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Cole JE, Dadone L, Rao S, Bapodra-Villaverde P, Schilz A, Johnston M. Venous blood gas and lactate values in adult giraffe trained for voluntary jugular phlebotomy. Zoo Biol 2024. [PMID: 38566545 DOI: 10.1002/zoo.21831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Blood gas analyses have previously been performed for giraffe under anesthesia and with physical restraint in a chute; however, reference values for giraffe that are trained to participate in venipuncture without chemical or physical restraint have not previously been described. Using a point-of-care blood gas and lactate analyzer and 20 giraffe trained for voluntary phlebotomy, values were determined for venous blood gasses and plasma lactate concentration. Ninety-five percent confidence in the mean values for venous pH (7.34-7.46), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2; 28.5-37.8 mmHg), partial pressure of oxygen (PO2; 56-102 mmHg), bicarbonate (HCO3 -; 18.9-21.0 mmol/L), base excess (BE; -6.0 to -3.6 mmol/L), total carbon dioxide (TCO2; 19.9-22.0 mmol/L), and lactate (0.32-0.56 mmol/L) were calculated. This is the first report on venous blood gas analysis values for giraffe without chemical or physical restraint. These data will provide a reference for clinical interpretation of venous blood gas and lactate values in giraffe and demonstrate some of the potential diagnostic benefits to training giraffe and other zoo species for voluntary medical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liza Dadone
- Cheyenne Mountain Zoo, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
| | - Sangeeta Rao
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Amy Schilz
- Cheyenne Mountain Zoo, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
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Vitali F, Kariuki EK, Mijele D, Kaitho T, Faustini M, Preziosi R, Gakuya F, Ravasio G. Etorphine-Azaperone Immobilisation for Translocation of Free-Ranging Masai Giraffes ( Giraffa Camelopardalis Tippelskirchi): A Pilot Study. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10020322. [PMID: 32085568 PMCID: PMC7070639 DOI: 10.3390/ani10020322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Due to their peculiar anatomy and sensitivity to drugs, giraffes are among the most challenging mammals to immobilise. Masai giraffes have recently been listed as endangered. Hence, their conservation needs actions that require veterinary capture such as translocations. In this study, we evaluated a new protocol of immobilisation for translocation of free-ranging Masai giraffes. The hypothesis is that, by combining a potent opioid with a tranquiliser, it is possible to mitigate the capture stress, which is a major cause of disastrous homeostatic consequences, including capture myopathy and death. The combination produced, in all individuals, smooth and quick inductions and reliable immobilisations. Although hypoxaemia in a few individuals and acidosis were seen, the overall cardiorespiratory function was adequate. Whereas the initial stress to the capture was limited in the individuals, likely due to tourism-related habituation, the opioid-related excitement and resulting increased exertion was responsible for worse immobilisation and physiological derangement. A low dose of an antagonist was used and evaluated and, in the two-week boma follow-up, it proved to be efficient in providing safe recoveries and transport. At the investigated doses, the combination provided partially reversed immobilisation that allowed uneventful translocation in free-ranging Masai giraffes. Abstract Etorphine-azaperone immobilisation was evaluated for translocation of Masai giraffes. Nine giraffes were darted with 0.012 ± 0.001 mg/kg etorphine and 0.07 ± 0.01 mg/kg azaperone. Once ataxic, giraffes were roped for recumbency and restrained manually. Naltrexone (3 mg/mg etorphine) was immediately given intravenously to reverse etorphine-related side effects. Protocol evaluation included physiological monitoring, blood-gas analyses, anaesthetic times, and quality scores (1 = excellent, 4 = poor). Sedation onset and recumbency were achieved in 2.6 ± 0.8 and 5.6 ± 1.4 min. Cardio-respiratory function (HR = 70 ± 16, RR = 32 ± 8, MAP = 132 ± 16) and temperature (37.8 ± 0.5) were stable. Arterial gas analysis showed hypoxaemia in some individuals (PaO2 = 67 ± 8 mmHg) and metabolic acidosis (pH = 7.23 ± 0.05, PaCO2 = 34 ± 4 mmHg, HCO3− = 12.9 ± 1.2 mmol/l). Minor startle response occurred, while higher induction-induced excitement correlated to longer inductions, worse restraint, and decreased HCO3−. After 19 ± 3.5 min of restraint, giraffes were allowed to stand and were loaded onto a chariot. Immobilisations were good and scored 2 (1–3). Inductions and recoveries were smooth and scored 1 (1–2). Translocations were uneventful and no complications occurred in 14-days boma follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Vitali
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (M.F.); (G.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-348-714-6920
| | - Edward K. Kariuki
- Department of Veterinary Services, Kenya Wildlife Service, P.O. Box 40241-00100 Nairobi, Kenya; (E.K.K.); (D.M.); (T.K.); (F.G.)
