Variability among strain variables derived from two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography in dogs by use of various software

Assessment of longitudinal systolic function using tissue motion annular displacement in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a prospective case-control study

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate left ventricular (LV) longitudinal systolic function in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and healthy control cats using tissue motion annular displacement (TMAD).MethodsThe study included 26 control cats and 21 HCM cats. All cats underwent assessment using two-dimensional echocardiography, M-mode echocardiography, pulsed-wave Doppler, tissue Doppler imaging techniques, longitudinal strain and TMAD.ResultsGlobal TMAD and percentage (%) global TMAD were not influenced by breed, sex, age or heart rate. Mean global TMAD and % global TMAD significantly decreased in the HCM group (2.86 ± 0.86 mm and 11.46% ± 3.37%, respectively) compared with the control group (3.95 ± 0.89 mm and 16.12% ± 2.94%, respectively) (P <0.001 for both), suggesting LV longitudinal systolic dysfunction in HCM cats. LV fractional shortening showed no difference between the control (52.76% ± 11.63%) and the HCM groups (59.80% ± 13.51%) (P = 0.061). Global TMAD and % global TMAD were significantly correlated with global longitudinal strain (P <0.001). The intraclass correlation coefficient of global TMAD and % global TMAD was considered moderate.Conclusions and relevanceGlobal TMAD and % global TMAD were significantly decreased in cats with HCM compared with the control group, and were sensitive and repeatable techniques for evaluating LV longitudinal systolic dysfunction in cats with HCM.

Assessment of left atrial function using tissue motion annular displacement in healthy dogs

OBJECTIVES

Recently, tissue motion annular displacement by speckle tracking has been shown to be a reliable method for evaluating deformation of the left atrium in healthy dogs. The aim of this study was to investigate whether tissue motion annular displacement is a feasible alternative method for studying left atrial function.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

One hundred healthy dogs were included. Left atrial function was assessed by tissue motion annular displacement, which was correlated to the left atrial strain and biplane area-length method-derived volumes. Left atrial reservoir function was evaluated by left atrial global tissue motion annular displacement, global left atrial strain and left atrial emptying fraction, while left atrial systolic tissue motion annular displacement and left atrial ejection fraction were used to assess left atrial systolic function.

RESULTS

A statistically significant association between body weight and the dependent variables others than age was found. Indexed global and systolic tissue motion annular displacement decreased as body weight increased. Global iTMAD_AIIometric (mm/∛kg) showed a moderate, positive correlation with left atrial emptying fraction and with global left atrial strain. Systolic iTMAD_AIIometric (mm/∛kg) showed a moderate correlation with left atrial ejection fraction. Coefficients of variation for the intraobserver and interobserver analyses were 8.3% and 20.3% for global and 10.5% and 18.9% for systolic tissue motion annular displacement, respectively.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Tissue motion annular displacement is a feasible and simple method for the evaluation of left atrial function. Our study documented the effects of body weight on left atrial tissue motion annular displacement, indicating that tissue motion annular displacement must be indexed to body weight. No influence of age or heart rate was observed on tissue motion annular displacement.

Speckle tracking echocardiography for evaluation of myocardial functions before and after mitral valvuloplasty in dogs

Background

Myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) is the most common acquired heart disease in dogs. Mitral valvuloplasty (MVP) addresses regurgitation, but the pre- and postoperative changes in myocardial function remain uncertain.

Objectives

This study evaluated myocardial motion before and after MVP using two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography (2D-STE).

Animals

Eight client-owned dogs undergoing MVP for MMVD.

Methods

Myocardial deformation was assessed by 2D-STE before surgery and at 1- and 3-months post-surgery. Measurements included left ventricular global longitudinal strain (GLS), global circumferential strain (GCS), global radial strain (GRS), cardiac twist, and right ventricular free wall GLS (RVFW-GLS).

