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Zmorzynski S, Kimicka-Szajwaj A, Szajwaj A, Czerwik-Marcinkowska J, Wojcierowski J. Genetic Changes in Mastocytes and Their Significance in Mast Cell Tumor Prognosis and Treatment. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:137. [PMID: 38275618 PMCID: PMC10815783 DOI: 10.3390/genes15010137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Mast cell tumors are a large group of diseases occurring in dogs, cats, mice, as well as in humans. Systemic mastocytosis (SM) is a disease involving the accumulation of mast cells in organs. KIT gene mutations are very often seen in abnormal mast cells. In SM, high KIT/CD117 expression is observed; however, there are usually no KIT gene mutations present. Mastocytoma (MCT)-a form of cutaneous neoplasm-is common in animals but quite rare in humans. KIT/CD117 receptor mutations were studied as the typical changes for human mastocytosis. In 80% of human cases, the KIT gene substitution p.D816H was present. In about 25% of MCTs, metastasis was observed. Changes in the gene expression of certain genes, such as overexpression of the DNAJ3A3 gene, promote metastasis. In contrast, the SNORD93 gene blocks the expression of metastasis genes. The panel of miR-21-5p, miR-379, and miR-885 has a good efficiency in discriminating healthy and MCT-affected dogs, as well as MCT-affected dogs with and without nodal metastasis. Further studies on the pathobiology of mast cells can lead to clinical improvements, such as better MCT diagnosis and treatment. Our paper reviews studies on the topic of mast cells, which have been carried out over the past few years.
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Burge R, Woolard KD, Willcox JL, Rebhun RB, Burton JH, Al-Nadaf S, Skorupski KA. High-Grade, Stage 2 Mast Cell Tumors: Outcome in Dogs With Local and Systemic Therapy. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2023; 59:167-176. [PMID: 37432790 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-7319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Canine mast cell tumors (MCTs) have highly variable clinical behavior, and predicting outcomes in individual dogs remains challenging. Many studies combine dogs with varying tumor grades, clinical stage, or treatments, confounding those results. The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine outcome and prognostic factors in a specific subset of dogs with high-grade, stage 2, cutaneous MCTs treated with adequate local control via surgery with or without radiation therapy and adjuvant cytotoxic chemotherapy. Seventeen dogs met the inclusion criteria, and the median survival time was 259 days. Development of local recurrence, tumor location, and presence of ulceration were all associated with shorter survival times. Tumor size, mitotic count, chemotherapy protocol, lymph node classification, and radiation therapy were not significantly associated with outcome. In this study, a specific population of dogs characterized by high-grade MCTs with local lymph node metastasis who received aggressive local and systemic therapy had a median survival of about 8.5 mo. Dogs with ulcerated tumors, recurrent tumors, or tumors located on the head had a worse outcome despite aggressive therapy. These results may serve as a basis of comparison for future research exploring alternative treatment combinations in this specific population of dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda Burge
- From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences (R.B.), College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Kevin D Woolard
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology (K.D.W.), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Jennifer L Willcox
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences (J.L.W., R.B.R., S.A.-N., K.A.S.), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Robert B Rebhun
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences (J.L.W., R.B.R., S.A.-N., K.A.S.), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Jenna H Burton
- Clinical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (J.H.B.)
| | - Sami Al-Nadaf
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences (J.L.W., R.B.R., S.A.-N., K.A.S.), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Katherine A Skorupski
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences (J.L.W., R.B.R., S.A.-N., K.A.S.), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
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3
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Bray J, Eward W, Breen M. Evaluating the relevance of surgical margins. Part one: The problems with current methodology. Vet Comp Oncol 2023; 21:1-11. [PMID: 36308442 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The goal of cancer surgery is to achieve a "clean" microscopic resection, with no residual tumour remaining in the wound. To achieve that goal, the surgeon typically incorporates a measured buffer of grossly normal tissue about the entire circumference of the tumour. Microscopic analysis of the resection boundaries is then performed to determine if all traces of the tumour have been completely removed. This analysis is thought to provide a surrogate indication as to the likelihood for that tumour to recur after surgery. However, it is recognised that tumour recurrence may not occur even when microscopic evidence of tumour has been identified at the resection margins, and recurrence can also occur when conventional histology has considered the tumour to have been completely removed. The explanations for this dichotomy are numerous and include technical and practical limitations of the processing methodology, and also several surgeon-related and tumour-related reasons. Ultimately, the inability to confidently determine when a tumour has been removed sufficiently to prevent recurrence can impact on the ability to provide owners with confident treatment advice. In this article, the authors describe the challenges with defining the true extent of the tumour margin from the perspective of the surgeon, the pathologist and the tumour. The authors also provide an analysis of why our current efforts to ensure that all traces of the local tumour have been successfully removed may provide an imperfect assessment of the risk of recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Will Eward
- Duke Cancer Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthew Breen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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4
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Bray J, Eward W, Breen M. Defining the relevance of surgical margins. Part two: Strategies to improve prediction of recurrence risk. Vet Comp Oncol 2023; 21:145-158. [PMID: 36745110 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Due to the complex nature of tumour biology and the integration between host tissues and molecular processes of the tumour cells, a continued reliance on the status of the microscopic cellular margin should not remain our only determinant of the success of a curative-intent surgery for patients with cancer. Based on current evidence, relying on a purely cellular focus to provide a binary indication of treatment success can provide an incomplete interpretation of potential outcome. A more holistic analysis of the cancer margin may be required. If we are to move ahead from our current situation - and allow treatment plans to be more intelligently tailored to meet the requirements of each individual tumour - we need to improve our utilisation of techniques that either improve recognition of residual tumour cells within the surgical field or enable a more comprehensive interrogation of tumour biology that identifies a risk of recurrence. In the second article in this series on defining the relevance of surgical margins, the authors discuss possible alternative strategies for margin assessment and evaluation in the canine and feline cancer patient. These strategies include considering adoption of the residual tumour classification scheme; intra-operative imaging systems including fluorescence-guided surgery, optical coherence tomography and Raman spectroscopy; molecular analysis and whole transcriptome analysis of tissues; and the development of a biologic index (nomogram). These techniques may allow evaluation of individual tumour biology and the status of the resection margin in ways that are different to our current techniques. Ultimately, these techniques seek to better define the risk of tumour recurrence following surgery and provide the surgeon and patient with more confidence in margin assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Will Eward
- Orthopedic Surgical Oncologist, Duke Cancer Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthew Breen
- Oscar J. Fletcher Distinguished Professor of Comparative Oncology Genetics, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Cheng E, Jennings RN, Chen CL, Biggo MR, Erickson AK, Dornbusch JA, Linn SC, Lapsley J, Alva BM, Lorbach JN, Premanandan C, Selmic LE. Optical coherence tomography for surgical margin evaluation of excised canine cutaneous and subcutaneous tumours. Vet Comp Oncol 2022; 20:836-845. [PMID: 35662386 PMCID: PMC9796844 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Currently, intraoperative tumour margin imaging is not routinely utilized in veterinary medicine. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) allows for real-time assessment of tissue morphology of 1-2 mm depth. The aims of this study were (1) to compare the histologic and OCT features of excised canine skin and subcutaneous specimens, and (2) to determine the diagnostic accuracy of OCT for surgical margin evaluation. The authors hypothesized that OCT imaging would correlate well with histopathology and that OCT would be sensitive for detection of incomplete margins. Eighty dogs were prospectively enrolled. Tumours were excised, and the surgical margins were imaged using a spectral domain OCT system. The tumour type and completeness of excision were determined by histopathology. Nine blinded observers received training in OCT image interpretation and were then given a set of OCT images and videos. The observers assigned each image/video a grade from 1 (no tumour) to 4 (tumour) and the results were compared to histopathology. The overall median sensitivity and specificity of OCT imaging for detection of incomplete margins were 86.7% and 84.6%, respectively. A potential limitation is that observers had varied experience with OCT image interpretation, ranging from no prior experience to participating in a previous OCT project. OCT is sensitive for detection of incomplete margins and could be a promising real-time surgical margin imaging modality. Further study is needed to evaluate intraoperative applications of OCT and its impact on tumour recurrence and long-term outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Cheng
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Ryan N. Jennings
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Carolyn L. Chen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Morgan R. Biggo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Andrea K. Erickson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Josephine A. Dornbusch
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Sarah C. Linn
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Janis Lapsley
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Bianca M. Alva