| | - Domnic Mijele
- Department of Veterinary Services, Kenya Wildlife Service, P.O. Box 40241-00100 Nairobi, Kenya; (E.K.K.); (D.M.); (T.K.); (F.G.)
| | - Titus Kaitho
- Department of Veterinary Services, Kenya Wildlife Service, P.O. Box 40241-00100 Nairobi, Kenya; (E.K.K.); (D.M.); (T.K.); (F.G.)
| | - Massimo Faustini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (M.F.); (G.R.)
| | - Richard Preziosi
- Ecology and Environment Research Centre, Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK;
| | - Francis Gakuya
- Department of Veterinary Services, Kenya Wildlife Service, P.O. Box 40241-00100 Nairobi, Kenya; (E.K.K.); (D.M.); (T.K.); (F.G.)
| | - Giuliano Ravasio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (M.F.); (G.R.)
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Cruz Benedetti I, Chenet B, Douay G, Portier K. Anaesthetic management of a Baringo giraffe (
Giraffa camelopardalis rotschildi
) undergoing mandibular fracture repair on two occasions. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2016-000406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Inga‐Catalina Cruz Benedetti
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Perioperative Intensive‐Care MedicineVeterinarmedizinische Universitat WienWienAustria
- Pôle EquinVetagro‐SupCampus vétérinaire de LyonMarcy l'EtoileFrance
| | | | | | - Karine Portier
- Pôle EquinVetagro‐SupCampus vétérinaire de LyonMarcy l'EtoileFrance
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RESULTS OF THE MEGAVEREBRATE ANALGESIA SURVEY: GIRAFFE AND HIPPOPOTAMUS. J Zoo Wildl Med 2016; 47:1049-1056. [DOI: 10.1638/2015-0268.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Nyman G, Röken B, Hedin EM, Hedenstierna G. Case Studies in Physiology: Ventilation and perfusion in a giraffe-does size matter? J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 121:1374-1378. [PMID: 27660298 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00428.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The trachea in the giraffe is long but narrow, and dead space ventilation is considered to be of approximately the same size as in other mammals. Less is known about the matching between ventilation and lung blood flow. The lungs in the giraffe are large, up to 1 m high and 0.7 m wide, and this may cause considerable ventilation/perfusion (VA/Q) mismatch due to the influence of gravitational forces, which could lead to hypoxemia. We studied a young giraffe under anesthesia using the multiple inert gas elimination technique to analyze the VA/Q distribution and arterial oxygenation and compared the results with those obtained in other species of different sizes, including humans. VA/Q distribution was broad but unimodal, and the shunt of blood flow through nonventilated lung regions was essentially absent, suggesting no lung collapse. The VA/Q match was as good as in the similarly sized horse and was even comparable to that in smaller sized animals, including rabbit and rat. The match was also similar to that in anesthetized humans. Arterial oxygenation was essentially similar in all studied species. The findings suggest that the efficiency of VA/Q matching is independent of lung size in the studied mammals that vary in weight from less than 1 to more than 400 kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Görel Nyman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bengt Röken
- Kolmården Wild Animal Park, Kolmården, Sweden
| | - Eva-Maria Hedin
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology-Arrhythmia, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; and
| | - Göran Hedenstierna
- Hedenstierna Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Stegmann GF, Buck R, O'Dell J. Hypocalcaemia in a six‐month‐old hand‐reared female giraffe (
Giraffa camelopardalis
). VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2015-000214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- George Frik Stegmann
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical StudiesUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaGautengSouth Africa
| | - Roxanne Buck
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical StudiesUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaGautengSouth Africa