Results

Postoperative decreases were observed in left ventricular internal dimensions, left atrial size, and early diastolic myocardial velocity, with an increase in peak late diastolic velocity. LV-GLS decreased at 1 month (-14.4%) and 3 months (-16.3%) compared to preoperative values (-24.4%) (p = 0.0078, p = 0.015). GCS decreased at 1 month (-12.9%) and 3 months (-14.8%) compared to preoperative values (-21.7%) (p = 0.0078). GRS decreased at 1 month (27.7%) and 3 months (32.0%) compared to preoperative values (67.7%) (p = 0.0078). No significant changes were observed in RVFW-GLS. Peak systolic twist increased at 3 months (9.1° vs. 4.9°, p = 0.039). Peak systolic apical rotation showed an upward trend at 3 months (p = 0.109). Left ventricular twist was mildly affected by LVIDd, LVIDDN, and sphericity index (R 2 = 0.187, p = 0.034; R 2 = 0.33, p = 0.0029; R 2 = 0.22, p = 0.019).

Conclusions and clinical importance

Postoperative myocardial motion approached reference values, indicating significant improvement, particularly in left ventricular twisting motion. These findings highlight the positive impact of surgery on cardiac function in dogs with MMVD.

Speckle tracking tissue motion mitral annulus displacement to assess early changes in the left ventricle and its association with lung function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the early changes in left ventricular (LV) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) by measuring tissue motion mitral annulus displacement (TMAD) and three-dimensional (3D) parameters using speckle tracking imaging (STI), and to explore its correlation with lung function.

METHODS

Forty two COPD patients (GOLD I, GOLD II, GOLD III) and 30 healthy individuals (control group) were included. STI was used to assess the changes in LV structure and systolic function. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were drawn, and correlations among TMAD parameters, LV systolic function, structural, pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP), and lung function were analyzed.

RESULTS

Compared to the control group, COPD patients were able to undergo LV remodeling, with a decrease in the absolute value of global longitudinal strain (GLS) and TMAD, but no significant modification of LVEF. Correlation analysis showed that TMAD was positively related to the absolute value of GLS (r > 0.51, P < 0.01) and predicted forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1%) (r > 0.56, P < 0.01), and negatively to PASP (r < -0.52, P < 0.01). The LV posterior wall thickness (LVPWd), relative wall thickness (RWT), end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) and PASP negatively correlated with FEV1%.

CONCLUSION

The LV geometric changes and systolic function impairment in COPD patients were found to correlate with airflow restriction (FEV1%). TMAD aided in detection of early changes in LV systolic function in COPD patients. It negatively correlated with PASP and positively with FEV1%. Moreover, it was more convenient than GLS.

Two-dimensional speckle tracking-derived global longitudinal strain in healthy Doberman Pinschers: method evaluation, variability, and reference values

INTRODUCTION

Evaluation of two-dimensional speckle tracking (2D-ST)-derived global longitudinal strain (GLS) in healthy Doberman Pinschers (DP) is essential before it can be used in diseased DP to assess systolic function. To determine feasibility and observer related measurement variability of 2D-ST-derived GLS by use of AutoSTRAIN (AUTO) and 2D Cardiac Performance Analysis (TomTec Imaging Systems GmbH, Unterschleissheim, Germany).

ANIMALS, MATERIALS, AND METHODS

This prospective study included 120 healthy, client-owned DP presented for screening evaluation. Global longitudinal strain of the apical four- (GLS_A4C), two-, and three-chamber view as well as the average GLS of all three views combined (GLS_AV) were determined, compared, and reference values established. Measurement variability was assessed by using intra- and inter-observer coefficient of variation.

RESULTS

A small difference existed for GLS_AV (mean + 0.23%; P=0.022) between the two software programs although the determined strain values were similar and positively correlated (r = 0.84; P<0.001). No difference could be found between GLS_AV and GLS_A4C for AUTO (mean + 0.16%; P=0.228), whereas a difference existed for Cardiac Performance Analysis (mean -0.89% (end-systolic strain) and -0.56% (peak strain), P<0.0001). Software specific reference values were established for GLS_AV and GLS_A4C. Intra- and inter-observer coefficient of variation revealed very low to low measurement variability, with better results for AUTO.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

Two-dimensional speckle tracking (2D-ST) derived GLS is a feasible technique to assess systolic function with low measurement variability. Whenever possible, GLS_AV should be determined, although GLS_A4C might be a potential alternative.

