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Divers TJ, Radcliffe RM, Cook VL, Bookbinder LC, Hurcombe SDA. Calculating and selecting fluid therapy and blood product replacements for horses with acute hemorrhage. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2022; 32:97-107. [PMID: 35044062 DOI: 10.1111/vec.13127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood products, crystalloids, and colloid fluids are used in the medical treatment of severe hemorrhage in horses with a goal of providing sufficient blood flow and oxygen delivery to vital organs. The fluid treatments for hemorrhage will vary depending upon severity and duration and whether hemorrhage is controlled or uncontrolled. DESCRIPTION With acute and severe controlled hemorrhage, treatment is focused on rapidly increasing perfusion pressure and blood flow to vital organs. This can most easily be accomplished in field cases by the administration of hypertonic saline. If isotonic crystalloids are used for resuscitation, the volume administered should be at least as great as the estimated blood loss. Following crystalloid resuscitation, clinical signs, HCT, and laboratory evidence of tissue hypoxia may help determine the need for a whole blood transfusion. In uncontrolled hemorrhage, crystalloid resuscitation is often more conservative and is referred to as "permissive hypotension." The goal of "permissive hypotension" would be to provide enough perfusion pressure to vital organs such that function is maintained while keeping blood pressure below the normal range in the hope that clot formation will not be disrupted. Whole blood and fresh frozen plasma in addition to aminocaproic acid are indicated in most horses with severe uncontrolled hemorrhage. SUMMARY Blood transfusion is a life-saving treatment for severe hemorrhage in horses. No precise HCT serves as a transfusion trigger; however, an HCT < 15%, lack of appropriate clinical response, or significant improvement in plasma lactate following crystalloid resuscitation and loss of 25% or more of blood volume is suggestive of the need for whole blood transfusion. Mathematical formulas may be used to estimate the amount of blood required for transfusion following severe but controlled hemorrhage, but these are not very accurate and, in practice, transfusion volume should be approximately 40% of estimated blood loss. KEY POINTS Modest hemorrhage, <15% of blood volume (<12 mL/kg), can be fully compensated by physiological mechanisms and generally does not require fluid or blood product therapy. More severe hemorrhage, >25% of blood volume (> 20 mL/kg), often requires crystalloid or blood product replacement, while acute loss of greater than 30% (>24 mL/kg) of blood volume may result in hemorrhagic shock requiring resuscitation treatments Uncontrolled hemorrhage is a common occurrence in equine practice, and is most commonly associated with abdominal bleeding (eg, uterine artery rupture in mares). If the hemorrhage can be controlled such as by ligation of a bleeding vessel, then initial efforts to resuscitate the horse should focus on increasing perfusion pressure and blood flow to organs as quickly as possible with crystalloids or colloids while assessing need for whole blood transfusion. While fluid therapy is being administered every effort to physically control hemorrhage should be made using ligatures, application of compression, surgical methods, and local hemostatic agents like collagen-, gelatin-, and cellulose-based products, fibrin, yunnan baiyao (YB), and synthetic glues Although some synthetic colloids have been shown to be associated with acute kidney injury in people receiving resuscitation therapy,20 this undesirable effect in horses has not been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Divers
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Rolfe M Radcliffe
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Vanessa L Cook
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Lauren C Bookbinder
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Samuel D A Hurcombe
- Emergency Surgery and Medicine, Cornell Ruffian Equine Specialists, Elmont, New York, USA
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PHARMACOKINETIC STUDY OF ORAL ε-AMINOCAPROIC ACID IN THE NORTHERN ELEPHANT SEAL (MIROUNGA ANGUSTIROSTRIS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2016; 47:438-46. [PMID: 27468014 DOI: 10.1638/2015-0138.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ε-Aminocaproic acid (EACA) is a lysine analogue antifibrinolytic drug used to treat bleeding disorders in humans and domestic animals. Its use in zoological medicine is rare, and dosage is anecdotal. One possible application of EACA is to treat bleeding associated with prepatent Otostrongylus arteritis in Northern elephant seals ( Mirounga angustirostris ) presenting to wildlife rehabilitation centers. This study used an in vitro model of hyperfibrinolysis and a thromboelastograph-based assay to estimate the therapeutic plasma concentration of EACA in elephant seals (85 μg/ml, 95% confidence interval = 73.8-96.8 μg/ml). A concurrent pharmacokinetic study of orally administered, single-dose EACA found that doses of 75 and 100 mg/kg achieved therapeutic plasma concentrations (>85 μg/ml), but the drug was rapidly eliminated and remained in the therapeutic range for only 0.4 and 1.5 hr, respectively. Models of repeated oral dosing at 100 mg/kg every 6 hr predict that therapeutic plasma concentration will be maintained for 31.7% (7.6 hr) of a 24-hr period. More frequent dosing would be required to maintain continuous therapeutic concentrations but would be impractical in a wildlife rehabilitation setting. Further pharmacodynamic studies to evaluate the duration of action of EACA in elephant seals and a prospective, placebo-controlled study are needed to determine if EACA is effective in decreasing bleeding associated with prepatent Otostrongylus arteritis and other bleeding disorders in this species.
