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Mendoza FJ, Toribio RE, Perez-Ecija A. Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders in Donkeys. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2019; 35:399-417. [PMID: 31587976 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The donkey evolved under harsh and arid environmental conditions, developing unique energy-efficiency traits, with an efficiency to rapidly mobilize fat in situations of increased energy demands or when food is scarce. This evolution has led to an inherent predisposition of donkeys to obesity, dyslipidemias, insulin dysregulation/metabolic syndrome, pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction, and endocrinopathic laminitis. Marked differences have been described in hormone dynamics and testing protocols for the diagnosis of these endocrine and metabolic diseases in donkeys compared with horses, underlining the necessity of a species-specific approach in order to avoid misdiagnosis, unnecessary or inadequate treatments, and additional costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Mendoza
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Cordoba, Campus Rabanales, Road Madrid-Cadiz km 396, Cordoba 14014, Spain.
| | - Ramiro E Toribio
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, 601 Vernon Tharp Street, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Alejandro Perez-Ecija
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Cordoba, Campus Rabanales, Road Madrid-Cadiz km 396, Cordoba 14014, Spain
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Mendoza FJ, Toribio RE, Perez-Ecija A. Donkey Internal Medicine—Part II: Cardiovascular, Respiratory, Neurologic, Urinary, Ophthalmic, Dermatology, and Musculoskeletal Disorders. J Equine Vet Sci 2018. [PMCID: PMC7125788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are scarcely reported in donkeys, probably linked to their limited athletic attitude and low frequency of poor performance-related examinations. Reports on treatments for cardiovascular pathologies are anecdotal in donkeys. Respiratory tract anatomy shows important differences between horses and donkeys. Donkeys and mules can act as reservoirs spreading many viral, bacterial, and parasitic infectious respiratory diseases. Mosquito and tick-borne encephalitis have been reported in these species in the later years, and even donkeys are being used as sentinels in some areas to detect these emerging diseases. Management and treatment of lithiases can be transferable from horses; however, the same assumption must still be demonstrated for acute and chronic renal diseases. Ocular pathologies are similar to horses, with corneal ulcers frequently observed. Lameness is a common problem in donkeys, with laminitis as the most reported cause followed by pedal abscess. Donkeys are different to horses. Numerous physiological and clinicopathologic idiosyncrasies are reported in horses. Data published for horses should not be extrapolated for donkeys. Specific reference ranges, doses, and protocols have to be used for donkeys.
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Van Thielen B, Willekens I, Van der Schicht A, Pestieau P, Verhelle F, Goossens P, Decoster R, Jacqmot O, Delperdange P, Busoni V, De Mol G, Buls N, Provyn S, Kichouh M, de Mey J, Murray R. Radiography of the distal extremity of the manus in the donkey foal: Normal images and quantitative characterization from birth to 2 years of age: A pilot study. Anat Histol Embryol 2017; 47:71-83. [PMID: 29210097 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study describes a radiographic survey of the anatomical development of the distal extremity of the manus in the donkey from 0 to 2 years of age. The right distal limb of 10 donkey foals, born in the spring of 2012, underwent radiographs every month for the first 6 months of age and every 3 months during the following 18 months. Latero-medial radiographs with and without barium marker at the coronary band and dorso-palmar radiographs with both front feet in weight bearing were obtained. The distal physis of the third metacarpal bone and the proximal physis of the proximal phalanx (phalanx proximalis) were closed at the mean age of 18.6 months. The distal physis of the proximal phalanx appeared as a clear radiolucent line at 2 weeks of age and was still subtly visible in some donkeys at 24 months. The proximal physis of the middle phalanx (phalanx media) was closed at the mean age of 16.7 months. The distal physis of this phalanx was visible at birth, but closed at 4 days. The distal phalanx (phalanx distalis) was triangular at birth. At the age of 20-21 months, the palmar processes (processus palmares) were both developed. The navicular bone (os sesamoideum distalis) was developed at the mean age of 9 months. The proximal sesamoid bones (ossa sesamoidea proximalia) were seen in continuously development during the 24 months. It seems that the physes in the distal extremity of the manus in the donkey close at an older age than the physes in the horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Van Thielen
- MOVE - HIM (Morpho Veterinary & Human Imaging) Brussels, University Hospital Brussels, UZ Brussel, Brussel, Belgium.,Department of Radiology, University Hospital Brussels, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Odisee Brussel, Educational Department for Imaging Technologists, Brussels, Belgium.,Anatomical Research, Training and Education (ARTE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, VUB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - I Willekens
- MOVE - HIM (Morpho Veterinary & Human Imaging) Brussels, University Hospital Brussels, UZ Brussel, Brussel, Belgium.,Department of Radiology, University Hospital Brussels, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Van der Schicht
- Odisee Brussel, Educational Department for Imaging Technologists, Brussels, Belgium.,Service d'imagerie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinarie de l'Université de Liège, Liège (Sart Tilman), Belgium
| | - P Pestieau
- Service d'imagerie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinarie de l'Université de Liège, Liège (Sart Tilman), Belgium.,Naturane SA, Bastogne, Belgium
| | - F Verhelle
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Brussels, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Odisee Brussel, Educational Department for Imaging Technologists, Brussels, Belgium
| | - P Goossens
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Brussels, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Odisee Brussel, Educational Department for Imaging Technologists, Brussels, Belgium
| | - R Decoster
- Odisee Brussel, Educational Department for Imaging Technologists, Brussels, Belgium.,Service d'imagerie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinarie de l'Université de Liège, Liège (Sart Tilman), Belgium
| | - O Jacqmot
- MOVE - HIM (Morpho Veterinary & Human Imaging) Brussels, University Hospital Brussels, UZ Brussel, Brussel, Belgium.,Department of Radiology, University Hospital Brussels, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - P Delperdange
- Naturane SA, Bastogne, Belgium.,Anatomical Research, Training and Education (ARTE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, VUB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - V Busoni
- Service d'imagerie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinarie de l'Université de Liège, Liège (Sart Tilman), Belgium.,Naturane SA, Bastogne, Belgium
| | - G De Mol
- Odisee Brussel, Educational Department for Imaging Technologists, Brussels, Belgium.,Service d'imagerie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinarie de l'Université de Liège, Liège (Sart Tilman), Belgium
| | - N Buls
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Brussels, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Odisee Brussel, Educational Department for Imaging Technologists, Brussels, Belgium
| | - S Provyn
- Anatomical Research, Training and Education (ARTE), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, VUB, Brussels, Belgium.,Animal Health Trust, Suffolk, UK
| | - M Kichouh
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Brussels, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Odisee Brussel, Educational Department for Imaging Technologists, Brussels, Belgium
| | - J de Mey
- MOVE - HIM (Morpho Veterinary & Human Imaging) Brussels, University Hospital Brussels, UZ Brussel, Brussel, Belgium.,Department of Radiology, University Hospital Brussels, UZ Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - R Murray
- Animal Health Trust, Suffolk, UK
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