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Joshua N. Lorbach
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Christopher Premanandan
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Laura E. Selmic
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
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Mickelson MA. Updated Concepts in Oncologic Surgery: Apocrine Gland Anal Sac Adenocarcinoma and Mast Cell Tumors. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2022; 52:549-580. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Fejös C, Troedson K, Ignatenko N, Zablotski Y, Hirschberger J. Extensive staging has no prognostic value in dogs with low-risk mast cell tumours. Vet Comp Oncol 2021; 20:265-275. [PMID: 34564910 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In canine mast cell tumours (MCTs), distant metastasis (DM) occurs infrequently. However, high-risk MCTs or tumours with certain negative prognostic factors (NPFs) are those more prone to develop metastatic disease. Accordingly, a thorough workup might not be necessary for MCTs lacking NPFs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the rate of DM and, therefore, the benefit of extensive staging in dogs presenting with and without NPFs. Furthermore, the association between the selected NPFs and DM was assessed, and factors that may have influenced outcome were evaluated. Dogs presenting with at least one NPF (Patnaik III/Kiupel high-grade, LN metastasis, rapid growth, ulceration, recurrence, high-risk location) were defined as high-risk and without as low-risk MCTs. Ninety-nine dogs were included, with 49% of MCTs in the high-risk and 51% in the low-risk group. All seven dogs with DM were identified in the high-risk group; 43% were Patnaik III/Kiupel high-grade tumours. The median survival time (MST) for this subgroup was 84 days. Patnaik III/Kiupel high-grade and rapid growth were NPFs significantly associated with DM at staging. Furthermore, a significant difference (p < .001) in MST was demonstrated between the high-risk and low-risk groups (899 days vs. not reached). NPFs significantly associated with outcome were rapid growth, presence of DM at staging, and surgical tumour excision. These results indicate that extensive staging in the absence of NPFs does not seem to be beneficial. On the other hand, by using the selected NPFs, a subset of MCTs prone to DM can be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csilla Fejös
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Karin Troedson
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Nataliia Ignatenko
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Yury Zablotski
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Hirschberger
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
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Freytag JO, Queiroz MR, Govoni VM, Pereira IVA, Pulz LH, de Francisco Strefezzi R, Queiroga FL, Cogliati B. Prognostic value of immunohistochemical markers in canine cutaneous mast cell tumours: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vet Comp Oncol 2021; 19:529-540. [PMID: 33724647 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Histological grading systems remain cornerstones in the prognosis of canine cutaneous mast cell tumours (MCTs), but the distinct biological behaviour of each tumour often necessitates the use of complementary markers. Although a plethora of immunohistochemical markers have been proposed as prognostic factors, few are presently applied in routine diagnosis. This systematic review and meta-analysis was designed to establish which immunohistochemical markers have verifiable prognostic value for cutaneous MCTs in dogs. A Boolean search of five databases identified 200 articles for screening, of which 73 were selected for full-text assessment and 24 ultimately included in the systematic review. Odds Ratio (OR) was adopted as the summary measure for subsequent meta-analysis but only 15 articles, relating to the immunomarkers Ki-67 (9), KIT (5), and BAX (2), provided either a value for OR or sufficient data to calculate this statistic. Meta-analysis verified that canine cutaneous MCTs with elevated expression of Ki-67 or BAX, as well aberrant immuno-expression of KIT, showed an increased odds of death, with respective OR values of 11.2 (95% CI 6.3-20.0; p < .01), 9.9 (95% CI 1.3-73.6; p = .03), and 4.1 (95% CI 1.1-15.3; p = .03). Despite KIT, Ki67, and BAX arise as suitable prognostic factor for canine MCTs, this study highlighted the lack of important clinical and statistical data in many published articles, rendering it impossible to complete the meta-analysis of several potentially valuable immunohistochemical markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Ostrand Freytag
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Ramos Queiroz
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Verônica Mollica Govoni
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isabel Veloso Alves Pereira
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lidia Hildebrand Pulz
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Ricardo de Francisco Strefezzi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Felisbina Luisa Queiroga
- Center for Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Bruno Cogliati
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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9
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Karbe GT, Davis E, Runge JJ, Brown DC, Holt DE. Evaluation of scar revision after inadequate primary excision of cutaneous mast cell tumors in 85 dogs (2000-2013). Vet Surg 2021; 50:807-815. [PMID: 33666268 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency of residual tumor, and factors associated with local recurrence and disease progression in dogs with incompletely excised mast cell tumors (MCT) following scar revision surgery. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective study. ANIMALS Eighty-five dogs. METHODS Medical records from January 2000 to April 2013 were reviewed. Dogs with scar revision surgery after incomplete primary MCT excision were included. Recorded were signalment; initial tumor size, location and grade; time interval between primary excision and scar revision surgery; presence of MCT in the resected scar; local recurrence, lymph node metastasis, systemic metastasis, and cause of death. RESULTS Eighty six tumors in 85 dogs were studied. Residual MCT was found in 23 (27%) resected scars. Seven (8%) scars with residual MCT had incomplete or narrow margins. Follow-up was available for 68 dogs (69 tumors; median 403 days; range 4-2939). Local recurrence was reported in three (4%) dogs at 212, 555, and 993 days. Disease progressed in 10 dogs (14.5%) with regional or systemic metastasis at a median of 207 days (64-1583). Margin status and presence of MCT in the resected scar were not associated with local recurrence or disease progression. Lymph node metastasis (p = .004), locoregional recurrence (p = .013), and disease progression (p = .001) were significantly more likely in Grade III tumors. CONCLUSION Twenty-seven percent of resected scars contained residual MCT, but recurrence was uncommon after surgical revision. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Clinicians should primarily consider tumor grade when estimating the likelihood of local recurrence and disease progression and determining the need for ancillary treatment of MCT after scar resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georga T Karbe
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elizabeth Davis
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Runge
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dorothy C Brown
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David E Holt
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Casanova M, Branco S, Veiga IB, Barros A, Faísca P. Stereology in Grading and Prognosis of Canine Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumors. Vet Pathol 2021; 58:483-490. [PMID: 33576305 PMCID: PMC8064533 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820985138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Canine cutaneous mast cell tumors (ccMCTs) are currently graded according to Patnaik and Kiupel grading schemes. The qualitative and semiquantitative parameters applied in these schemes may lead to inter- and intraobserver variability. This study investigates the prognostic value of volume-weighted mean nuclear volume (vv¯), a stereological estimation that provides information about nuclear size and its variability. vv¯ of 55 ccMCTs was estimated using the “point-sampled intercept” method and compared with histological grade and clinical outcome. The clinical history of dogs treated with surgical excision alone was available for 30 ccMCTs. Statistical differences in vv¯ were found between grade II (x¯ = 115 ± 29 µm3) and grade III ccMCTs (x ¯= 197 ± 63 µm3), as well as between low-grade (x ¯= 113 ± 28 µm3) and high-grade ccMCTs (x¯ = 184 ± 63 µm3). An optimal cutoff value of vv¯ ≥ 150 µm3 and vv¯ ≥ 140 µm3 was determined for grade III and high-grade ccMCTs, respectively. In terms of prognosis, vv¯ was not able to predict the clinical outcome in 42% of the cases; however, cases with vv¯ <125 µm3 had a favorable outcome. These results indicate that, despite having limited prognostic value when used as a solitary parameter, vv¯ is highly reproducible and is associated with histological grade as well as with benign behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda Casanova
- 70904Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.,70989Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
| | | | | | - André Barros
- 70904Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Pedro Faísca
- 70904Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.,FMV-ULHT, Lisbon, Portugal.,DNATech, Lisbon, Portugal
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Néčová S, Mason SL, North SM. Outcome of dogs with intermediate grade low mitotic index high Ki67 mast cell tumours treated with surgery and single agent lomustine. Aust Vet J 2021; 99:146-151. [PMID: 33565080 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this retrospective study was to evaluate the outcome of dogs when grade II mast cell tumour (MCT) with low mitotic index (MI) and high Ki67 were treated with adjuvant lomustine. ANIMALS Client owned dogs with spontaneously occurring disease treated with adjuvant chemotherapy for grade II mast cell tumour with low MI (≤5/10HPF) and high Ki67 (>1.8%) with no evidence of metastatic disease at presentation. PROCEDURES Lomustine was administered every 3 weeks with three or four planned cycles. Response to treatment was assessed by regular re-staging ultrasound with or without cytopathological examination of liver and spleen or through medical records from the referring veterinarian. Disease-free interval (DFI) and median survival time (MST) were calculated using Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS Twenty-one dogs were included. All dogs underwent surgical excision and two dogs received adjuvant radiotherapy. None of the patients developed local recurrence. Three dogs (14.3%) developed metastatic disease. The DFI of these dogs was 141, 186 and 223 days. Median follow-up period of the whole study population was 1112 days (358-2619). MST for patients with metastatic disease was 417 days. MST of the whole group was not reached. One-year and 2-year survivals were 95.2% and 90.5%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study population had low rates of tumour recurrence and improved survival compared to previously published data of similar population of dogs with low MI/high Ki67 MCT without adjuvant chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Néčová
