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Febo E, Del Signore F, Bernabò N, Paolini A, Simeoni F, De Bonis A, Rosto M, Canal S, Vignoli M. Ultrasonography and Sonoelastography Characteristics of Benign vs. Malignant Mesenteric Lymph Nodes in Cats: An Update. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2664. [PMID: 37627454 PMCID: PMC10451840 DOI: 10.3390/ani13162664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Strain elastography (SE) is an ultrasound-based technique able to non-invasively assess tissue elasticity, with malignant tissues being stiffer than normal tissues. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of SE to differentiate feline mesenteric benign and malignant lymph nodes (LNs) using a multivariate approach including both SE results and B-mode ultrasound and color Doppler findings. (2) Methods: Feline enlarged mesenteric LNs were evaluated using B-mode ultrasound, color Doppler ultrasonography, and SE. Short-to-long axis ratios, borders, echogenicity, hilum, vascular flow distribution, elastographic patterns, and strain ratios were recorded. Histological and/or cytological diagnosis was available for each LN. (3) Results: A total of 88 LNs were included, 46 (52.3%) benign and 42 (47.7%) malignant; in the benign group, 40 LNs had a diagnosis of reactive hyperplasia (group A) and 6 eosinophilic sclerosing lymphadenitis (group B), while in the malignant group 42 had a diagnosis of lymphoma (group C). The principal component analysis approach showed evidence that by combining B-mode- and color Doppler-based scores with SE scores, the three groups of LNs can be accurately distinguished. (4) Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that a multivariate sonographic approach combining B-mode ultrasound, color Doppler ultrasonography, and SE can accurately distinguish benign from malignant LNs, thus helping in the clinical advice of feline patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesca Del Signore
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Località Piano D’ Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (E.F.); (N.B.); (F.S.); (A.D.B.); (M.R.); (S.C.); (M.V.)
| | | | - Andrea Paolini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Località Piano D’ Accio, 64100 Teramo, Italy; (E.F.); (N.B.); (F.S.); (A.D.B.); (M.R.); (S.C.); (M.V.)
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Yu-rim K, Su-hyeon L, Im-mee S, Jae-un K, Jae-hwan K, Ki-dong E. Comparison of shear-wave velocities obtained with shear-wave elastography of various peripheral lymph nodes in healthy Beagles. Am J Vet Res 2021. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.82.12.981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
OBJECTIVE
To compare shear-wave velocities (SWVs) with shear-wave elastography of various peripheral lymph nodes (LNs).
ANIMALS
11 healthy Beagles.
PROCEDURES
For each dog, bilateral mandibular, medial retropharyngeal, superficial cervical, axillary, superficial inguinal, and popliteal LNs were evaluated with shear-wave elastography in sagittal and transverse scanning planes. Depth of each lymph node was recorded, and intra- and interobserver reliability was determined.
RESULTS
SWVs for all LNs were significantly higher in the sagittal scanning plane, compared with those in the transverse scanning plane. The SWV of the most superficial LN, the mandibular LN, was significantly higher, compared with that for the other LNs, except for the medial retropharyngeal LN. The SWV of the deepest LN, the medial retropharyngeal LN, was as high as that for the mandibular LN. Intra- and interobserver reliability was excellent.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
SWVs for normal peripheral LNs of Beagles may serve as a reference to compare with those for other breeds and diseased LNs. Scanning plane, LN depth, and interfering tissues between the LN and the transducer may affect SWV. Shear-wave elastography may not be operator dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Yu-rim
- From the Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - Lee Su-hyeon
- From the Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - Seo Im-mee
- From the Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - Ko Jae-un
- From the Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - Kim Jae-hwan
- From the Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - Eom Ki-dong
- From the Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, South Korea
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3
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Kang YR, Lee SH, Seo IM, Ko JU, Kim JH, Eom KD. Comparison of shear-wave velocities obtained with shear-wave elastography of various peripheral lymph nodes in healthy Beagles. Am J Vet Res 2021:1-7. [PMID: 34727068 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.20.12.0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare shear-wave velocities (SWVs) with shear-wave elastography of various peripheral lymph nodes (LNs). ANIMALS 11 healthy Beagles. PROCEDURES For each dog, bilateral mandibular, medial retropharyngeal, superficial cervical, axillary, superficial inguinal, and popliteal LNs were evaluated with shear-wave elastography in sagittal and transverse scanning planes. Depth of each lymph node was recorded, and intra- and interobserver reliability was determined. RESULTS SWVs for all LNs were significantly higher in the sagittal scanning plane, compared with those in the transverse scanning plane. The SWV of the most superficial LN, the mandibular LN, was significantly higher, compared with that for the other LNs, except for the medial retropharyngeal LN. The SWV of the deepest LN, the medial retropharyngeal LN, was as high as that for the mandibular LN. Intra- and interobserver reliability was excellent. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE SWVs for normal peripheral LNs of Beagles may serve as a reference to compare with those for other breeds and diseased LNs. Scanning plane, LN depth, and interfering tissues between the LN and the transducer may affect SWV. Shear-wave elastography may not be operator dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Rim Kang