Assessment of Cardiotoxicity after a Single Dose of Combretastatin A4-Phosphate in Dogs Using Two-Dimensional Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography

Simple Summary

Combretastatin A4-phosphate is a chemotherapeutic drug which has been evaluated for treatment of solid canine tumors. Previous studies reported cardiotoxic effects based on changes in cardiac troponin I measurements, blood pressure, and electrocardiography. We evaluated the cardiotoxic effect by two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography. This advanced imaging technique analyzes global and regional myocardial function and is used as the gold-standard for the assessment of cardiac function in human patients receiving chemotherapy. We found that certain strain measurements were significantly decreased 24 h after the administration of combretastatin A4-phosphate and that these changes were correlated with an increase in cardiac troponin I. Our results suggest that two-dimensional speckle tracking may be useful for the early detection of cardiac dysfunction in canine cancer patients as well as promising during follow-up.

Abstract

Combretastatin A4-phosphate (CA4P) is a vascular disrupting agent that was recently described for the treatment of solid canine tumors. Conventional echocardiography and pulsed wave tissue Doppler imaging did not reveal cardiotoxicity in dogs, however, the gold standard for assessing myocardial damage in humans receiving cardiotoxic chemotherapeutics is two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography. The current study evaluated the cardiotoxic effect of a single dose of CA4P in dogs using peak systolic strain measurements and the variability of these measurements. Echocardiographic examinations of seven healthy beagles and five canine cancer patients that received CA4P were retrospectively reviewed. Peak systolic regional longitudinal strain (LSt), peak systolic regional circumferential strain (CSt), and peak systolic regional radial strain (RSt) were measured before and 24 h after administration of CA4P. Peak systolic strain measurements were compared to serum cardiac troponin I (cTnI). To quantify intra- and inter-observer measurement variability, seven echocardiographic examinations were selected and each strain parameter was measured by three observers on three consecutive days. After CA4P administration, the median LSt and CSt values decreased by 21.8% (p = 0.0005) and 12.3% (p = 0.002), respectively, whereas the median RSt values were not significantly different (p = 0.70). The decrease in LSt was correlated with increased serum cTnI values (Spearman rho = −0.64, p = 0.02). The intra-observer coefficients of variation (CV) were 9%, 4%, and 13% for LSt, CSt, and RSt, respectively, while the corresponding interobserver CVs were 11%, 12%, and 20%. Our results suggest that regional peak systolic strain measurements may be useful for the early detection of cardiotoxicity that is caused by vascular disrupting agents and that LSt may be promising for the follow-up of canine cancer patients.

Tissue motion annular displacement to assess the left ventricular systolic function in healthy cats

The tissue motion annular displacement (TMAD) measures the longitudinal displacement of the mitral annulus during systole, using speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE). The main objective was to determine the TMAD means in healthy cats, exploring the correlations with systolic surrogates. The influence of age, body surface area (BSA), heart rate, and systemic blood pressure on the indices was also analyzed. One hundred ninety-three healthy, client-owned cats participated in this prospective, cross-sectional observational study undergoing conventional and STE. Apical four-chamber (AP4) and two-chamber (AP2) images were recorded for offline calculations. Mean TMAD values were similar to mitral annulus plane systolic excursion (MAPSE), varying between 4 to 4.8 mm depending on the annulus and image used. No significant differences between age and BSA categories were detected, except for AP4 MP%, reduced in the heavier group. TMAD variables showed moderate correlation with longitudinal strain (LSt) and MAPSE, but not with fraction shortening (FS) and ejection fraction (EF). The median time required for the offline calculation was 12.2 s for AP4 and 11.8 s for AP2. The technique showed moderate inter and intraobserver variation, proving a reliable tool for assessing left ventricular longitudinal systolic function in cats.

Screening for dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs

BACKGROUND

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is the most common cardiac disease in large breed dogs. The disease can start with arrhythmias or with systolic dysfunction of the myocardium.