- Small Animal Oncology, Southfields Veterinary Specialists (formerly VRCC), Laindon, SS15 6TP, UK
| | - S L Mason
- Small Animal Oncology, Southfields Veterinary Specialists (formerly VRCC), Laindon, SS15 6TP, UK
| | - S M North
- Small Animal Oncology, Southfields Veterinary Specialists (formerly VRCC), Laindon, SS15 6TP, UK
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12
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Jones PD, Campbell JE, Brown G, Johannes CM, Reddell P. Recurrence-free interval 12 months after local treatment of mast cell tumors in dogs using intratumoral injection of tigilanol tiglate. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 35:451-455. [PMID: 33350511 PMCID: PMC7848364 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tigilanol tiglate (TT) is a novel small molecule approved by the European Medicines Agency for intratumoral treatment of mast cell tumors (MCTs) in dogs. In a randomized controlled clinical efficacy and safety study in the United States, 85 of 116 dogs that received a single TT injection achieved complete response (CR) of the treated MCT by day 28. Objective To evaluate the durability of the TT treatment response achieved at day 28 in the U.S. study by assessing MCT recurrence at the treatment site 6 and 12 months after TT administration. Animals Eighty‐five dogs previously treated with TT. Methods Dogs that achieved CR at day 28 were assessed retrospectively for the presence or absence of MCT at the treatment site using records from clinical visits and telephone interviews with owners. Dogs unavailable at an assessment time were considered lost‐to‐follow‐up and data for their last assessment used in the final analysis. Results By 12 months after TT treatment, 64 dogs remained evaluable, with 21 unavailable. Of evaluable patients, 57 (89%) remained tumor free at the treatment site and 7 (11%) had developed recurrence. All recurrences occurred within the first 6 months, predominantly (5/7, 71%) within the first 12 weeks. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Tigilanol tiglate provided a durable long‐term local response for the treatment of MCT in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela D Jones
- QBiotics Group Limited, Yungaburra, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Graham Brown
- QBiotics Group Limited, Yungaburra, Queensland, Australia
| | - Chad M Johannes
- Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Paul Reddell
- QBiotics Group Limited, Yungaburra, Queensland, Australia
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13
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Itoh T, Kojimoto A, Uchida K, Chambers J, Shii H. Long-term postsurgical outcomes of mast cell tumors resected with a margin proportional to the tumor diameter in 23 dogs. J Vet Med Sci 2020; 83:230-233. [PMID: 33342962 PMCID: PMC7972896 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the postsurgical outcomes of cutaneous or subcutaneous mast cell tumors
(MCTs, n=25) in 23 dogs, resected with lateral surgical margins proportional to the widest
tumor diameter, including at least one facial plane. The tumor diameter range was 0.3–2.6
cm (median: 0.9 cm), and all were histologically diagnosed as Kiupel’s low-grade MCT.
Resection was histologically complete in 20, close (deep margin) in three, and incomplete
(deep margin) in two. No dogs developed local recurrence at the site of initial surgery
during follow-up of 161–2,219 days (median: 976 days). These results suggest that
resection of low-grade, relatively small MCTs with surgical margins proportional to the
tumor diameter is a practical procedure with high success rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruo Itoh
- Aoba Animal Hospital, 92-1 Aoba, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 880-0842, Japan.,Division of Animal Medical Research, Hassen-kai, 2-27 Onozaki, Saito, Miyazaki 881-0012, Japan
| | - Atsuko Kojimoto
- Aoba Animal Hospital, 92-1 Aoba, Miyazaki, Miyazaki 880-0842, Japan.,Division of Animal Medical Research, Hassen-kai, 2-27 Onozaki, Saito, Miyazaki 881-0012, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - James Chambers
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shii
- Division of Animal Medical Research, Hassen-kai, 2-27 Onozaki, Saito, Miyazaki 881-0012, Japan
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14
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Abrams BE, Putterman AB, Ruple A, Wavreille V, Selmic LE. Variability in tumor margin reporting for soft tissue sarcoma and cutaneous mast cell tumors in dogs: A systematic review. Vet Surg 2020; 50:259-272. [DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brittany E. Abrams
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio
| | - Allison B. Putterman
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois
| | - Audrey Ruple
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Vincent Wavreille
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio
| | - Laura E. Selmic
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio
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15
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Oliveira MT, Campos M, Lamego L, Magalhães D, Menezes R, Oliveira R, Patanita F, Ferreira DA. Canine and Feline Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumor: A Comprehensive Review of Treatments and Outcomes. Top Companion Anim Med 2020; 41:100472. [PMID: 32891740 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcam.2020.100472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mast cell tumor (MCT) or mastocytoma is one of the most frequent malignant cutaneous tumors in the dog, and the second most frequent in the cat. Several mast cell tumor therapeutic approaches have been proposed in the past years for dogs and cats, resulting in very distinct outcomes. The current comprehensive literature review presents a critical approach to the scientific information published about the MCTs treatments and the subsequent prognosis and survival times, in dogs and in cats diagnosed with MCTs. A systematic review of the literature following the Cochrane principles and methodology was performed. The authors resorted to MEDLINE, Scopus, Google Scholar and Web of Science databases to select the 133 publications with evidence-based treatments for MCTs in companion animals. Results of the review suggest that the recommended treatment, prognosis and survival times for dogs and cats with MCTs depends at all times on the clinical staging, histological grade and location of the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Oliveira
- MED - Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Núcleo da Mitra, 7000 Évora, Portugal.
| | - Marco Campos
- Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Núcleo da Mitra, 7000 Évora, Portugal
| | - Luís Lamego
- Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Núcleo da Mitra, 7000 Évora, Portugal
| | - Diogo Magalhães
- Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Núcleo da Mitra, 7000 Évora, Portugal
| | - Rui Menezes
- Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Núcleo da Mitra, 7000 Évora, Portugal
| | - Renato Oliveira
- Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Núcleo da Mitra, 7000 Évora, Portugal
| | - Francisco Patanita
- Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Núcleo da Mitra, 7000 Évora, Portugal
| | - David A Ferreira
- MED - Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Núcleo da Mitra, 7000 Évora, Portugal
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16
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Cruz VS, Borges JCA, Nepomuceno LL, Gonçalves PAM, Prado YCL, Bianchi C, Fioravanti MCS, Araújo EG. Histological classification and expression of markers of canine mast cell tumors. Vet World 2020; 13:1627-1634. [PMID: 33061237 PMCID: PMC7522949 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1627-1634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Mast cell tumors (MCTs) are malignant neoplasms that are common in dogs. Their biological behavior is variable and unpredictable. The aim of the present study was to analyze the histological classification and expression of markers of canine MCTs. Materials and Methods: Thirty samples of canine MCTs were graded according to the histological classification methods of Patnaik and those of Kiupel. The expression of phosphoprotein 53 (p53) and c-kit proteins was quantified by immunohistochemistry using image processing software, ImageJ - a public domain computer program, developed at the National Institutes of Health. Results: It was possible to determine the grade of 100% of the samples. According to Patnaik’s classification, 20.00% of the samples were Grade 1, 43.30% were Grade 2, and 36.70% were Grade 3. According to Kiupel’s classification, 56.67% of the samples were of high intensity and 43.33% were of low intensity. Grade 1 tumors had the highest expression of p53 and c-kit, and Grade 2 had the lowest expression. The results showed that it is necessary to perform both histological grading methods. The classification into high and low intensity may provide more consistent results than the three-level grading system. However, a smaller number of categories, although it facilitates the classification, may not be sufficient for the prognosis. Conclusion: Quantitative evaluation of p-53 and c-kit expression is a useful tool to increase the accuracy of the analysis and to aid in choosing the treatment method for canine MCTs. Histological grading should be combined with other diagnostic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- V S Cruz
- Multi-User Laboratory for the Evaluation of Molecules Cells and Tissues, Veterinary and Zootechnical School of the Federal University of Goiás, Campus Samambaia, Avenida Esperança, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil
| | - J C A Borges
- Multi-User Laboratory for the Evaluation of Molecules Cells and Tissues, Veterinary and Zootechnical School of the Federal University of Goiás, Campus Samambaia, Avenida Esperança, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil
| | - L L Nepomuceno
- Multi-User Laboratory for the Evaluation of Molecules Cells and Tissues, Veterinary and Zootechnical School of the Federal University of Goiás, Campus Samambaia, Avenida Esperança, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil
| | - P A M Gonçalves
- Multi-User Laboratory for the Evaluation of Molecules Cells and Tissues, Veterinary and Zootechnical School of the Federal University of Goiás, Campus Samambaia, Avenida Esperança, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Y C L Prado
- Department of Veterinary Medicine of the University Center Nossa Senhora do Patrocínio, Pc Antônio Vieira Tavares, 73, Salto - SP, 13320-219, Brazil
| | - C Bianchi
- Department of Experimental Medicine of the University of Mogi das Cruzes, Av. Dr. Cândido X. de Almeida e Souza, 200 - Centro Cívico, Mogi das Cruzes - SP, 08780-911, Brazil
| | - M C S Fioravanti
- Multi-User Laboratory for the Evaluation of Molecules Cells and Tissues, Veterinary and Zootechnical School of the Federal University of Goiás, Campus Samambaia, Avenida Esperança, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil
| | - E G Araújo
