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Romano MC. Toxic Garden and Landscaping Plants. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2024; 40:61-76. [PMID: 38061967 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2023.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Many popular ornamental shrubs are not only beautiful but also toxic when ingested in sufficient quantities. Common toxic landscaping shrubs in North America include yew (Taxus spp), oleander (Nerium oleander), and rhododendrons and azaleas (Rhododendron spp). Horses are often exposed when plant trimmings are placed within reach or discarded in pastures. Occasionally clippings or fallen leaves contaminate hay. Some plants are unpalatable unless dried and mixed with hay or lawn clippings but others are ingested more readily. In many cases, disease can be severe and treatment unrewarding; therefore, client education is critical to preventing serious and potentially fatal poisonings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan C Romano
- Department of Veterinary Science, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Kentucky, 1490 Bull Lea Road, PO Box 14125, Lexington, KY 40512-4125, USA.
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Schweikle S, Häser A, Wetters S, Raisin M, Greiner M, Rigbers K, Fischer U, Pietsch K, Suntz M, Nick P. DNA barcoding as new diagnostic tool to lethal plant poisoning in herbivorous mammals. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292275. [PMID: 37967132 PMCID: PMC10650979 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Reliable identification of plant species in the digestive tract of a deceased animal often represents the major key to diagnose a lethal intoxication with poisonous plants in veterinary pathology. In many cases, identification of the species is challenging or even impossible because the diagnostic morphological features have been degraded, and because the interpretation of such features requires a considerable expertise in plant anatomy and biodiversity. The use of DNA barcoding markers can support or even replace classical morphological assessment. While these markers have been widely used for plant taxonomy, their forensic application to clarify causes of animal poisoning is novel. In addition, we use specific single-nucleotide polymorphisms as fingerprints. This allows for a clear decision even in cases, where the conventionally used statistical e-values remain ambiguous. In the current work, we explore the feasibility of this strategy in a couple of exemplary cases, either in concert with anatomical diagnostics, or in cases where visual species identification is not possible, or where chemical toxin detection methods are not well established, complex, time consuming and expensive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Schweikle
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- State Institute for Chemical and Veterinary Analysis Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Annette Häser
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sascha Wetters
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Moses Raisin
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Maica Greiner
- State Institute for Chemical and Veterinary Analysis Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Kerstin Rigbers
- State Institute for Chemical and Veterinary Analysis Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ulrike Fischer
- State Institute for Chemical and Veterinary Analysis Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Klaus Pietsch
- State Institute for Chemical and Veterinary Analysis Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Michael Suntz
- State Institute for Chemical and Veterinary Analysis Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Peter Nick
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, Del Mazo J, Grasl-Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom LR, Leblanc JC, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Dusemund B, Hart A, Mulder P, Viviani B, Anastassiadou M, Cascio C, Riolo F, Wallace H. Risks for human health related to the presence of grayanotoxins in certain honey. EFSA J 2023; 21:e07866. [PMID: 36875862 PMCID: PMC9978999 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific opinion on the risks for human health of the presence of grayanotoxins (GTXs) in 'certain honey' from Ericaceae plants. The risk assessment included all structurally related grayananes occurring with GTXs in 'certain' honey. Oral exposure is associated with acute intoxication in humans. Acute symptoms affect the muscles, nervous and cardiovascular systems. These may lead to complete atrioventricular block, convulsions, mental confusion, agitation, syncope and respiratory depression. For acute effects, the CONTAM Panel derived a reference point (RP) of 15.3 μg/kg body weight for the sum of GTX I and III based on a BMDL10 for reduced heart rate in rats. A similar relative potency was considered for GTX I. Without chronic toxicity studies, an RP for long-term effects could not be derived. There is evidence for genotoxicity in mice exposed to GTX III or honey containing GTX I and III, showing increased levels of chromosomal damage. The mechanism of genotoxicity is unknown. Without representative occurrence data for the sum of GTX I and III and consumption data from Ericaceae honey, acute dietary exposure was estimated based on selected concentrations for GTX I and III reflecting concentrations measured in 'certain' honeys. Applying a margin of exposure (MOE) approach, the estimated MOEs raised health concerns for acute toxicity. The Panel calculated the highest concentrations for GTX I and III below which no acute effects would be expected following 'certain honey' consumption. The Panel is 75% or more certain that the calculated highest concentration of 0.05 mg for the sum of GTX I and III per kg honey is protective for all age groups regarding acute intoxications. This value does not consider other grayananes in 'certain honey' and does not cover the identified genotoxicity.