OBJECTIVE

To describe screening methods for DCM in various breeds and provide a new, modified staging system.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Screening for occult DCM should start at three years of age and use Holter monitoring in Boxers and Dobermans and might be useful also in other breeds. Single ventricular premature complexes (VPCs) can be detected in many healthy dogs, but healthy animals typically have <50 VPCs in 24 h and demonstrate minimal complexity most often occurring only as single ectopic beats. In general, >100 VPCs in 24 h was recommended as the cut-off value for establishing a diagnosis of DCM. However, there are breed-specific recommendations related to Holter recording diagnosis of DCM in Dobermans and Boxers. Yearly screening over the life of a dog is recommended, as a one-time screening is not sufficient to rule out the future development of DCM. Several echocardiographic methods such as M-mode derived measurements, the measurement of the left ventricular (LV) volume by Simpson's method of discs (SMOD), and E-point to septal separation (EPSS) are recommended for screening purposes. The value of additional tests such as cardiac biomarkers (troponin I and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide) as well as a 5-min resting electrocardiogram (ECG) or newer echocardiographic methods such as strain measurements is discussed.

CONCLUSION

This review suggests some guidelines for screening for DCM in various breeds.

Left atrial speckle tracking echocardiography in clinically healthy dogs: Variability and prediction intervals

Left atrial (LA) speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) provides indices of LA deformation such as strain and strain rate. These variables offer useful clinical information in human and canine patients with cardiac disease. At present, reference ranges for LA STE variables in dogs are scarcely established and, due to variability among centers, they cannot be accepted worldwide. The present study aimed to provide normal ranges for LA strain and strain rate variables in clinically healthy dogs, and to evaluate the effect of clinical parameters such as bodyweight. Eighty clinically healthy dogs served as the study population. Left atrial STE was feasible in all dogs and agreement within and between observers was clinically acceptable for most of the variables, in particular strain variables. Age, sex, and heart rate did not affect LA STE. Bodyweight was negatively correlated with strain variables and positively correlated with diastolic strain rate variables and the relationship was allometric. Bodyweight-based vendor-dependent prediction intervals for LA STE variables in clinically healthy dogs could aid the evaluation of LA function in clinical practice.

Echocardiographic predictors of first onset of atrial fibrillation in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease

Background

Atrial fibrillation (AF) occurs in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) as a consequence of left atrial (LA) dilatation, and it affects survival and quality of life.

Objectives

To evaluate the usefulness of echocardiography in predicting the first occurrence of AF in dogs with MMVD.

Animals

Forty‐four client‐owned dogs with MMVD, 22 dogs that developed AF, and 22 dogs that maintained sinus rhythm.

Methods

Retrospective observational study. Medical databases were reviewed for dogs that developed AF during the year after diagnosis of MMVD (AF group). The last echocardiographic examination obtained while still in sinus rhythm was used to derive selected variables. For each dog with AF, a control dog matched for body weight, class of heart failure, and LA dimension was selected. Echocardiographic results including LA volumes and LA speckle tracking echocardiography (STE)‐derived variables were measured.

Results

Among the tested echocardiographic variables, only LA diameter (P = .03) and left ventricular internal diameter in diastole (P = .03) differed significantly between groups, whereas body weight‐indexed variables of cardiac dimension as well as LA volumes and volume‐derived functional variables were not different. Among the STE‐derived variables, peak atrial longitudinal strain (PALS) results differed significantly between the AF group (23.8% ± 8.6%) and the control group (30.5% ± 9.6%; P = .03). A value of PALS ≤28% predicted AF occurrence with sensitivity and specificity of 0.80 and 0.65, respectively.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Absolute cardiac diameters and LA STE (in particular, PALS) are useful echocardiographic predictors for the development of AF in dogs with MMVD.