| | - Jaques O'Dell
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical StudiesUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaGautengSouth Africa
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Bertelsen MF. Giraffidae. FOWLER'S ZOO AND WILD ANIMAL MEDICINE, VOLUME 8 2015. [PMCID: PMC7151920 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-7397-8.00061-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Aprea F, Taylor PM, Routh A, Field D, Flach E, Bouts T. Spinal cord injury during recovery from anaesthesia in a giraffe. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr.d1685rep] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Aprea
- Dick White ReferralsStation Farm, London Road, Six Mile BottomSuffolkCB8 0UH
| | - P. M. Taylor
- Taylor MonroeGravel Head Farm, Downham CommonElyCambridgeshireCB6 2TY
| | - A. Routh
- Veterinary DepartmentZoological Society of London (ZSL) London ZooRegent's ParkLondonNW1 4RY
| | - D. Field
- Veterinary DepartmentZoological Society of London (ZSL) London ZooRegent's ParkLondonNW1 4RY
| | - E. Flach
- Veterinary DepartmentZoological Society of London (ZSL) London ZooRegent's ParkLondonNW1 4RY
| | - T. Bouts
- Veterinary DepartmentZSL Whipsnade ZooWhipsnadeBedfordshireLU6 2LF
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Aprea F, Taylor PM, Routh A, Field D, Flach E, Bouts T. Spinal cord injury during recovery from anaesthesia in a giraffe. Vet Rec 2011; 169:50. [PMID: 21672949 DOI: 10.1136/vr.d1685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Aprea
- Dick White Referrals, Station Farm, London Road, Six Mile Bottom, Suffolk CB8 0UH
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Williams DC, Murison PJ, Hill CL. Dystocia in a Rothschild giraffe leading to a caesarean section. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE. A, PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOLOGY, CLINICAL MEDICINE 2007; 54:199-202. [PMID: 17493166 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.2007.00923.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A 9-year-old female Rothschild giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi), weighing approximately 900 kg, at Longleat Safari Park, Wiltshire, UK was presented with dystocia in September 2005. This paper details the surgical and anaesthetic procedures carried out performing a caesarean section to remove a dead male calf and the successful recovery of the giraffe.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Williams
- Garston Veterinary Group, Garston House, Frome, Somerset BA11 1PZ, UK
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Abstract
This review describes the medical, research and recreational uses of ketamine, an anaesthetic derivative of phencyclidine that has dissociative, analgesic and psychedelic properties. Ketamine has a complex mechanism of action that is further complicated by stereoselectivity; however, antagonism of glutamate NDMA receptors is thought to underlie its analgesic, dissociative and neuroprotective effects. While ketamine use in medical and veterinary settings is well documented and has a good safety record, the increase in its unregulated use outside of such controlled environments is a cause for concern. The impact on higher centres in the brain, particularly altered perception of auditory, visual and painful stimuli, results in a general lack of responsive awareness that puts the recreational user at (often unrecognised) risk of personal harm. The perceptual and mood changes observed in those who have consumed ketamine are highly sensitive to age, dose, route of administration, previous experience and setting. At low doses, stimulant effects predominate and the effect of environmental conditions are significant; with higher doses, psychedelic effects predominate and the effect of the environment diminishes. The potential of ketamine as a novel clinical and research tool is matched by its abuse potential outside medical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Wolff
- King's College London National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London, England.
