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Buono F, Veneziano V, Veronesi F, Molento MB. Horse and donkey parasitology: differences and analogies for a correct diagnostic and management of major helminth infections. Parasitology 2023; 150:1119-1138. [PMID: 37221816 PMCID: PMC10801385 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182023000525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In June 2022, at the XXXII Conference of the Italian Society of Parasitology, the parallels of the main endoparasitic infections of horses and donkeys were discussed. Although these 2 species are genetically different, they can be challenged by a similar range of parasites (i.e. small and large strongyles, and Parascaris spp.). Although equids can demonstrate some level of resilience to parasites, they have quite distinct helminth biodiversity, distribution and intensity among different geographical locations and breeds. Heavily infected donkeys may show fewer clinical signs than horses. Although parasite control is primarily provided to horses, we consider that there may be a risk of drug-resistance parasitic infection through passive infection in donkeys when sharing the same pasture areas. Knowing the possible lack of drug efficacy (<90 or 80%), it is advocated the use of selective treatment for both species based on fecal egg counts. Adult horses should receive treatment when the threshold exceeds 200–500 eggs per gram (EPG) of small strongyles. Moreover, considering that there are no precise indications in donkeys, a value >300 EPG may be a safe recommendation. We have highlighted the main points of the discussion including the dynamics of helminth infections between the 2 species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Buono
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Veneziano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Veronesi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Marcelo Beltrão Molento
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Parasitology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Werners A, Karasek I, Butler C, Yeatts J, Enomoto H, Baynes R. Control of ticks on horses using abamectin-impregnated ear tags. A pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2022; 45:473-480. [PMID: 35762629 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Several different tick species are known to infest horses. Aside from causing serious health and welfare issues, including anaemia, ill thrift, and immunosuppression, ticks can transmit a variety of important, sometimes zoonotic, pathogens. The successful prevention and treatment of tick infestations have been described, but the information is scarce and, in many instances, anecdotal. Here we describe a practical and affordable prevention of tick infestation by using abamectin-impregnated cattle ear tags affixed to a safety collar. We have assessed the radial distribution of abamectin by analyzing hair samples, as well as its efficacy against tick infestations. The study results show that abamectin distributes across horse skin from the site of application and its associated effectiveness in reducing the tick burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arno Werners
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, St. George's, Grenada
| | - Inga Karasek
- Large Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, St. George's, Grenada
| | - Catherine Butler
- Large Animal Medicine and Surgery Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, St. George's, Grenada
| | - James Yeatts
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hiroko Enomoto
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ronald Baynes
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Arfuso F, Bazzano M, Brianti E, Gaglio G, Passantino A, Tesei B, Laus F. Nutritional Supplements Containing Cardus mariano, Eucalyptus globulus, Gentiana lutea, Urtica urens, and Mallotus philippinensis Extracts Are Effective in Reducing Egg Shedding in Dairy Jennies ( Equus asinus) Naturally Infected by Cyathostomins. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:556270. [PMID: 33251253 PMCID: PMC7676897 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.556270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing levels of anthelmintic resistance together with the restrictions in the use of drugs in food producing animals have enforced the search for sustainable alternative approaches for parasite control. The current study aimed to investigate the safety and the efficacy of a commercially available phytotherapic formulation against gastrointestinal strongyles in donkeys. Twenty-two Ragusana jennies (2.6 ± 0.5 years old) were assigned to two equal groups. One group was treated with two doses of a phytotherapic supplement Paraxitebio® containing Cardus mariano, Eucalyptus globulus, Gentiana lutea, Urtica urens, and Mallotus philippinensis, 14 days apart (Group A). One group was used as negative control (Group B). Individual fecal samples were collected at the beginning of the study (T−1), and after 7, 14, and 28 days (T7, T14, T28). Blood samples were collected on T−1 and T28 in order to assess changes in donkeys' hematological profile. After the initial rise in EPG values observed on T7, Group A showed a significant EPG decrease with lower eggs per gram (EPG) count compared to Group B on T28 and an overall fecal egg count reduction of 56.9% on the same time-point. Hematological parameters were within the normal physiological ranges for enrolled donkeys. However, significant differences in the values of RBCs, Hb, MCHC, MCV, WBCs, eosinophils, and basophils were recorded between groups after phytotherapic treatments, with Group A showing a general improvement in the hemogram picture. The phytotherapic supplement used in the current study was helpful in controlling intestinal parasites allowing a significant reduction in the fecal egg count 28 days after treatment. Further studies are needed to better explore the specific mode of action of the plant-derived formulation herein tested as well as to encourage their use as tool for the control of equine strongylosis under multimodal integrated approach in dairy donkey farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Arfuso
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Marilena Bazzano
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Macerata, Italy
| | - Emanuele Brianti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Gabriella Gaglio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Beniamino Tesei
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Macerata, Italy
| | - Fulvio Laus
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Macerata, Italy
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Anthelmintic drugs used in equine species. Vet Parasitol 2018; 261:27-52. [PMID: 30253849 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Internal parasites of horses comprise an intractable problem conferring disease, production and performance losses. Parasitism can rarely be controlled in grazing horses by management alone and anthelmintic drugs have formed the basis of therapy and prophylaxis for the last sixty years. The pharmacology of the anthelmintic drugs available dictate their spectrum of activity and degree of efficacy, their optimal routes of administration and characteristics which prevent some routes of administration, their safety tolerance and potential toxicities and as a consequence of their persistence in the body at effective concentrations their use in epidemiological control programmes. Their use has also resulted in the selection of parasites with genetically controlled characteristics which reduce their susceptibility to treatment, characteristics which are often common to whole chemical classes of anthelmintics. Pharmacological properties also confer compatibility in terms of safety and persistence with other anthelmintic drugs and thus the potential of combinations to treat parasites from different phylogenetic groups such as nematodes, cestodes and trematodes and also the potential by agency of their different molecular mechanisms of action to delay the selection of resistant genes. The major groups of anthelmintics now available, the benzimidazoles (BZD), macrocyclic lactones (MLs) and tetrahydropyrimidines are all highly effective against their targeted parasites (primarily nematodes for BZD's and ML's and cestodes for tetrahydropyrimidines) easily administered orally to horses and are well tolerated with wide margins of safety. Nevertheless, some parasitic stages are inherently less susceptible such as hypobiotic stages of the small strongyles (cyathostomins) and for some such as the adult stages of cyathostomins resistance has developed. Furthermore, for some less common parasites such as the liver fluke unlicensed drugs such as the salicylanilide, closantel have been used. A deep understanding of the pharmacology of anthelmintic drugs is essential to their optimal use in equine species.