- Multi-User Laboratory for the Evaluation of Molecules Cells and Tissues, Veterinary and Zootechnical School of the Federal University of Goiás, Campus Samambaia, Avenida Esperança, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil
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17
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Saunders H, Thomson MJ, O'Connell K, Bridges JP, Chau L. Evaluation of a modified proportional margin approach for complete surgical excision of canine cutaneous mast cell tumours and its association with clinical outcome. Vet Comp Oncol 2020; 19:604-615. [PMID: 32558125 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Canine cutaneous mast cell tumours (MCTs) represent a common neoplasm in veterinary practice. Several reported techniques are available to guide surgical excision. Our study examined one hundred cutaneous MCTs that were excised surgically using a modified proportional margin approach. A 2 cm lateral margin upper limit was applied for any tumour diameter that exceeded this size with a deep surgical margin of one fascial plane applied. A retrospective, cross-sectional study with follow-up was used to determine the clinical utility of this excision technique. Associations between explanatory variables of tumour size and grade were compared with outcomes of complete excision and size of histologic tumour-free margins (HTFM) using the appropriate Pearson's χ2 and Fisher's exact tests. Follow-up data evaluated tumour recurrence and patient survival. Ninety-five percent of MCTs (95/100) were completely excised. No significant association in the achievement of complete excision between low- and high-grade MCTs (P = .48) was noted. Tumour size was not associated with the rate of complete excision (P = .06). Tumour grade and size did not influence the size of the HTFM (P = .94 and P = .14, respectively). Overall, a recurrence rate of 3% (3/100 tumours) and de novo MCT development rate of 7.7% (5/65 dogs) was noted, with median follow-up period of 593 days (range 180-1460 days). Post-operative metastases were seen in 4.6% of dogs (3/65). Therefore, a modified proportional margin approach with 2 cm lateral margin upper limit is a suitable technique to guide surgical excision of canine cutaneous MCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey Saunders
- Department of Oncology, Animal Referral Hospital Brisbane, Sinnamon Park, Queensland, Australia
| | - Maurine J Thomson
- Department of Oncology, Animal Referral Hospital Brisbane, Sinnamon Park, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kathleen O'Connell
- Department of Oncology, Animal Referral Hospital Brisbane, Sinnamon Park, Queensland, Australia
| | - Janis P Bridges
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Lincoln Chau
- Department of Oncology, Animal Referral Hospital Brisbane, Sinnamon Park, Queensland, Australia
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18
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Gill V, Leibman N, Monette S, Craft DM, Bergman PJ. Prognostic Indicators and Clinical Outcome in Dogs with Subcutaneous Mast Cell Tumors Treated with Surgery Alone: 43 Cases. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2020; 56:215-225. [PMID: 32412337 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine if clinical findings, histologic grade, or other histologic features were associated with clinical outcome in dogs with subcutaneous mast cell tumors (MCTs). Medical records of 43 client-owned dogs were retrospectively reviewed, and follow-up information was gathered via phone or follow-up examination. Progression-free survival (PFS), disease-free interval (DFI), and overall survival were calculated. Forty-two and twenty-two dogs, respectively, had grade 2 (Patnaik grading system) or low-grade tumors (two-tier grading system). Median PFS was 1474 days. Median DFI was not reached at >1968 days. Overall median survival time was not reached at >1968 days. In univariate analysis, argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs), proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and mitotic index were negatively prognostic for PFS whereas Ki-67, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and microvessel density were negatively prognostic for DFI. In multivariate analysis, AgNORs remained negatively prognostic for PFS. Results suggest that proliferation indices, especially AgNORs, may be useful in predicting the rare poor outcomes in dogs with subcutaneous MCTs. The vast majority of subcutaneous MCTs appear to be low or intermediate grade with excellent outcomes from good local tumor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Gill
- From Maine Veterinary Medical Center, Scarborough, Maine (V.G.); Department of Oncology (N.L.) and Flaherty Comparative Oncology Laboratory (D.M.C.), The Animal Medical Center, New York, New York; Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, The Rockefeller University, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York (S.M.); and Katonah Bedford Veterinary Center, Bedford Hills, New York (P.J.B.)
| | - Nicole Leibman
- From Maine Veterinary Medical Center, Scarborough, Maine (V.G.); Department of Oncology (N.L.) and Flaherty Comparative Oncology Laboratory (D.M.C.), The Animal Medical Center, New York, New York; Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, The Rockefeller University, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York (S.M.); and Katonah Bedford Veterinary Center, Bedford Hills, New York (P.J.B.)
| | - Sebastien Monette
- From Maine Veterinary Medical Center, Scarborough, Maine (V.G.); Department of Oncology (N.L.) and Flaherty Comparative Oncology Laboratory (D.M.C.), The Animal Medical Center, New York, New York; Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, The Rockefeller University, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York (S.M.); and Katonah Bedford Veterinary Center, Bedford Hills, New York (P.J.B.)
| | - Diane M Craft
- From Maine Veterinary Medical Center, Scarborough, Maine (V.G.); Department of Oncology (N.L.) and Flaherty Comparative Oncology Laboratory (D.M.C.), The Animal Medical Center, New York, New York; Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, The Rockefeller University, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York (S.M.); and Katonah Bedford Veterinary Center, Bedford Hills, New York (P.J.B.)
| | - Philip J Bergman
- From Maine Veterinary Medical Center, Scarborough, Maine (V.G.); Department of Oncology (N.L.) and Flaherty Comparative Oncology Laboratory (D.M.C.), The Animal Medical Center, New York, New York; Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, The Rockefeller University, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York (S.M.); and Katonah Bedford Veterinary Center, Bedford Hills, New York (P.J.B.)
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19
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Bae S, Milovancev M, Bartels C, Irvin VL, Tuohy JL, Townsend KL, Leeper H. Histologically low-grade, yet biologically high-grade, canine cutaneous mast cell tumours: A systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data. Vet Comp Oncol 2020; 18:580-589. [PMID: 32103587 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Low-grade canine cutaneous mast cell tumour (cMCT) with metastasis at the time of treatment is uncommonly reported, with few studies focusing on this specific clinical entity. The specific objective of this study was to systematically review the veterinary literature and perform a meta-analysis summarizing the clinical presentation, treatments reported and clinical outcomes from dogs with histologically low-grade cMCT and metastasis present at initial treatment. A total of 980 studies were screened with eight publications providing data on 121 dogs ultimately included. The most common treatments were surgery with adjuvant chemotherapy in 83/121 (69%) dogs; combined surgery, radiation and chemotherapy in 17/121 (14%) dogs; chemotherapy alone in 12/121 (10%) dogs and surgery alone in 7/121 (6%) dogs. Dogs with distant metastasis (n = 22) experienced significantly shorter survival compared with those with regional lymph node (RLN) metastasis (n = 99; median 194 vs 637 days; P < .01). Two variables were significantly associated with increased risk of death: presence of distant (vs RLN) metastasis (hazard ratio = 2.60; P < .01) and not receiving surgery as a component of treatment (hazard ratio = 3.79; P < .01). Risk of bias was judged to be low in terms of selection and performance bias but high in terms of detection and exclusion bias. In conclusion, dogs with cMCT and RLN metastasis can be expected to live significantly longer than those with distant metastasis, and surgery appears to have a role in extending survival of metastatic low-grade cMCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohee Bae
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Milan Milovancev
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Courtney Bartels
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Veronica L Irvin
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Joanne L Tuohy
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Katy L Townsend
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Haley Leeper
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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20
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Selmic LE, Ruple A. A systematic review of surgical margins utilized for removal of cutaneous mast cell tumors in dogs. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:5. [PMID: 31906934 PMCID: PMC6945696 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2227-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Traditionally, wide lateral surgical margins of 3 cm and one fascial plane deep have been recommended for resection of canine cutaneous mast cell tumor (MCT). Several studies have been published assessing surgical margins of less than this traditional recommendation. The objective of this systematic review was to determine if resection MCT with lateral surgical margins < 3 cm results in low rates of incomplete resection and local tumor recurrence. Systematic searches of digital bibliographic databases were performed with two authors (AR & LES) screening abstracts to identify relevant scientific articles. Studies regarding surgical treatment of dogs with cutaneous MCT were reviewed. Data abstraction was performed and the quality of individual studies and the strength of the body of evidence for utilization of surgical margins < 3 cm for removal of MCTs was assessed. Results From the initial 78 citations identified through the database searches, four articles were retained for data abstraction after both relevance screenings were performed. Two studies were retrospective observational studies, one was a prospective case series and one was a prospective clinical trial. Assessment of the quality level of the body of evidence identified using the GRADE system was low. Excision of MCT at 2 cm and 3 cm was associated with comparably low rates of incomplete excision and recurrence. Conclusions Despite the low quality of the overall body of evidence, a recommendation can be made that resection of canine cutaneous MCTs (< 4 cm) of Patnaik grade I and II with 2 cm lateral margins and 1 fascial plane deep results in low rates of incomplete excision and local tumor recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Selmic
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 601 Vernon L Tharp St, Columbus, OH, 43221, USA.