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EFFECT OF ε-AMINOCAPROIC ACID ON FIBRINOLYSIS IN PLASMA OF ASIAN ELEPHANTS (ELEPHAS MAXIMUS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2016; 47:397-404. [PMID: 27468009 DOI: 10.1638/2015-0255.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ε-Aminocaproic acid (EACA) is a lysine analogue antifibrinolytic drug used to treat bleeding disorders in humans and domestic animals. Use in zoological medicine is rare and dose recommendations are anecdotal, but EACA may be a valuable therapeutic option for bleeding disorders in exotic species, including Asian elephants ( Elephas maximus ). This study used an in vitro model of hyperfibrinolysis and a thromboelastograph-based assay to estimate the therapeutic plasma concentration of EACA in Asian elephants (61.5 μg/ml, 95% CI = 34.6-88.5 μg/ml). Substantial but incomplete inhibition of lysis was seen at relatively low concentrations of EACA (40 μg/ml). Asian elephants appear sensitive to EACA-mediated inhibition of hyperfibrinolysis. Doses published for domestic animals, targeting higher plasma concentrations, may be inappropriate in this species.
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Davis M, Bracker K. Retrospective Study of 122 Dogs That Were Treated with the Antifibrinolytic Drug Aminocaproic Acid: 2010-2012. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2016; 52:144-8. [PMID: 27008326 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Antifibrinolytic drugs are used to promote hemostasis and decrease the need for red blood cell transfusion. Medical records of 122 dogs that were prescribed either oral or intravenous aminocaproic acid between 2010 and 2012 were evaluated retrospectively. Of the 122 dogs, three experienced possible drug-related adverse effects. No significant differences were identified between dogs that experienced adverse effects and those that did not and the possible adverse effects noted were all minor. All dogs that received packed red blood cell transfusions were evaluated for correlations between baseline packed cell volume or dose of red blood cells and aminocaproic acid dose and no correlation was identified. Dogs that received aminocaproic acid as a treatment for active bleeding were divided by cause of hemorrhage into the following groups: neoplastic, non-neoplastic, and unknown. No significant differences in aminocaproic acid dose or the percentage of patients requiring a blood transfusion were identified between groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Davis
- From the Department of Emergency/Critical Care, Angell Animal Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Kiko Bracker
- From the Department of Emergency/Critical Care, Angell Animal Medical Center, Boston, MA
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Hawkins JF. Diagnosis, management and prognosis for haemoperitoneum in the horse. EQUINE VET EDUC 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. F. Hawkins
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Purdue University; West Lafayette Indiana USA
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Kelmer E, Segev G, Papashvilli V, Rahimi-Levene N, Bruchim Y, Aroch I, Klainbart S. Effects of intravenous administration of tranexamic acid on hematological, hemostatic, and thromboelastographic analytes in healthy adult dogs. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2015; 25:495-501. [PMID: 26088425 DOI: 10.1111/vec.12319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effects of tranexamic acid (TA) on hematological, hemostatic, and thromboelastographic analytes in healthy adult dogs. DESIGN Prospective study. SETTING University teaching hospital. ANIMALS Eleven healthy, staff-owned, adult dogs. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Dogs were administered TA as an IV bolus, followed by a 3-hour constant rate infusion (CRI). Complete blood count, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, D-dimer, antithrombin, fibrinogen, and thromboelastography (TEG) were measured prior to, and immediately after TA administration. Vomiting occurred transiently in the first 2 treated dogs, immediately after 20 and 15 mg/kg IV boluses, but not during the CRI. In all other dogs the TA IV bolus dose was reduced to 10 mg/kg, and administered slower, and vomiting did not occur. All measured hemostatic and hematological analytes remained within their reference intervals, however, following TA treatment, significant decreases were recorded in prothrombin time, TEG R and A30 values, Hct, and hemoglobin concentration, while the TEG LY30 significantly increased. CONCLUSIONS Administration of TA as a slow IV bolus at 10 mg/kg, followed by a 10 mg/kg/h CRI over 3 hours to healthy dogs is safe; however, its effect on TEG A30, A60, LY30, and LY60 values was inconsistent with its expected anti-fibrinolytic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efrat Kelmer
- Departments of Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Gilad Segev
- Small Animal Internal Medicine, Hebrew University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | | | | | - Yaron Bruchim
- Departments of Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Itamar Aroch
- Small Animal Internal Medicine, Hebrew University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Sigal Klainbart
- Departments of Small Animal Emergency and Critical Care, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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Beachler TM, Bailey CS, McKelvey KA, Davis JL, Edwards A, Diaw M, Vasgaard JM, Whitacre MD. Haemoperitoneum in a pregnant mare with an ovarian haematoma. EQUINE VET EDUC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. M. Beachler