- From the Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - Su-Hyeon Lee
- From the Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - Im-Mee Seo
- From the Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - Jae-Un Ko
- From the Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hwan Kim
- From the Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - Ki-Dong Eom
- From the Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, South Korea
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4
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Choi M, Yoon J, Choi M. Semi-quantitative strain elastography may facilitate pre-surgical prediction of mandibular lymph nodes malignancy in dogs. J Vet Sci 2020; 20:e62. [PMID: 31775189 PMCID: PMC6883200 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2019.20.e62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Evaluation of mandibular lymph nodes in a patient with head and neck cancer is important for stage determination and prognosis development, and, in human medicine, the use of sonoelastography for differentiating between non-metastatic and metastatic lymph nodes has been reported. Our prospective, cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of strain elastography and to determine elastographic cut-off values for predicting malignancy. Sixty-six mandibular lymph nodes were included (clinical healthy, n = 45; non-metastatic, n = 8; and metastatic, n = 13). Elastographic images were evaluated qualitatively (elastographic pattern) and semi-quantitatively (mean hue histogram and stiffness area ratios). Elastographic patterns were classified as grades 1 to 4, according to the percentage of high elasticity determined by visualization. The mean hue histogram was defined based on as the mean pixel color values within the lymph node. Stiffness area ratios were determined by computer program analysis of the stiff area. Among the criteria, receiver operating characteristic curve analyses revealed cut-off values for the prediction of malignancy of 92.26 for mean hue histogram (sensitivity: 100%, specificity: 92%), and 0.17 for stiffness area ratios (sensitivity: 86%, specificity of 100%). Reproducibility and repeatability were excellent. In conclusion, semi-quantitative evaluation via strain elastography holds potential for predicting lymph node malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihyun Choi
- Haemaru Referral Animal Hospital, Seongnam 13590, Korea.,Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Junghee Yoon
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Mincheol Choi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
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5
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Choi M, Yoon J, Choi M. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound sonography combined with strain elastography to evaluate mandibular lymph nodes in clinically healthy dogs and those with head and neck tumors. Vet J 2020; 257:105447. [PMID: 32546353 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2020.105447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Determining lymph node metastases in dogs with neoplasia is important in staging and developing a therapeutic plan. In this study, the clinical efficacy of combined lymphosonography and strain elastography was evaluated for its ability to identify metastatic mandibular lymph nodes. Data from clinically healthy dogs (n = 16) and those with head/neck tumors (n = 11) were enrolled. Strain elastographic patterns were classified according to the percentage of the stiffness lymph node area (grade 1-4/4). Lymphosonographic images were evaluated quantitatively (visualization of lymphatic vessels/lymph nodes; contrast transit time) and qualitatively (enhancement pattern). There was a significant difference in the strain elastographic pattern (P = 0.011) and lymphosonographic contrast enhancement (P = 0.001) in the metastatic nodes compared to clinical healthy or non-metastatic nodes. Mandibular lymph nodes with filling defects after lymphosonography and high-grade strain elastographic patterns suggested metastasis, and the combination of lymphosonography and strain elastography was useful for identifying malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihyun Choi
- Haemaru Referral Animal Hospital, Seongnam, 13590, Republic of Korea; The Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghee Yoon
- The Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Mincheol Choi
- The Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Sonographic Evaluation of Medial Iliac Lymph Nodes-to-Aorta Ratio in Dogs. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7010022. [PMID: 32054128 PMCID: PMC7158673 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Medial iliac lymph nodes drain many districts and are easy to identify during an ultrasound examination of the abdomen. Since there are no reference values for their size in healthy dogs, the aim of this work was to evaluate the size of the medial iliac lymph nodes by using a ratio with the aortic diameter and find a reference range. The population was divided into group A (healthy dogs) and group B, with diseases of the medial iliac lymph nodes. The ratio of length, height and thickness of the medial iliac lymph nodes with the diameter of the aorta were calculated and underwent statistical analysis, p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Sixty-three patients were enrolled in group A, and 37 in group B. Significant differences were found between the ratio of sick and healthy patients and neoplastic and healthy patients. No significant difference was found between healthy and inflammatory patients. The best cut-off value to discriminate sick and healthy patients was 0.57, with a sensitivity of 78% and a specificity of 71%. The cut-off value of neoplastic and healthy patients was 0.69, with a sensitivity of 89.47% and a specificity of 84.13%. This value is highly predictive of neoplasia.