Assessment of Longitudinal Left Ventricle Deformation by 2-Dimensional Speckle Tracking Echocardiography Obtained from Different Views in Cats

Two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) is a novel, angle-independent imaging technique useful to assess myocardial function by strain and strain rate analysis in human and veterinary medicine. Commonly, the left apical four-chamber (LAP4Ch) view is used to assess left ventricular (LV) longitudinal deformation in dogs and cats. However, the right parasternal four-chamber (RP4Ch) view is often more easily obtained than the LAP4Ch view in cats. No studies exist comparing longitudinal strain and strain rate values using STE from different echocardiographic views in cats. Therefore, we examined the agreement between RP4Ch and LAP4Ch for assessment of LV longitudinal strain and strain rate in cats. We acquired 2D echocardiographic cineloops from RP4Ch and LAP4Ch views and analyzed LV longitudinal strain and strain rate in 50 cats (31 healthy cats and 19 cats with different disease states) using Xstrain^TM software. Peak systolic strain and strain rate values of endocardial and epicardial border were used for the analysis. The two echocardiographic views were compared using limits-of-agreement analyses and intra-observer measurement variability was assessed. We could obtain longitudinal strain and strain rate from the RP4Ch view in all cats. Strain, but not strain rate, had good intra-observer measurement variability (<10% vs. <20%). However, only endocardial strain values obtained with the two views agreed sufficiently to be used interchangeably (95% limits of agreement: −3.28, 2.58). Epicardial strain/strain rate and endocardial strain rate values did not agree sufficiently to be used interchangeably (95% limits of agreement: −11.58, 9.19; −2.28, 1.74; −1.41, 1.36, respectively). Our study suggests that RP4Ch view was feasible for assessment of the LV longitudinal deformation analysis by STE in cats, but only endocardial longitudinal strain values obtained from the two different views were interchangeable.

Conventional Echocardiography and Two-Dimensional Speckle Tracking in Healthy Sevoflurane-Anesthetized Dogs Undergoing Continuous Rate Infusion of Nalbuphine

Nalbuphine is an agonist-antagonist opioid with adequate analgesic properties and few depressant effects on the respiratory system. However, there are no detailed reports available on cardiovascular effects of nalbuphine in dogs. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of a continuous rate infusion (CRI) of nalbuphine on left ventricular systolic and diastolic function of healthy sevoflurane-anesthetized dogs. Eighteen mixed-breed bitches aged 1-4 years and weighing 9.9 ± 3.8 kg were used. Dogs were randomly assigned to one of two groups: nalbuphine (G_N, n = 9) and control (G_C, n = 9). Anesthesia was induced and maintained with sevoflurane (2V%) followed by an intravenous (IV) bolus of nalbuphine (0.3 mg/kg) or 0.9% NaCl at equal volume and then CRI of nalbuphine (0.4 mg/kg/h) or 0.9% NaCl at an equal infusion rate. Echocardiographic and hemodynamic variables were determined at baseline and 20, 40, 60, and 80 minutes following start of CRI. No differences were found between groups for left ventricular systolic and diastolic variables obtained through conventional echocardiography and two-dimensional speckle tracking. Likewise, hemodynamic variables did not differ between groups. The E'/A' ratio significantly increased at 20 minutes compared to baseline only in GN. Nalbuphine given at a CRI does not influence left ventricular systolic and diastolic function in healthy sevoflurane-anesthetized dogs.

Echocardiography in nonclinical studies: Where are we?

Echocardiography is a powerful, noninvasive tool used both in clinical and nonclinical settings, including in drug development. When used appropriately, it can provide valuable translational information about pharmacodynamics, safety pharmacology, or toxicology, helping to define no-observed-adverse-effect levels and providing guidance for clinical monitoring and dose selection. Echocardiography is advantageous in conducting longitudinal studies and reducing the number of animals used in safety assessments. To this end, there has been no clear enunciation of what constitutes appropriate use of this imaging technology in a nonclinical drug development setting. In this review, we describe the use of echocardiography in nonclinical studies in regulatory submissions to the US Food and Drug Administration Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. In addition, we discuss three main areas: the operator, image acquisition, and image analysis, where variability may affect the reliability of information generated in an echocardiography study. As a path forward, our recommendation is for a multi-disciplinary expert working group to establish guidelines for education and credentialing of nonclinical echocardiographers as well as quality assurance standards for nonclinical echocardiography labs.