| | - Audrey Ruple
- Department of Public Health, Purdue University, 725 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
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21
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Liptak JM. Histologic margins and the residual tumour classification scheme: Is it time to use a validated scheme in human oncology to standardise margin assessment in veterinary oncology? Vet Comp Oncol 2019; 18:25-35. [DOI: 10.1111/vco.12555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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22
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Hughes JR, Szladovits B, Drees R. Abdominal CT evaluation of the liver and spleen for staging mast cell tumors in dogs yields nonspecific results. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2019; 60:306-315. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Hughes
- Department of Clinical Sciences and ServicesThe Royal Veterinary College North Mymms Hatfield AL9 7TA UK
| | - Balazs Szladovits
- Department of Pathobiology and Population SciencesHawkshead Lane North Mymms Hatfield AL9 7TA UK
| | - Randi Drees
- Department of Clinical Sciences and ServicesThe Royal Veterinary College North Mymms Hatfield AL9 7TA UK
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23
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Upchurch DA, Klocke EE, Henningson JN. Amount of skin shrinkage affecting tumor versus grossly normal marginal skin of dogs for cutaneous mast cell tumors excised with curative intent. Am J Vet Res 2018; 79:779-786. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.79.7.779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Olsen JA, Thomson M, O'Connell K, Wyatt K. Combination vinblastine, prednisolone and toceranib phosphate for treatment of grade II and III mast cell tumours in dogs. Vet Med Sci 2018; 4:237-251. [PMID: 29797551 PMCID: PMC6090407 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This retrospective study evaluates the progression-free interval and survival outcomes of 40 canine (Canis familiaris) patients with Patnaik grade II and III mast cell tumours treated with combination vinblastine, prednisolone and toceranib phosphate from 2011 to 2015. Patients were subdivided into three groups; patients who received neoadjuvant therapy for poorly operable lesions, patients who received adjuvant therapy following surgical resection and patients being palliated for gross metastatic disease. Median survival time (MST) for the neoadjuvant group was not reached. Median survival time for the remaining groups was 893 days and 218 days, respectively. This combination demonstrated response in 90% (26/29) patients with measurable disease. The predominant side effects related to this chemotherapy combination were gastrointestinal in origin. Further prospective studies are required to further validate the efficacy of this treatment protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime A. Olsen
- Perth Veterinary SpecialistsOsborne ParkWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | | | | | - Ken Wyatt
- Perth Veterinary SpecialistsOsborne ParkWestern AustraliaAustralia
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25
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Kiser PK, Löhr CV, Meritet D, Spagnoli ST, Milovancev M, Russell DS. Histologic processing artifacts and inter-pathologist variation in measurement of inked margins of canine mast cell tumors. J Vet Diagn Invest 2018; 30:377-385. [PMID: 29429400 DOI: 10.1177/1040638718757582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although quantitative assessment of margins is recommended for describing excision of cutaneous malignancies, there is poor understanding of limitations associated with this technique. We described and quantified histologic artifacts in inked margins and determined the association between artifacts and variance in histologic tumor-free margin (HTFM) measurements based on a novel grading scheme applied to 50 sections of normal canine skin and 56 radial margins taken from 15 different canine mast cell tumors (MCTs). Three broad categories of artifact were 1) tissue deformation at inked edges, 2) ink-associated artifacts, and 3) sectioning-associated artifacts. The most common artifacts in MCT margins were ink-associated artifacts, specifically ink absent from an edge (mean prevalence: 50%) and inappropriate ink coloring (mean: 45%). The prevalence of other artifacts in MCT skin was 4-50%. In MCT margins, frequency-adjusted kappa statistics found fair or better inter-rater reliability for 9 of 10 artifacts; intra-rater reliability was moderate or better in 9 of 10 artifacts. Digital HTFM measurements by 5 blinded pathologists had a median standard deviation (SD) of 1.9 mm (interquartile range: 0.8-3.6 mm; range: 0-6.2 mm). Intraclass correlation coefficients demonstrated good inter-pathologist reliability in HTFM measurement (κ = 0.81). Spearman rank correlation coefficients found negligible correlation between artifacts and HTFM SDs ( r ≤ 0.3). These data confirm that although histologic artifacts commonly occur in inked margin specimens, artifacts are not meaningfully associated with variation in HTFM measurements. Investigators can use the grading scheme presented herein to identify artifacts associated with tissue processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patti K Kiser
- Departments of Biomedical Science (Kiser, Löhr, Meritet, Spagnoli, Russell), College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR.,Clinical Sciences (Milovancev), College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Christiane V Löhr
- Departments of Biomedical Science (Kiser, Löhr, Meritet, Spagnoli, Russell), College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR.,Clinical Sciences (Milovancev), College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Danielle Meritet
- Departments of Biomedical Science (Kiser, Löhr, Meritet, Spagnoli, Russell), College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR.,Clinical Sciences (Milovancev), College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Sean T Spagnoli
- Departments of Biomedical Science (Kiser, Löhr, Meritet, Spagnoli, Russell), College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR.,Clinical Sciences (Milovancev), College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Milan Milovancev
- Departments of Biomedical Science (Kiser, Löhr, Meritet, Spagnoli, Russell), College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR.,Clinical Sciences (Milovancev), College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Duncan S Russell
- Departments of Biomedical Science (Kiser, Löhr, Meritet, Spagnoli, Russell), College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR.,Clinical Sciences (Milovancev), College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
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26
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Mutz ML, Boudreaux BB, Royal A, Merchant S, Pucheu-Haston C, Griffith EH, Gieger TL. Cytologic comparison of the percentage of mast cells in lymph node aspirate samples from clinically normal dogs versus dogs with allergic dermatologic disease and dogs with cutaneous mast cell tumors. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2017; 251:421-428. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.251.4.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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27
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Dores C, Milovancev M, Russell D. Comparison of histologic margin status in low-grade cutaneous and subcutaneous canine mast cell tumours examined by radial and tangential sections. Vet Comp Oncol 2017; 16:125-130. [DOI: 10.1111/vco.12321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C.B. Dores
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Oregon State University; Corvallis Oregon
| | - M. Milovancev
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Oregon State University; Corvallis Oregon
| | - D.S. Russell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Oregon State University; Corvallis Oregon
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28
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Carobbi B. Interdigital reverse flap for a digital mast cell tumour (MCT) in a dog. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2016-000375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Carobbi
- Veterinary Clinical ScienceUniversity of PaduaPadovaItaly
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29
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Milovancev M, Russell DS. Surgical margins in the veterinary cancer patient. Vet Comp Oncol 2017; 15:1136-1157. [PMID: 28194921 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In veterinary oncologic specimens, histopathology is the gold standard for determining adequacy of excision. Despite limitations of this technique, the pathologist's interpretation of margin status significantly impacts patient management, including indications for adjuvant therapy. This article aims to summarize peer-reviewed literature as it relates to histologic margin evaluation in veterinary cancer patients. The value of histologic tumour-free margins and technical factors influencing histopathologic margin outcomes are also discussed. We review alternative strategies for determining excisional status, and discuss how an evolving understanding of tumour biology might inform clinical and research perspectives on surgical margins. In doing so, we aim to provide context and a stimulus for future investigations into this important yet incompletely understood topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Milovancev
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - D S Russell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
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30
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Hergt F, von Bomhard W, Kent MS, Hirschberger J. Use of a 2-tier histologic grading system for canine cutaneous mast cell tumors on cytology specimens. Vet Clin Pathol 2016; 45:477-83. [DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Hergt
- Clinic of Small Animal Internal Medicine; Center of Clinical Veterinary Medicine; LMU Munich; Munich Germany
| | | | - Michael S. Kent
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences; School of Veterinary Medicine; University of California Davis; Davis CA USA
| | - Johannes Hirschberger
- Clinic of Small Animal Internal Medicine; Center of Clinical Veterinary Medicine; LMU Munich; Munich Germany
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31
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Kiupel M, Webster JD, Kaneene JB, Miller R, Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan V. The Use of KIT and Tryptase Expression Patterns as Prognostic Tools for Canine Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumors. Vet Pathol 2016; 41:371-7. [PMID: 15232137 DOI: 10.1354/vp.41-4-371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous mast cell tumors (MCTs) are one of the most common tumors in dogs. Currently, prognostic and therapeutic determinations for MCTs are primarily based on the histologic grade of the tumor, but a vast majority of MCTs are of an intermediate grade, and the prognostic relevance is highly questioned. A more detailed prognostic evaluation, especially of grade 2 canine MCTs, is greatly needed. To evaluate the prognostic significance of KIT and tryptase expression patterns in canine cutaneous MCTs, we studied 100 cutaneous MCTs from 100 dogs that had been treated with surgery only. The total survival and disease-free survival time and the time to local or distant recurrence of MCTs were recorded for all dogs. Using immuno-histochemistry, 98 of these MCTs were stained with anti-KIT and antitryptase antibodies. Three KIT- and three tryptase-staining patterns were identified. The KIT-staining patterns were identified as 1) membrane-associated staining, 2) focal to stippled cytoplasmic staining with decreased membrane-associated staining, and 3) diffuse cytoplasmic staining. The tryptase-staining patterns were identified as 1) diffuse cytoplasmic staining, 2) stippled cytoplasmic staining, and 3) little to no cytoplasmic staining. Based on univariate and multivariate survival analysis, increased cytoplasmic KIT staining was significantly associated with an increased rate of local recurrence and a decreased survival rate. The tryptase-staining patterns were not significantly associated with any survival parameter. On the basis of these results, we propose a new prognostic classification of canine cutaneous MCTs, according to their KIT-staining pattern, that can be used for the routine prognostic evaluation of canine cutaneous MCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kiupel
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824, USA.