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7
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Ruppel MJ, Pollard RE, Willcox JL. Ultrasonographic characterization of cervical lymph nodes in healthy dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2019; 60:560-566. [PMID: 31313406 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultrasonography provides a minimally invasive method to evaluate the cervical lymph nodes in dogs as part of staging head and neck cancer; however, standardized cohesive reports of the normal lymph node size and appearance are lacking. The purpose of this prospective, descriptive, reference interval study was to characterize the ultrasonographic appearance of cervical lymph nodes in 27 clinically healthy dogs. The size, shape, echogenicity, and margination of the mandibular, medial retropharyngeal, and superficial cervical lymph nodes were evaluated and correlated with age, breed, sex, body weight, and stage of dental disease. The appearance of the lymph nodes was variable among the population. The majority were cigar or ovoid in shape with smooth margins. The echogenicity of the mandibular lymph nodes was predominantly hypoechoic whereas the medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes were predominantly isoechoic compared to the salivary glands. The superficial cervical lymph nodes were predominantly hyperechoic to the surrounding muscle bellies. Higher body weight and younger age were associated with increased size in the medial retropharyngeal and superficial cervical lymph nodes (P-values < .05). Sex and breed were not found to correlate with lymph node characteristics, and there was no trend noted in lymph node appearance associated with dental disease. These data establish normal parameters for the ultrasonographic size and appearance of cervical lymph nodes in dogs and can provide a reference of comparison for future canine cervical ultrasounds, which can be considered for routine staging procedures for head and neck cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa J Ruppel
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Rachel E Pollard
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Jennifer L Willcox
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California
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9
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10
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Silva P, Uscategui RAR, Maronezi MC, Gasser B, Pavan L, Gatto IRH, de Almeida VT, Vicente WRR, Feliciano MAR. Ultrasonography for lymph nodes metastasis identification in bitches with mammary neoplasms. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17708. [PMID: 30532025 PMCID: PMC6286329 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34806-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the diagnostic accuracy of B-mode, Doppler ultrasonography and Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI) elastography in the identification of axillary and inguinal lymph nodes metastasis in bitches with mammary neoplasms. The axillary (n = 96) and inguinal (n = 100) lymph nodes of 100 bitches were evaluated using B-Mode, Colour Doppler and ARFI-elastography. After this evaluation, mastectomy and lymph nodes excision were performed and these structures were histologically classified as free, reactive or metastatic. Ultrasonographic parameters were compared by Chi-Square or ANOVA tests and if they are significant, discriminative power analysis according to histopathological classification was performed (ROC analysis). The ARFI-elastography shear wave velocity (SWV) enabled metastasis identification in inguinal (sensitivity 95% specificity 87%) and axillary lymph nodes (sensitivity 100% specificity 94%). While B-Mode ultrasound Short/Long axis ratio evaluation of inguinal and axillary lymph nodes only resulted in a sensitivity around of 71% and specificity of 55%. In conclusion, B-Mode ultrasonography may contribute to diagnosis of metastasis in axillary and inguinal lymph nodes of bitches affected by mammary neoplasm with limited accuracy, while SWV evaluation proved to be an excellent diagnosis tool, which allows differentiation between free, reactive and tumour metastatic lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Silva
- Department of Clinic and Veterinary Surgery, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Andres Ramirez Uscategui