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Pischon H, Petrick A, Müller M, Köster N, Pietsch J, Mundhenk L. Grayanotoxin I Intoxication in Pet Pigs. Vet Pathol 2018; 55:896-899. [PMID: 30071802 DOI: 10.1177/0300985818789482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Contaminated honey is a common cause of grayanotoxin intoxication in humans. Intoxication of animals, especially cattle, is usually due to ingestion of plants of the Ericaceae family, such as Rhododendron. Here, we report the ingestion of Pieris japonica as the cause of grayanotoxin I intoxication in 2 miniature pigs that were kept as pets. The pigs showed sudden onset of pale oral mucosa, tachycardia, tachypnea, hypersalivation, tremor, and ataxia that progressed to lateral recumbency. The pathological examination of one pig revealed no specific indications for intoxication except for the finding of plant material of Pieris japonica in the intestine. Grayanotoxin I was identified in the ingested plant, gastric content, blood, liver, bile, kidney, urine, lung, and skeletal muscle via HPLC-MS/MS. Grayanotoxin I should be considered as a differential etiological diagnosis in pigs with unspecific signs and discovery of ingested plant material as the only indication in the pathologic examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Pischon
- 1 Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Petrick
- 1 Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Nils Köster
- 3 Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Pietsch
- 4 Institute of Legal Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lars Mundhenk
- 1 Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Chen XQ, Gao LH, Li YP, Li HM, Liu D, Liao XL, Li RT. Highly Oxygenated Grayanane Diterpenoids from Flowers of Pieris japonica and Structure-Activity Relationships of Antifeedant Activity against Pieris brassicae. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:4456-4463. [PMID: 28494582 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Six new highly oxygenated grayanane diterpenoids, neopierisoids G-L, 1-6, together with 10 known related compounds, 7-16, were identified from the flowers of the poisonous plant Pieris japonica. The structures were elucidated on the basis of comprehensive NMR spectroscopy and mass analysis. The relative configurations of 1-6 were elucidated by analysis of ROESY spectra and comparison of NMR data with the analogues. The absolute configurations of 1-6 were established by the X-ray diffraction analysis of 1 and comparison of the CD spectra of 1-6. Compared with the skeleton of the normal grayanane diterpenoids, compounds 1-6 shared an unusual seco A ring moiety. The antifeedant activities of compounds 1-16 against Pieris brassicae were evaluated by using a dual-choice bioassay, and compounds 1-10 with a normal grayanane skeleton showed potent antifeedant activity against P. brassicae. The structure-activity relationships of antifeedant activities of 1-16 against P. brassicae are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan-Qin Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Ling-Huan Gao
- School of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Yan-Ping Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Hong-Mei Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Dan Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Xia-Li Liao
- School of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Rong-Tao Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
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Rezk A, Al-Hashimi A, John W, Schepker H, Ullrich MS, Brix K. Assessment of cytotoxicity exerted by leaf extracts from plants of the genus Rhododendron towards epidermal keratinocytes and intestine epithelial cells. Altern Ther Health Med 2015; 15:364. [PMID: 26470706 PMCID: PMC4608053 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0860-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Rhododendron leaf extracts were previously found to exert antimicrobial activities against a range of Gram-positive bacteria. In this study, we investigated which of the extracts with these antimicrobial properties would be best suited for further exploitation. Specifically, the project aims to identify biologically active compounds that affect bacterial but not mammalian cells when applied in medical treatments such as lotions for ectopic application onto skin, or as orally administered drugs. Methods Different concentrations of DMSO-dissolved remnants of crude methanol Rhododendron leaf extracts were incubated for 24 h with cultured epidermal keratinocytes (human HaCaT cell line) and epithelial cells of the intestinal mucosa (rat IEC6 cell line) and tested for their cytotoxic potential. In particular, the cytotoxic potencies of the compounds contained in antimicrobial Rhododendron leaf extracts were assessed by quantifying their effects on (i) plasma membrane integrity, (ii) cell viability and proliferation rates, (iii) cellular metabolism, (iv) cytoskeletal architecture, and (v) determining initiation of cell death pathways by morphological and biochemical means. Results Extracts of almost all Rhododendron species, when applied at 500 μg/mL, were potent in negatively affecting both