| | - J D Webster
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824, USA.
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32
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Heller DA, Clifford CA, Goldschmidt MH, Holt DE, Manfredi MJ, Sorenmo KU. Assessment of Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression in Canine Hemangiosarcoma, Histiocytic Sarcoma, and Mast Cell Tumor. Vet Pathol 2016; 42:350-3. [PMID: 15872381 DOI: 10.1354/vp.42-3-350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
To determine whether cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is expressed in canine hemangiosarcoma (HsA), histiocytic sarcoma (Hs), and grade-II mast cell tumor (MCT), we performed immunohistochemistry using COX-2 antibodies in the aforementioned tumors. Twenty cases of each tumor type were selected initially from the Laboratory of Pathology archives of cases submitted through the Matthew J. Ryan Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania. Immunohistochemistry was performed, using a polyclonal antiprostaglandin endoperoxide synthase immunoglobulin G COX-2 antibody. Sections from the kidneys of young dogs, in which the macula densa stains positive for COX-2, served as positive controls. Slides were reviewed by a single pathologist (M. H. Goldschmidt) and graded for COX-2 expression according to previously established scales.18 Descriptive data is given for each tumor type. COX-2 expression was identified in 0 of 19 HSA, 1 of 20 HS, and 1 of 17 grade-II MCT. Although COX-2 has been shown to be overexpressed in selected human sarcomas and hematopoeitic tumors, these results indicate that canine HSA, HS, and MCT do not express COX-2 in any appreciable fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Heller
- Matthew J. Ryan Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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33
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Webster JD, Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan V, Miller RA, Kaneene JB, Kiupel M. Cellular Proliferation in Canine Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumors: Associations with c-KIT and Its Role in Prognostication. Vet Pathol 2016; 44:298-308. [PMID: 17491070 DOI: 10.1354/vp.44-3-298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Canine cutaneous mast cell tumor (MCT) is a common neoplastic disease in dogs. Due to the prevalence of canine MCTs and the variable biologic behavior of this disease, accurate prognostication and a thorough understanding of MCT biology are critical for the treatment of this disease. The goals of this study were to evaluate and compare the utility of the proliferation markers Ki67, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and argyrophilic nucleolar organizing region (AgNOR) as independent prognostic markers for canine MCTs and to evaluate the use of these markers in combination, as each marker assesses different aspects of cellular proliferation. An additional goal of this study was to evaluate the associations between cellular proliferation and c-KIT mutations and between cellular proliferation and aberrant KIT protein localization in canine MCTs. Fifty-six MCTs treated with surgical excision alone were included in this study. Each MCT was evaluated for Ki67 expression, PCNA expression, and KIT protein localization using immunohistochemistry; for AgNOR counts using histochemical staining; and for the presence of internal tandem duplication c-KIT mutations using polymerase chain reaction amplification. In this study, increased Ki67 and AgNOR counts were both associated with significantly decreased survival. On the basis of these results, we recommend that the evaluation of cellular proliferation, including evaluations of both Ki67 expression and AgNORs, should be routinely used in the prognostication of canine MCTs. Additionally, the results of this study show that MCTs with aberrant KIT protein localization or internal tandem duplication c-KIT mutations are associated with increased cellular proliferation, further suggesting a role for c-KIT in the progression of canine MCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Webster
- Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology Program, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI 48910, USA
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34
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Jones CLR, Grahn RA, Chien MB, Lyons LA, London CA. Detection of c-kit Mutations in Canine Mast Cell Tumors using Fluorescent Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 16:95-100. [PMID: 15053358 DOI: 10.1177/104063870401600201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations consisting of internal tandem duplications (ITDs) in exons 11 and 12 of the proto-oncogene c- kit are found in 30–50% of malignant canine mast cell tumors (MCTs). Traditionally, identification of such mutations in tumor specimens has been undertaken using standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and agarose gel electrophoresis. This procedure is limited to the detection of insertions and deletions larger than 9 base pairs in size. The purpose of this study was to compare the efficiency and accuracy of standard agarose gel electrophoresis with fluorescent polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) for the detection of ITDs in canine MCTs. The results of this study demonstrate that PAGE of labeled PCR products accurately predicts the size of the ITD in each tumor. In addition, other small insertions and deletions were not identified, suggesting that if they occur in canine MCTs, they do so infrequently. Because fluorescent and polyacrylamide formats are automated and have better resolution than agarose gels, fluorescent PAGE provides a more accurate, economical, and higher throughput method for the detection of c- kit mutations in canine MCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron L R Jones
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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35
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Preziosi R, Morini M, Sarli G. Expression of the KIT Protein (CD117) in Primary Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumors of the Dog. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 16:554-61. [PMID: 15586571 DOI: 10.1177/104063870401600610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty-one canine cutaneous masses, diagnosed as mast cell tumors (MCT) by histopathologic analysis, were used to evaluate the immunohistochemical pattern of expression of KIT protein (CD117), a type III tyrosine kinase protein involved in mast cell growth and differentiation. Lesions were graded as I (well differentiated), II (intermediate differentiation), or III (poorly differentiated) according to the following morphologic features: invasiveness, cellularity and cellular morphology, mitotic index, and stromal reaction. Immunohistochemical KIT expression was compared with histologic grade and some histomorphologic features (cell differentiation and nuclear grade) evaluated separately. A possible predictive role of biologic behavior in MCTs for KIT expression was also investigated. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed three different patterns of KIT expression: a cytoplasmic diffuse pattern, a membranous pattern with immunostaining located on the cell surface, and a cytoplasmic perinuclear pattern, where KIT expression was detected in the cytoplasm of the neoplastic mast cells, close to the nucleus. Statistical analysis showed a close relationship between different KIT immunohistochemical patterns and histologic grade ( P < 0.00000), cell differentiation ( P < 0.00000), and nuclear grade ( P < 0.0024). According to Kaplan-Meier–estimated survival curves compared by survival analysis, KIT expression was significantly associated with survival time ( P = 0.037) but not cancer-free interval ( P = 0.50). Similar to other well-known histomorphological features, KIT expression is a useful parameter of malignancy in cutaneous MCTs. KIT expression also predicted the biological behavior of the tumors in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Preziosi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Animal Pathology, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
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36
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Sledge DG, Webster J, Kiupel M. Canine cutaneous mast cell tumors: A combined clinical and pathologic approach to diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment selection. Vet J 2016; 215:43-54. [PMID: 27372911 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In view of the varied biologic behavior and the costs of treatment for canine cutaneous mast cell tumors, development of appropriate treatment plans for individual affected dogs can be difficult, but decisions regarding treatment should be made using a systematic, evidence-based approach. This manuscript reviews the current state of diagnostics and prognostication of canine cutaneous mast cell tumors, and suggests a combined approach based on clinical and pathologic assessment for decision making regarding treatment choices. The current state of histologic grading, evaluation of proliferation indices, evaluation of mutations in the c-kit gene and KIT expression, evaluation of excision and clinical staging are examined. On the basis of the current understanding of prognostication and treatment response, algorithms for selection of local and systemic therapy are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dodd G Sledge
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, 4125 Beaumont Road, Lansing, MI 48910, USA.