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McLaren GW, Thornton PD, Newman C, Buesching CD, Baker SE, Mathews F, Macdonald DW. The use and assessment of ketamine–medetomidine–butorphanol combinations for field anaesthesia in wild European badgers (Meles meles). Vet Anaesth Analg 2005; 32:367-72. [PMID: 16297047 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2005.00206.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effectiveness of four ketamine-based anaesthetics in badgers using a quantitative anaesthesia assessment technique. STUDY DESIGN Prospective randomized 'blinded' experimental trial. METHODS The quality of induction, of anaesthesia (at 5-minute intervals) and of recovery were assessed in 93 badgers, given either one of three ketamine (K)-medetomidine (M)-butorphanol (B) combinations: group A - M K B at 20/40/80 microg kg(-1); group B - M K B at 20/40/60 microg kg(-1); and group C - M K B at 20/60/40 microg kg(-1), or ketamine (K) alone at 2 mg kg(-1) (group D). The assessor was ignorant of the combination administered. Physiological variables (heart and respiratory rates and rectal temperature) were measured at 5-minute intervals during anaesthesia. Gingival mucus membrane colour was also recorded. RESULTS Induction to anaesthesia was most rapid with ketamine (2 mg kg(-1)) although induction quality did not differ between techniques. Ketamine used alone gave the poorest score for anaesthesia quality. Heart rate (HR) and scores for gingival mucus membrane colour were higher in animals anaesthetized with ketamine alone. Rectal temperature did not differ significantly between the techniques at any time during anaesthesia. Ketamine used alone produced the poorest quality of recovery. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The M-K-B combinations investigated overcame several side effects associated with ketamine anaesthesia, but at the expense of more variable induction times, lower HRs, and poorer mucus membrane coloration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme W McLaren
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Harrenstien LA, Tornquist SJ, Miller-Morgan TJ, Fodness BG, Clifford KE. Evaluation of a point-of-care blood analyzer and determination of reference ranges for blood parameters in rockfish. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005; 226:255-65. [PMID: 15706978 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2005.226.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare values of blood parameters in rockfish obtained by use of a point-of-care portable blood analyzer with values determined by a veterinary diagnostic laboratory, calculate reference ranges for various blood parameters in black rockfish, and compare values of blood parameters in clinically normal fish with those of fish with clinical abnormalities. DESIGN Prospective study. ANIMALS 41 captive adult black rockfish (Sebastes melanops) and 4 captive adult blue rockfish (Sebastes mystinus). PROCEDURE Rockfish were anesthetized with tricaine methanesulfonate for collection of blood samples. Heparinized blood samples were immediately analyzed with a point-of-care analyzer. Blood sodium, potassium, chloride, urea nitrogen, and glucose concentrations; Hct; pH; partial pressure of carbon dioxide; total carbon dioxide concentration; bicarbonate concentration; base excess; and hemoglobin concentration were determined. A microhematocrit technique was used to determine PCV, and a refractometer was used to estimate total plasma protein concentration. Paired heparinized blood samples were transported to a veterinary diagnostic laboratory for analyses. RESULTS Data obtained with the point-of-care analyzer were reproducible; however, values for most blood parameters were significantly different from those obtained by the veterinary diagnostic laboratory. Fish with poor body condition had several blood parameter values that were lower than corresponding values in clinically normal fish. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Point-of-care blood analyses may prove useful in rockfish. Point-of-care data for a large number of clinically normal fish must be obtained for reference ranges to be calculated, and further assessments of clinically abnormal fish are necessary to determine the relevance of the data.
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Portas TJ, Lynch MJ, Vogelnest L. COMPARISON OF ETORPHINE–DETOMIDINE AND MEDETOMIDINE–KETAMINE ANESTHESIA IN CAPTIVE ADDAX (ADDAX NASOMACULATUS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2003; 34:269-73. [PMID: 14582789 DOI: 10.1638/02-062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty-five anesthetic events involving 15 captive addax (Addax nasonzaculatus) were performed between August 1998 and February 2002 using a combination of etorphine (33.7 +/- 7.9 microg/kg) and detomidine (21.9 +/- 4.6 microg/ kg) or a combination of medetomidine (57.4 +/- 8.6 microg/kg) and ketamine (1.22 +/- 0.3 microg/kg), with or without supplemental injectable or inhalant anesthetic agents. Etorphine-detomidine anesthesia was antagonized with diprenorphine (107.1 +/- 16.4 microg/kg) and atipamezole (100.9 +/- 42.4 microg/kg). Medetomidine-ketamine anesthesia was antagonized with atipamezole (245.3 +/- 63.4 microg/kg). Animals became recumbent within 5 min when the combination of etorphine and detomidine was used and within 11 min when the combination of medetomidine and ketamine was used. Both drug combinations were suitable for use as primary immobilizing agents producing short-duration restraint and analgesia. Bradycardia was noted with both combinations. Further investigation of the cardiopulmonary effects of both combinations is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Portas
- Victoria's Open Range Zoo, K Road, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
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