- Department of Clinic and Veterinary Surgery, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, Brazil. .,Institute of Agrarian Sciences, Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys (UFVJM), Unaí, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Marjury Cristina Maronezi
- Department of Clinic and Veterinary Surgery, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Gasser
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Letícia Pavan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Igor Renan Honorato Gatto
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vivian Tavares de Almeida
- Department of Clinic and Veterinary Surgery, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wilter Ricardo Russiano Vicente
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcus Antônio Rossi Feliciano
- Department of Clinic and Veterinary Surgery, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Veterinary Radiology, Federal University of Recôncavo da Bahia (UFRB), Cruz das Almas, Bahia, Brazil
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Seiler GS, Griffith E. Comparisons between elastographic stiffness scores for benign versus malignant lymph nodes in dogs and cats. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2017; 59:79-88. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela S. Seiler
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences; North Carolina State University; Raleigh NC 27607
| | - Emily Griffith
- Department of Clinical Sciences; North Carolina State University; Raleigh NC 27607
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Davé AC, Zekas LJ, Auld DM. Correlation of cytologic and histopathologic findings with perinodal echogenicity of abdominal lymph nodes in dogs and cats. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2017; 58:463-470. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aditya C. Davé
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; University of Minnesota; Saint Paul MN 55108
| | - Lisa J. Zekas
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; The Ohio State University; Columbus OH 43210
| | - Danelle M. Auld
- Diagnostic Imaging and Radiation Oncology, Veterinary Medical Center; The Ohio State University; Columbus OH 43210
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Hematopoietic Tumors. WITHROW AND MACEWEN'S SMALL ANIMAL CLINICAL ONCOLOGY 2013. [PMCID: PMC7161412 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4377-2362-5.00032-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Silver TI, Lawson JA, Mayer MN. Sonographic characteristics of presumptively normal main axillary and superficial cervical lymph nodes in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2012; 73:1200-6. [PMID: 22849681 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.8.1200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the B-mode and Doppler ultrasonographic appearance of presumptively normal main axillary and large superficial cervical lymph nodes (MALNs and SCLNs, respectively) in adult dogs. ANIMALS 51 healthy adult dogs (data from 1 dog were not analyzed). PROCEDURES For each dog, weight, distance from the cranial aspect of the first sternebra to the caudal aspect of the left ischiatic tuberosity, and thoracic height and width at the level of the xiphoid process were recorded. Via B-mode and Doppler ultrasonography, echogenic characteristics, size in relation to body size and weight, and vascular supply of the MALNs and the SCLNs were evaluated (1 SCLN in 1 dog was not ultrasonographically visible). RESULTS Most MALNs were clearly margined, solitary, and ovoid; echopatterns were homogenous or cortical and hypo- to isoechoic, compared with surrounding soft tissues. Size measurements of MALNs correlated with dogs' body length, thoracic width and height, and body weight. Most SCLNs were clearly margined, fusiform, and hypoechoic (compared with surrounding soft tissues) with a cortical or homogenous echopattern. Size measurements of SCLNs correlated with dogs' body length, thoracic width and height, and body weight. In 50 of the 100 MALNs, an intranodal vascular supply was detected; in contrast, an intranodal vascular supply in SCLNs was detected infrequently. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that, in dogs, anatomically separate lymph nodes have different echogenic and vascular characteristics; body size (skeletal length, height, and width), along with body weight, were correlated with sizes of presumptively normal MALNs and SCLNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tawni I Silver
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada.