- College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; Raleigh USA
| | - C. S. Bailey
- College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; Raleigh USA
| | - K. A. McKelvey
- College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; Raleigh USA
| | - J. L. Davis
- College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; Raleigh USA
| | - A. Edwards
- College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; Raleigh USA
| | - M. Diaw
- College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; Raleigh USA
| | - J. M. Vasgaard
- College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; Raleigh USA
| | - M. D. Whitacre
- College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; Raleigh USA
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Gray SN, Dechant JE, LeJeune SS, Nieto JE. Identification, Management and Outcome of Postoperative Hemoperitoneum in 23 Horses After Emergency Exploratory Celiotomy for Gastrointestinal Disease. Vet Surg 2014; 44:379-85. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2014.12236.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N. Gray
- William R Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital; University of California; Davis California
| | - Julie E. Dechant
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis California
| | - Sarah S. LeJeune
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis California
| | - Jorge E. Nieto
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California; Davis California
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Abstract
Although primary coagulopathies are rare in horses, changes in coagulation and fibrinolysis are commonly associated with inflammatory diseases. A clear understanding of the pathophysiology of normal and abnormal hemostasis is required to be able to choose and interpret diagnostic tests evaluating coagulation and fibrinolysis. After diagnosis, treatment of the underlying disease must occur regardless of whether clinical manifestations (excessive bleeding or thrombosis) of the coagulopathy are present or not. Specific treatment may be initiated if there are clinical signs of coagulopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira L Epstein
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 DW Brooks Dr, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Fletcher DJ, Brainard BM, Epstein K, Radcliffe R, Divers T. Therapeutic plasma concentrations of epsilon aminocaproic acid and tranexamic acid in horses. J Vet Intern Med 2013; 27:1589-95. [PMID: 24118238 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antifibrinolytic drugs such as epsilon aminocaproic acid (EACA) and tranexamic acid (TEA) are used to treat various bleeding disorders in horses. Although horses are hypofibrinolytic compared to humans, dosing schemes have been derived from pharmacokinetic studies targeting plasma concentrations in humans. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES We hypothesized therapeutic plasma concentrations of antifibrinolytic drugs in horses would be significantly lower than in humans. Our objective was to use thromboleastography (TEG) and an in vitro model of hyperfibrinolysis to predict therapeutic concentrations of EACA and TEA in horses and humans. ANIMALS Citrated plasma collected from 24 random source clinically healthy research horses. Commercial pooled human citrated plasma with normal coagulation parameters was purchased. METHODS Minimum tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) concentration to induce complete fibrinolysis within 10 minutes was determined using serial dilutions of tPA in equine plasma. Results used to create an in vitro hyperfibrinolysis model with equine and human citrated plasma, and the minimum concentrations of EACA and TEA required to completely inhibit fibrinolysis for 30 minutes (estimated therapeutic concentrations) determined using serial dilutions of the drugs. RESULTS Estimated therapeutic concentrations of EACA and TEA were significantly lower in horses (5.82; 95% CI 3.77-7.86 μg/mL and 0.512; 95% CI 0.277-0.748 μg/mL) than in humans (113.2; 95% CI 95.8-130.6 μg/mL and 11.4; 95% CI 8.62-14.1 μg/mL). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Current dosing schemes for EACA and TEA in horses may be as much as 20× higher than necessary, potentially increasing cost of treatment and risk of adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Fletcher
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY
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Affiliation(s)
- E. S. Groover
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine; Alabama; USA
| | - A. A. Wooldridge
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine; Alabama; USA
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Dunkel
- Equine Referral Hospital; Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; The Royal Veterinary College; North Mymms; Herts; UK