keratinocytes and intestine epithelial cells, except material from R. hippophaeoides var. hippophaeoides. Extracts of R. minus and R. racemosum were non-toxic towards both mammalian cell types when used at 50 μg/mL, which was equivalent to their minimal inhibitory concentration against bacteria. At this concentration, leaf extracts from three other highly potent antimicrobial Rhododendron species proved non-cytotoxic against one or the other mammalian cell type: Extracts of R. ferrugineum were non-toxic towards IEC6 cells, and extracts of R. rubiginosum as well as R. concinnum did not affect HaCaT cells. In general, keratinocytes proved more resistant than intestine epithelial cells against the treatment with compounds contained in Rhododendron leaf extracts. Conclusions We conclude that leaf extracts from highly potent antimicrobial R. minus and R. racemosum are safe to use at 50 μg/mL in 24-h incubations with HaCaT keratinocytes and IEC6 intestine epithelial cells in monolayer cultures. Extracts from R. rubiginosum as well as R. concinnum or R. ferrugineum are applicable to either keratinocytes or intestinal epithelial cells, respectively. Beyond the scope of the current study, further experiments are required to identify the specific compounds contained in those Rhododendron leaf extracts that exert antimicrobial activity while being non-cytotoxic when applied onto human skin or gastrointestinal tract mucosa. Thus, this study supports the notion that detailed phytochemical profiling and compound identification is needed for characterization of the leaf extracts from specific Rhododendron species in order to exploit their components as supplementary agents in antimicrobial phyto-medical treatments. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12906-015-0860-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Bischoff K, Smith MC, Stump S. Treatment of pieris ingestion in goats with intravenous lipid emulsion. J Med Toxicol 2015; 10:411-4. [PMID: 25193885 DOI: 10.1007/s13181-014-0426-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Seven goats and one ram presented with clinical signs including regurgitation, obtundation, anorexia, apparent pain, and bloat. The animals had escaped from their barn, and it was discovered that they had ingested leaves of Pieris japonica, Japanese pieris, a grayanotoxin-containing plant. Animals were treated with antibiotics, calcium borogluconate, B vitamins, and activated charcoal within the first 24-h postexposure, which was followed by the recovery of the ram and two goats and the death of two goats. Approximately 36 h after Japanese pieris ingestion, one of the three remaining anorectic goats was dosed with intravenous lipid emulsion (ILE). This goat recovered within a few hours. The remaining two goats were given ILE the next day and appeared to recover, but one died a week later of aspiration pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyn Bischoff
- Animal Health Diagnostic Center, Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, PO Box 5786, Ithaca, NY, 14852, USA,
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Cho HE, Ahn SY, Kim DW, Woo SH, Park SH, Hwang K, Moon DC, Kim S. Development of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of Grayanotoxins in rat blood and its application to toxicokinetic study. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 28:1624-32. [PMID: 24782399 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hwang Eui Cho
- College of Pharmacy; Chungbuk National University; Cheongju 361-763 Republic of Korea
| | - Su Youn Ahn
- Central District Office; National Forensic Service; Daejon 305-348 Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Woo Kim
- Central District Office; National Forensic Service; Daejon 305-348 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hee Woo
- Central District Office; National Forensic Service; Daejon 305-348 Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hyeok Park
- College of Pharmacy; Chungbuk National University; Cheongju 361-763 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghwa Hwang
- Analytical Reserch Center; Korea Institute of Toxicology; Daejeon 305-343 Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Cheul Moon
- College of Pharmacy; Chungbuk National University; Cheongju 361-763 Republic of Korea
| | - Suncheun Kim
- Central District Office; National Forensic Service; Daejon 305-348 Republic of Korea
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Jansen SA, Kleerekooper I, Hofman ZLM, Kappen IFPM, Stary-Weinzinger A, van der Heyden MAG. Grayanotoxin poisoning: 'mad honey disease' and beyond. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2012; 12:208-15. [PMID: 22528814 PMCID: PMC3404272 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-012-9162-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Many plants of the Ericaceae family, Rhododendron, Pieris, Agarista and Kalmia, contain diterpene grayanotoxins. Consumption of grayanotoxin containing leaves, flowers or secondary products as honey may result in intoxication specifically characterized by dizziness, hypotension and atrial-ventricular block. Symptoms are caused by an inability to inactivate neural sodium ion channels resulting in continuous increased vagal tone. Grayanotoxin containing products are currently sold online, which may pose an increasing risk. In humans, intoxication is rarely lethal, in contrast to cattle and pet poisoning cases. Scientific evidence for the medicinal properties of grayanotoxin containing preparations, such as honey or herbal preparation in use in folk medicine, is scarce, and such use may even be harmful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suze A. Jansen