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De Swarte M, Alexander K, Rannou B, D'Anjou MA, Blond L, Beauchamp G. Comparison of sonographic features of benign and neoplastic deep lymph nodes in dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2011; 52:451-6. [PMID: 21382121 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2011.01808.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The differentiation of benign vs. neoplastic lymph nodes impacts patient management. Specific sonographic features are typically considered when assessing lymph nodes in dogs. However, the usefulness of these criteria in distinguishing benign vs. malignant lymph nodes remains largely unknown, especially for deep lymph nodes. Our aim was to compare sonographic features in benign and neoplastic deep lymph nodes with the hope of identifying predictive criteria. Thirty-one deep lymph nodes (16 mesenteric, 10 medial iliac, three hepatic, one sternal, and one cranial mediastinal) in 31 dogs were examined prospectively with B-mode and Color flow Doppler. Lymph nodes were aspirated using ultrasound-guidance and final diagnosis were established based on cytologic and/or histopathologic interpretation. Prevalence of each sonographic feature and combinations of two features was calculated for each group and compared using a χ(2) -test or Student's t-test for unequal variances. Ten lymph nodes were benign (hyperplastic and/or inflammatory) and 21 were neoplastic. All were hypoechoic, except for one neoplastic lymph node. Maximal short-axis diameter (P=0.0006) and long-axis diameter (P=0.01), and SA/LA ratio (P=0.008) were increased significantly for neoplastic (2.8, 5.5 cm, and 0.50, respectively) vs. benign (1.2, 3.8 cm, and 0.34, respectively) lymph nodes. The prevalence of other features was similar between groups. Doppler evaluation was possible in 77% of lymph nodes, but there was no significant difference between groups. When any two ultrasound features were combined, the only difference between benign and neoplastic lymph nodes was for the combination of contour regularity and appearance of the perinodal fat (P=0.03).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie De Swarte
- Départements de Sciences, Cliniques et de Biomédecine, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, CP 5000, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada J2S 7C6
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Tonar Z, Egger GF, Witter K, Wolfesberger B. Quantification of microvessels in canine lymph nodes. Microsc Res Tech 2008; 71:760-72. [PMID: 18615685 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Quantification of microvessels in tumors is mostly based on counts of vessel profiles in tumor hot spots. Drawbacks of this method include low reproducibility and large interobserver variance, mainly as a result of individual differences in sampling of image fields for analysis. Our aim was to test an unbiased method for quantifying microvessels in healthy and tumorous lymph nodes of dogs. The endothelium of blood vessels was detected in paraffin sections by a combination of immunohistochemistry (von Willebrand factor) and lectin histochemistry (wheat germ agglutinin) in comparison with detection of basal laminae by laminin immunohistochemistry or silver impregnation. Systematic uniform random sampling of 50 image fields was performed during photo-documentation. An unbiased counting frame (area 113,600 microm(2)) was applied to each micrograph. The total area sampled from each node was 5.68 mm(2). Vessel profiles were counted according to stereological counting rules. Inter- and intraobserver variabilities were tested. The application of systematic uniform random sampling was compared with the counting of vessel profiles in hot spots. The unbiased estimate of the number of vessel profiles per unit area ranged from 100.5 +/- 44.0/mm(2) to 442.6 +/- 102.5/mm(2) in contrast to 264 +/- 72.2/mm(2) to 771.0 +/- 108.2/mm(2) in hot spots. The advantage of using systematic uniform random sampling is its reproducibility, with reasonable interobserver and low intraobserver variance. This method also allows for the possibility of using archival material, because staining quality is not limiting as it is for image analysis, and artifacts can easily be excluded. However, this method is comparatively time-consuming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbynĕk Tonar
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Karlovarska 48, 301 66 Pilsen, Czech Republic.
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Santa DD, Gaschen L, Doherr MG, Citi S, Marchetti V, Lang J. Spectral waveform analysis of intranodal arterial blood flow in abnormally large superficial lymph nodes in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2008; 69:478-85. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.69.4.478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Ultrasound can be used to detect and evaluate both normal and abnormal lymph nodes, as well as aid in biopsy sampling procedures, an important part of staging procedures in cancer patients. Several parameters can be evaluated using ultrasound; lymph node size, margins, echogenicity, echopattern (echotexture), acoustic transmission, presence and distribution of vascular flow, and vascular flow indices. The most diagnostically helpful include the short/long axis ratio of the lymph node, the pattern of distribution of the blood vessels within the lymph node, and to some extent the resistive and pulsatility indices. This review discusses the use of ultrasound for detecting, evaluating, and sampling peripheral, abdominal and thoracic lymph nodes in small animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena T Nyman
- The University Animal Hospital, Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Diagnostic Imaging, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
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