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Marín LM, Iazbik MC, Zaldivar-Lopez S, Guillaumin J, McLoughlin MA, Couto CG. Epsilon aminocaproic acid for the prevention of delayed postoperative bleeding in retired racing greyhounds undergoing gonadectomy. Vet Surg 2012; 41:594-603. [PMID: 22712787 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2012.00965.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of epsilon aminocaproic acid (EACA) on the prevalence of postoperative bleeding in retired racing Greyhounds (RRG), and to assess its effects on selected thrombelastography (TEG) and fibrinolysis variables. STUDY DESIGN Double-blinded, prospective, randomized study. METHODS 100 RRG had elective ovariohysterectomy or orchiectomy and were administered EACA or placebo for 3 days after surgery. TEG variables were analyzed preoperatively and 24, 48, and 72 hours after surgery. RESULTS Thirty percent (15/50) of RRG in the placebo group had delayed postoperative bleeding starting 36-48 hours after surgery compared with 10% (5/50) in the EACA group (P = .012). On the TEG variables, the slopes for R and K time were significantly different between treatment groups (P <.05); the R and K time decreased over time in the EACA group after surgery whereas they increased in the placebo group. The angle, maximal amplitude (MA), and G slopes were also significantly different between treatment groups (P = .001, .001, and .006, respectively). The angle, MA, and G increased postoperatively over time in the EACA group and decreased in the placebo group. All these changes are supportive of hypercoagulability associated with EACA administration. CONCLUSION Postoperative administration of EACA significantly decreased the prevalence of postoperative bleeding in RRG undergoing surgery by increasing the clot strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana M Marín
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Fletcher DJ. Fibrinolysis: A new therapeutic target. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2012; 22:289-90. [PMID: 22702435 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2012.00767.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Marín LM, Iazbik MC, Zaldivar-Lopez S, Lord LK, Stingle N, Vilar P, Lara-Garcia A, Alvarez F, Hosoya K, Nelson L, Pozzi A, Cooper E, McLoughlin MA, Ball R, Kisseberth WC, London CA, Dudley R, Dyce J, McMahon M, Lerche P, Bednarski R, Couto CG. Retrospective evaluation of the effectiveness of epsilon aminocaproic acid for the prevention of postamputation bleeding in retired racing Greyhounds with appendicular bone tumors: 46 cases (2003-2008). J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2012; 22:332-40. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-4431.2012.00735.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Paulo Vilar
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences
| | | | | | - Kenji Hosoya
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences
| | - Laura Nelson
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences
| | | | | | | | - Rebecca Ball
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences
| | - William C. Kisseberth
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Ohio State University; Columbus OH 43210
| | - Cheryl A. London
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences
- the Department of Veterinary Biosciences
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Ohio State University; Columbus OH 43210
| | | | | | | | | | | | - C. Guillermo Couto
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences
- the Veterinary Medical Center
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center; The Ohio State University; Columbus OH 43210
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Buchholz BM, Murdock A, Bayly WM, Sides RH. Effects of intravenous aminocaproic acid on exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH). Equine Vet J 2011:256-60. [PMID: 21059015 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00247.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY The antifibrinolytic, 6-aminohexanoic acid, also named aminocaproic acid (ACA), has been used empirically as a treatment for exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) on the unsubstantiated basis that transient coagulation dysfunction may contribute to its development. OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of ACA on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) erythrocyte counts in horses performing treadmill exercise at an intensity greater than that needed to reach maximal oxygen consumption. METHODS Eight Thoroughbreds were exercised to fatigue 3 times on a 10% inclined treadmill at a speed for which the calculated oxygen requirement was 1.15 times VO2max. Horses were treated with a saline placebo, 2 and 7 g ACA i.v. 4 h before exercise, with a crossover design being used to determine the order of the injections. Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage severity was quantified via the erythrocyte count in BALF. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was collected 4 h before and 30-60 min post exercise. Results were expressed as mean ± s.e.m. and analysed by one way repeated measures ANOVA (P < 0.05). RESULTS Aminocaproic acid administration had no effect on any measured variables (VO2max = 48 ± 3.0 [C]; 148 ± 3.0 [2 g ACA]; 145 ± 3.0 [7 g ACA] ml/kg bwt/min, respectively; run time = 77 ± 3 [C]; 75 ± 2 [2 g ACA]; 79 ± 3 [7 g ACA] seconds, respectively). All horses developed EIPH: 1691 ± 690 vs. 9637 ± 3923 (C); 2149 ± 935 vs. 3378 ± 893 (2 g ACA); 1058 ± 340 vs. 4533 ± 791 (7 g ACA) erythrocytes/µl pre- vs. post exercise recovered in BALF, respectively. CONCLUSION Aminocaproic acid was not effective in preventing or reducing the severity of EIPH or improving performance under the exercise conditions of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Buchholz
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, USA.
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Effects of conjugated oestrogens and aminocaproic acid upon exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH). COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1017/s1478061508120242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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