- Honours Program CRU2006 Bachelor, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Iris Kleerekooper
- Honours Program CRU2006 Bachelor, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Zonne L. M. Hofman
- Honours Program CRU2006 Bachelor, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Isabelle F. P. M. Kappen
- Honours Program CRU2006 Bachelor, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Stary-Weinzinger
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcel A. G. van der Heyden
- Honours Program CRU2006 Bachelor, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Division of Heart and Lungs, Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Yalelaan 50, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Bayram NA, Keles T, Durmaz T, Dogan S, Bozkurt E. A rare cause of atrial fibrillation: mad honey intoxication. J Emerg Med 2011; 43:e389-91. [PMID: 22056548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2011.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2010] [Revised: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mad honey intoxication occurs after ingestion of honey containing grayanotoxin. CASE REPORT We report the case of a 36-year-old man who ingested mad honey and developed atrial fibrillation. DISCUSSION Mad honey intoxication is often characterized by symptoms such as hypotension, bradycardia, and syncope. Patients may also experience gastrointestinal, neurologic, and cardiovascular symptoms due to intoxication. Cardiac rhythm abnormalities, including sinus bradycardia, atrioventricular blocks, and nodal rhythms, also may be observed. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of a 36-year old man developing atrial fibrillation with a slow ventricular response after mad honey ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihal Akar Bayram
- Department of Cardiology, Ataturk Education and Research Hospital, Bilkent, Ankara, Turkey
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Hough RL, Crews C, White D, Driffield M, Campbell CD, Maltin C. Degradation of yew, ragwort and rhododendron toxins during composting. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2010; 408:4128-4137. [PMID: 20579691 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Revised: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Recent concerns have been raised that plants such as ragwort (Senecio jacobaea), yew (Taxus baccata) and rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum) that are toxic to livestock may be included in compost windrows but may not be fully detoxified by the composting process. This study investigates the decomposition during composting of toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids present in ragwort, taxines (A and B) present in yew, and grayanotoxins (GTX I, II, and III) present in rhododendron during composting. Plant samples were contained within microporous bags either towards the edge or within the centre of a pilot-scale compost heap. They were destructively harvested at regular intervals over 1200 degrees C cumulative temperature (about three months). Samples were analysed for levels of toxins by liquid chromatography time of flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS). Pyrrolizidine alkaloids and taxines were shown to degrade completely during the composting process. While GTX I showed significant reductions, concentrations of GTX III remained unchanged after 1200 degrees C cumulative temperature. However, estimates of exposure to grazing livestock coming into contact with source-segregated green waste compost containing up to 7% rhododendron suggest that GTX III poses no appreciable risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupert L Hough
- The Macaulay Land Use Research Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, UK.
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Abstract
Each year over 100,000 exposures to toxic plants are reported to poison centers throughout the United States. Most of these exposures are of minimal toxicity largely because of the fact that they involve pediatric ingestions, which are of low quantity. The more serious poisonings usually involve adults who have either mistaken a plant as edible or have deliberately ingested the plant to derive perceived medicinal or toxic properties. The plants within this manuscript have been chosen because they have been documented to cause fatalities or account for emergency medicine visits. In this discussion, plants are grouped by their toxins rather than on the basis of their taxonomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake Froberg
- Indiana Poison Center, Methodist Hospital, Clarian Health Partners, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46206-1367, USA
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