| | - Joshua Webster
- Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Matti Kiupel
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, 4125 Beaumont Road, Lansing, MI 48910, USA
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37
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Risselada M, Mathews KG, Griffith E. Surgically planned versus histologically measured lateral tumor margins for resection of cutaneous and subcutaneous mast cell tumors in dogs: 46 cases (2010–2013). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2015; 247:184-9. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.247.2.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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38
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Burton JH, Venable RO, Vail DM, Williams LE, Clifford CA, Axiak-Bechtel SM, Avery AC, Thamm DH. Pulse-Administered Toceranib Phosphate Plus Lomustine for Treatment of Unresectable Mast Cell Tumors in Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29:1098-104. [PMID: 26119008 PMCID: PMC4895362 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonresectable mast cell tumors (MCT) in dogs remain a therapeutic challenge, and investigation of novel combination therapies is warranted. Intermittent administration of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) combined with cytotoxic chemotherapy may effectively chemosensitize canine MCT while decreasing cost and adverse effects associated with either agent administered as monotherapy. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES The primary study objectives were to (1) identify the maximally tolerated dose (MTD), (2) determine the objective response rate (ORR) and (3) describe the adverse event profile of pulse-administered toceranib phosphate (TOC) combined with lomustine. ANIMALS Forty-seven client-owned dogs with measurable MCT. METHODS Toceranib phosphate was given PO on days 1, 3 and 5 of a 21-day cycle at a target dosage of 2.75 mg/kg. Lomustine was given PO on day 3 of each cycle at a starting dosage of 50 mg/m(2) . All dogs were concurrently treated with diphenhydramine, omeprazole, and prednisone. RESULTS The MTD of lomustine was established at 50 mg/m(2) when combined with pulse-administered TOC; the dose-limiting toxicity was neutropenia. Forty-one dogs treated at the MTD were evaluable for outcome assessment. The ORR was 46% (4 complete response, 15 partial response) and the overall median progression-free survival (PFS) was 53 days (1 to >752 days). On multivariate analysis, variables significantly associated with improved PFS included response to treatment, absence of metastasis, and no previous chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Combined treatment with pulse-administered TOC and lomustine generally is well tolerated and may be a reasonable treatment option for dogs with unresectable or metastatic MCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Burton
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO.,Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA
| | - R O Venable
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO.,Arizona Veterinary Oncology, Gilbert, AZ
| | - D M Vail
- School of Veterinary Medicine and the Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - L E Williams
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.,Veterinary Specialty Hospital of the Carolinas, Cary, NC
| | - C A Clifford
- Red Bank Veterinary Hospital, Tinton Falls, NJ.,Hope Veterinary Specialists, Malvern, PA
| | - S M Axiak-Bechtel
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - A C Avery
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - D H Thamm
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
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39
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van Lelyveld S, Warland J, Miller R, Maw H, Foale R, Goodfellow M, Dobson J. Comparison between Ki-67 index and mitotic index for predicting outcome in canine mast cell tumours. J Small Anim Pract 2015; 56:312-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. van Lelyveld
- Dovecote Veterinary Hospital; 5 Delven Lane, Derby Castle Donington Derby DE74 2LJ
- Davies Veterinary Specialists, Manor Farm Business Park; Higham Gobion, Hitchin Hertfordshire SG5 3HR
| | - J. Warland
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; University of Cambridge; Cambridge CB3 OES
| | - R. Miller
- Dick White Referrals, Station Farm; Six Mile Bottom Cambridgeshire CB8 0UH
| | - H. Maw
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; University of Cambridge; Cambridge CB3 OES
| | - R. Foale
- Dick White Referrals, Station Farm; Six Mile Bottom Cambridgeshire CB8 0UH
| | - M. Goodfellow
- Davies Veterinary Specialists, Manor Farm Business Park; Higham Gobion, Hitchin Hertfordshire SG5 3HR
| | - J. Dobson
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; University of Cambridge; Cambridge CB3 OES
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40
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Smith J, Kiupel M, Farrelly J, Cohen R, Olmsted G, Kirpensteijn J, Brocks B, Post G. Recurrence rates and clinical outcome for dogs with grade II mast cell tumours with a low AgNOR count and Ki67 index treated with surgery alone. Vet Comp Oncol 2015; 15:36-45. [PMID: 25643820 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Grade II mast cell tumours (MCT) are tumours with variable biologic behaviour. Multiple factors have been associated with outcome, including proliferation markers. The purpose of this study was to determine if extent of surgical excision affects recurrence rate in dogs with grade II MCT with low proliferation activity, determined by Ki67 and argyrophilic nucleolar organising regions (AgNOR). Eighty-six dogs with cutaneous MCT were evaluated. All dogs had surgical excision of their MCT with a low Ki67 index and combined AgNORxKi67 (Ag67) values. Twenty-three (27%) dogs developed local or distant recurrence during the median follow-up time. Of these dogs, six (7%) had local recurrence, one had complete and five had incomplete histologic margins. This difference in recurrence rates between dogs with complete and incomplete histologic margins was not significant. On the basis of this study, ancillary therapy may not be necessary for patients with incompletely excised grade II MCT with low proliferation activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Smith
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chicago Veterinary Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - M Kiupel
- Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - J Farrelly
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Veterinary Cancer Center, Norwalk, CT, USA
| | - R Cohen
- Department of Science Research, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - G Olmsted
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Veterinary Cancer Center, Norwalk, CT, USA
| | - J Kirpensteijn
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - B Brocks
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - G Post
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Veterinary Cancer Center, Norwalk, CT, USA
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41
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Garrett LD. Canine mast cell tumors: diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. VETERINARY MEDICINE-RESEARCH AND REPORTS 2014; 5:49-58. [PMID: 32670846 PMCID: PMC7337164 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s41005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Mast cell tumors (MCTs) are the most common malignant skin cancer in dogs, and significant variability exists in their biological behavior. Most MCTs are cured with appropriate local therapy, but a subset shows malignant behavior with the potential to spread to lymph nodes, liver, spleen, and other areas and to thus become a systemic cancer. Because of this variable behavior, it is difficult to predict how any individual tumor is going to behave. The variability thus creates uncertainty in deciding what a particular dog’s prognosis is, whether staging tests to assess for metastasis are needed, and even what treatments will be necessary for best outcome. In addition to controversies over the potential for development of systemic disease, or diffuse metastasis, controversies also exist over what treatment is needed to best attain local control of these tumors. This article will briefly discuss the diagnosis of MCTs in dogs and will summarize the literature in regards to the controversial topics surrounding the more aggressive form of this disease, with recommendations made based on published studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura D Garrett
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine, Urbana, IL, USA
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42
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Schwab TM, Popovitch C, DeBiasio J, Goldschmidt M. Clinical Outcome for MCTs of Canine Pinnae Treated with Surgical Excision (2004–2008). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2014; 50:187-91. [DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Canine mast cell tumors (MCTs) are the most common cutaneous neoplasm in the dog. It has been suggested that MCT in certain locations may behave in a more biologically aggressive fashion than MCTs located in others; however, no published data are available for MCTs of canine pinnae treated with surgical excision. A retrospective study of 28 animals with surgical excision of MCTs of pinnae was completed with a medical record review and follow-up questionnaire to the operating veterinarian. The effect of tumor grade, clean or dirty excision, cartilage penetration, and mitotic index (MI) on local recurrence and survival time (ST) was evaluated. There was local recurrence in one dog with a grade 2 MCT and in seven of eight dogs with grade 3 MCTs. The median ST of animals with grade 1 and 2 MCTs was not reached, whereas the median ST of animals with grade 3 MCTs was 10 mo. There was no statistical association between histologically clean and dirty margins and either local recurrence or ST. A prolonged disease free interval without local recurrence may be achieved with local excision of grade 1 and 2 MCTs. Animals with grade 3 MCTs had a uniformly poor outcome with short times to local recurrence and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M. Schwab
- Department of Surgery (T.S., C.P.) and Department of Internal Medicine (J.D.), Metropolitan Veterinary Associates, Norristown, PA; and Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (M.G.)
| | - Catherine Popovitch
- Department of Surgery (T.S., C.P.) and Department of Internal Medicine (J.D.), Metropolitan Veterinary Associates, Norristown, PA; and Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (M.G.)
| | - John DeBiasio
- Department of Surgery (T.S., C.P.) and Department of Internal Medicine (J.D.), Metropolitan Veterinary Associates, Norristown, PA; and Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (M.G.)
| | - Michael Goldschmidt
- Department of Surgery (T.S., C.P.) and Department of Internal Medicine (J.D.), Metropolitan Veterinary Associates, Norristown, PA; and Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (M.G.)