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Gokbulut C, Ozuicli M, Aksit D, Aksoz E, Korkut O, Yalcinkaya M, Cirak VY. Comparative plasma and milk dispositions, faecal excretion and efficacy of per os
ivermectin and pour-on eprinomectin in horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2016; 39:584-591. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Gokbulut
- Department of Pharmacology; Faculty of Medicine; Balikesir University; Balikesir Turkey
| | - M. Ozuicli
- Department of Parasitology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Uludag University; Bursa Turkey
| | - D. Aksit
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Balikesir University; Balikesir Turkey
| | - E. Aksoz
- Department of Pharmacology; Faculty of Medicine; Balikesir University; Balikesir Turkey
| | - O. Korkut
- Department of Pharmacology; Faculty of Medicine; Balikesir University; Balikesir Turkey
| | - M. Yalcinkaya
- General Directory of Agricultural Farms (TIGEM); Karacabey Agricultural Farm; Bursa Turkey
| | - V. Y. Cirak
- Department of Parasitology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Uludag University; Bursa Turkey
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Plasma disposition, milk excretion and parasitological efficacy of mebendazole in donkeys naturally infected by Cyathostominae. Vet Parasitol 2016; 217:95-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Anthelmintic efficacy, plasma and milk kinetics of eprinomectin following topical and subcutaneous administration to yaks (Bos grumniens). Exp Parasitol 2015; 153:17-21. [PMID: 25725422 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Eprinomectin is recommended for use as an anti-parasitic agent in livestock, including cattle. Yaks are a member of the cattle family living in the high altitude mountains of China and adjacent countries; however, there have been no clinical trials of the anthelmintic efficacy and pharmacokinetics of eprinomectin in yaks. The purpose of this study was to investigate the endectocidal efficacy and pharmacokinetics of eprinomectin following topical (at 0.5 mg/kg) and subcutaneous (at 0.2 mg/kg) administration in the yak. After topical administration, plasma eprinomectin reached a peak value of 15.31 ± 3.71 ng/ml (Cmax) at 3.01 ± 1.22 days (Tmax). In milk, the Cmax was 3.74 ± 1.05 ng/ml at 3.00 ± 0.88 days. The AUC0-t for plasma was 193.84 ± 26.34 ng d/ml and for milk AUC(0-t) was 46.24 ± 10.37 ng d/ml. The mean residence time (MRT) was 10.74 ± 1.44 days and 10.90 ± 3.87 days in plasma and milk, respectively. After subcutaneous administration, the Cmax was 35.78 ± 10.53 ng/ml at 0.91 ± 0.39 days in plasma and 9.10 ± 3.61 ng/ml at 1.61 ± 1.05 days in milk. The MRTs in plasma and milk were 3.07 ± 1.50 and 3.64 ± 1.15 days, respectively. The AUC(0-t) was 133.71 ± 32.51 ng d/ml for plasma and 43.85 ± 14.16 ng d/ml for milk. Both the pour-on and injectable formulation of eprinomectin were similarly efficacious (minimum egg count reductions of 94% and 96.4%, respectively) at each post-treatment time point. However, Tmax, MRT and t(1/2el) were longer, and Cmax of eprinomectin in the plasma and milk were lower, following topical administration compared to those after subcutaneous administration. In conclusion, these results support the use of eprinomectin in yaks. The pour-on formulation of eprinomectin can be recommended for nematode control in lactating yaks with no milk-withdrawal period because of its low residue profile and good efficacy.
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Veneziano V, Galietti A, Mariani U, Di Loria A, Piantedosi D, Neola B, Guccione J, Gokbulut C. Field efficacy of eprinomectin against the sucking louse Haematopinus asini on naturally infested donkeys. Vet J 2013; 197:512-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Gokbulut C, Naturali S, Rufrano D, Anastasio A, Yalinkilinc HS, Veneziano V. Plasma disposition and milk excretion of eprinomectin following pour-on administration in lactating donkeys. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2012; 36:302-5. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Gokbulut
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Adnan Menderes; Aydin Turkey
| | | | | | - A. Anastasio
- DISCIZIA; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Naples Federico II; Naples Italy
| | - H. S. Yalinkilinc
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Adnan Menderes; Aydin Turkey
| | - V. Veneziano
- Department of Pathology and Animal Health; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Naples Federico II; Naples Italy
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