whereas populations of Ryazan and Nizhny Novgorod regions have strikingly divergent pharmacogenetic status despite the similarity of the selectively neutral ancestral genomic patterns. These findings confirm the relevance of targeted pharmacogenetic characterization for gene pools of Russia.

Cartographic atlas of frequency variation for 45 pharmacogenetic markers in populations of Russia and its neighbor states

The lack of information about the frequency of pharmacogenetic markers in Russia impedes the adoption of personalized treatment algorithms originally developed for West European populations. The aim of this paper was to study the distribution of some clinically significant pharmacogenetic markers across Russia. A total of 45 pharmacogenetic markers were selected from a few population genetic datasets, including ADME, drug target and hemostasis-controlling genes. The total number of donors genotyped for these markers was 2,197. The frequencies of these markers were determined for 50 different populations, comprised of 137 ethnic and subethnic groups. A comprehensive pharmacogenetic atlas was created, i.e. a systematic collection of gene geographic maps of frequency variation for 45 pharmacogenetic DNA markers in Russia and its neighbor states. The maps revealed 3 patterns of geographic variation. Clinal variation (a gradient change in frequency along the East-West axis) is observed in the pharmacogenetic markers that follow the main pattern of variation for North Eurasia (13% of the maps). Uniform distribution singles out a group of markers that occur at average frequency in most Russian regions (27% of the maps). Focal variation is observed in the markers that are specific to a certain group of populations and are absent in other regions (60% of the maps). The atlas reveals that the average frequency of the marker and its frequency in individual populations do not indicate the type of its distribution in Russia: a gene geographic map is needed to uncover the pattern of its variation.