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43
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Baginski H, Davis G, Bastian RP. The Prognostic Value of Lymph Node Metastasis with Grade 2 MCTs in Dogs: 55 Cases (2001–2010). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2014; 50:89-95. [PMID: 24446400 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-5997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluates a series of dogs diagnosed with grade 2 cutaneous mast cell tumors (MCTs) with concurrent lymph node (LN) metastasis. All dogs had surgical excision of the primary tumor. The presence of metastasis was confirmed with either histopathology (n = 35) or cytology (n = 20). There was no significant difference in survival times (STs) between dogs with and without LN metastasis. Median survival time (MST) was not reached at 65.9 mo. LN palpation was a poor predictor of metastasis (sensitivity, .71; specificity, .54). Tumor location was the only prognostic factor for survival in this series of dogs. ST was greater for dogs that had removal of their metastatic LN. This study suggests that in dogs with grade 2 MCTs, outcome may not be affected by the presence of LN metastasis; however, removal of the metastatic LN may prolong survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Baginski
- Surgery Department, Red Bank Veterinary Hospital, Tinton Falls, NJ (H.B., G.D.); and Department of Mathematics, Monmouth University, West Long Branch, NJ (R.B.)
| | - Garrett Davis
- Surgery Department, Red Bank Veterinary Hospital, Tinton Falls, NJ (H.B., G.D.); and Department of Mathematics, Monmouth University, West Long Branch, NJ (R.B.)
| | - Richard P. Bastian
- Surgery Department, Red Bank Veterinary Hospital, Tinton Falls, NJ (H.B., G.D.); and Department of Mathematics, Monmouth University, West Long Branch, NJ (R.B.)
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44
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Kry KL, Boston SE. Additional Local Therapy With Primary Re-Excision or Radiation Therapy Improves Survival and Local Control After Incomplete or Close Surgical Excision of Mast Cell Tumors in Dogs. Vet Surg 2014; 43:182-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-950x.2014.12099.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin L. Kry
- Ontario Veterinary College; University of Guelph; Guelph Canada
| | - Sarah E. Boston
- Ontario Veterinary College; University of Guelph; Guelph Canada
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45
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Smrkovski OA, Essick L, Rohrbach BW, Legendre AM. Masitinib mesylate for metastatic and non-resectable canine cutaneous mast cell tumours. Vet Comp Oncol 2013; 13:314-21. [DOI: 10.1111/vco.12053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O. A. Smrkovski
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; The University of Tennessee, C247 Veterinary Teaching Hospital; Knoxville TN USA
| | - L. Essick
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; The University of Tennessee, C247 Veterinary Teaching Hospital; Knoxville TN USA
| | - B. W. Rohrbach
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; The University of Tennessee, C247 Veterinary Teaching Hospital; Knoxville TN USA
| | - A. M. Legendre
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences; The University of Tennessee, C247 Veterinary Teaching Hospital; Knoxville TN USA
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46
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Lejeune A, Skorupski K, Frazier S, Vanhaezebrouck I, Rebhun RB, Reilly CM, Rodriguez CO. Aggressive local therapy combined with systemic chemotherapy provides long-term control in grade II stage 2 canine mast cell tumour: 21 cases (1999-2012). Vet Comp Oncol 2013; 13:267-80. [PMID: 23721492 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This retrospective case series evaluates the outcome of 21 dogs with grade II stage 2 mast cell tumour (MCT) treated with adequate local therapy and adjuvant systemic chemotherapy (prednisone, vinblastine and CCNU). The median survival for all dogs was 1359 days (range, 188-2340). Median disease-free interval was 2120 days (149-2325 days). Dogs treated with surgery and chemotherapy had shorter survival (median, 1103 days; 188-2010 days) than those that underwent surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy as part of their treatment (median, 2056 days; 300-2340 days). Two patients had local recurrence in the radiation field and four patients had de novo MCT. Distant metastasis was not observed in any dogs. The results of this study suggest that, in the presence of loco-regional lymph node metastasis in grade II MCT, the use of prednisone, vinblastine and CCNU after adequate local-regional therapy can provide a median survival in excess of 40 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lejeune
- Davis William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - K Skorupski
- Davis William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - S Frazier
- Davis William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - I Vanhaezebrouck
- Davis William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - R B Rebhun
- Davis William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - C M Reilly
- Davis William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - C O Rodriguez
- Davis William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Veterinary Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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47
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Berlato D, Murphy S, Monti P, Stewart J, Newton JR, Flindall A, Maglennon GA. Comparison of mitotic index and Ki67 index in the prognostication of canine cutaneous mast cell tumours. Vet Comp Oncol 2013; 13:143-50. [DOI: 10.1111/vco.12029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Revised: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Berlato
- Centre for Small Animal Studies; Animal Heath Trust; Newmarket UK
| | - S. Murphy
- Centre for Small Animal Studies; Animal Heath Trust; Newmarket UK
| | - P. Monti
- Central Diagnostic Services, The Queen's Veterinary School Hospital; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
| | - J. Stewart
- Diagnostic Laboratory; Animal Heath Trust; Newmarket UK
| | - J. R. Newton
- Equine Epidemiology and Disease Surveillance Unit; Animal Heath Trust; Newmarket UK
| | - A. Flindall
- Diagnostic Laboratory; Animal Heath Trust; Newmarket UK
| | - G. A. Maglennon
- Division of Virology; National Institute for Medical Research; London UK
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48
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Worley DR. Incorporation of sentinel lymph node mapping in dogs with mast cell tumours: 20 consecutive procedures. Vet Comp Oncol 2012; 12:215-26. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2012.00354.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deanna R. Worley
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Flint Animal Cancer Center; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO USA
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49
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Blackwood L, Murphy S, Buracco P, De Vos JP, De Fornel-Thibaud P, Hirschberger J, Kessler M, Pastor J, Ponce F, Savary-Bataille K, Argyle DJ. European consensus document on mast cell tumours in dogs and cats. Vet Comp Oncol 2012; 10:e1-e29. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2012.00341.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Blackwood
- Small Animal Teaching Hospital, The Leahurst Campus; University of Liverpool Chester High Road; Neston Wirral CH64 7TE UK
| | - S. Murphy
- The Animal Health Trust; Suffolk CB8 7UU UK
| | - P. Buracco
- Department of Animal Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine; University of Turin; Grugliasco (TO) Italy
| | - J. P. De Vos
- “De Ottenhorst” Veterinary Oncology Referral Centre; Terneuzen The Netherlands
| | - P. De Fornel-Thibaud
- DESV Internal Medicine, Centre de Cancérologie Vétérinaire; Maisons-Alfort France
| | - J. Hirschberger
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik Clinic for Small Animal Medicine, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Veterinärstr; München Germany
| | | | - J. Pastor
- Patología Médica Facultad de Veterinaria; Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra Spain
| | - F. Ponce
- VetAgro Sup; Université Lyon 1; Lyon France
| | | | - D. J. Argyle
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute; Easter Bush Midlothian EH25 9RG UK
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50
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Vascellari M, Giantin M, Capello K, Carminato A, Morello EM, Vercelli A, Granato A, Buracco P, Dacasto M, Mutinelli F. Expression of Ki67, BCL-2, and COX-2 in canine cutaneous mast cell tumors: association with grading and prognosis. Vet Pathol 2012; 50:110-21. [PMID: 22673539 DOI: 10.1177/0300985812447829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The expression of Ki67, BCL-2, and COX-2 was investigated in 53 canine cutaneous mast cell tumors (MCTs) by immunohistochemistry and quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to evaluate their prognostic significance and the association with the histologic grading and the mitotic index (MI). MCTs were graded according to the Patnaik grading system and the novel 2-tier grading system proposed by Kiupel. The numbers of mitotic figures/10 high-power fields (MI) were counted. Both grading systems were significantly associated with prognosis. The Patnaik grading was of limited prognostic value for grade 2 MCTs, with 23% being associated with mortality. The concordance among pathologists was strongly improved by the application of the 2-tier grading system, and 71% of high-grade MCTs were associated with a high mortality rate. MI and Ki67 protein expression were significantly associated with grading and survival. No significant association between BCL-2 protein expression and either grading system or health status was observed. BCL-2 mRNA expression was significantly higher in grade 2 than in grade 1 MCTs, while no statistically significant differences were detected between low- and high-grade MCTs. The increased BCL-2 mRNA level was significantly associated with increased mortality rate. The COX-2 protein expression was detected in 78% of the MCTs investigated. However, neither association with the tumor grade nor with the health status was observed. COX-2 mRNA was significantly up-regulated in MCTs compared to surgical margins and control skin tissue, but it was neither associated with tumor grade nor with survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vascellari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Italy.
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