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Ultrasonographic Evaluation of the Suspensory Ligament in Quarter Horses Used for Cutting. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 119:104139. [PMID: 36252794 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound remains a mainstay in proximal suspensory ligament (PSL) evaluation. Despite recent improvements facilitating earlier diagnosis/treatment, needs exist for (1) characterization of normal ultrasonographic PSL cross-sectional area (CSA) in specific breeds/disciplines, (2) improved detection of early/subtle changes in the PSL, and (3) an understanding of suspensory ligament (SL) morphology change from work-related stress. The objectives of this study were to establish normal PSL CSA in Quarter Horses (QH) used for cutting via angle contrast ultrasonography, ultrasonographically monitor SL morphology as horses progress through training, and assess the impact of PSL disease on performance (Lifetime Earnings - $LTE). One hundred ten 2-year-old cutting horses had PSL ultrasound examination on all limbs, and examinations were repeated 2 years later on 51 remaining horses. PSL CSA at select locations was compared between time points and entire examinations subjectively graded by an equine radiologist. $LTE was obtained from the National Cutting Horse Association for each horse and analyzed by abnormality number, location, and development over time. A total of 267 PSL ultrasound examinations across both times points were measured and graded. Normal CSA was established by zone for forelimbs and hindlimbs. The prevalence of abnormal limbs increased between the 2-year-old and 4-year-old years, forelimb abnormalities were statistically more prevalent than hindlimb abnormalities at both time points, and osseous attachment abnormalities were statistically more prevalent than ligament abnormalities at both times points. No significant differences in PSL CSA change over time were seen in any group and there was no significant difference in $LTE among or between groups.
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Salem M, El-Shafaey ES, Farag AMM, El-khodery S, Al Mohamad Z, Abass M. A Descriptive Study of the Carpal Joint of Healthy Donkeys Using Ultrasonography, Computed Tomography, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9050249. [PMID: 35622777 PMCID: PMC9146433 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9050249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to establish a detailed anatomic reference for the carpal joint of apparently healthy donkeys using ultrasonography (US), computed tomographic (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Ten orthopedically sound adult donkeys were used for US examination of the carpal joint in each forelimb. Additionally, the carpi of ten donkey cadavers were subjected to CT and MRI examinations. The carpal joint was divided into four zones to simplify examination. US assessment of the carpal joint included transverse and longitudinal sonograms. CT was performed using three planes: axial, sagittal, and coronal. MRI was performed using axial and sagittal planes with two sequences: gradient-echo T1-weighted and proton density. The donkeys’ carpus US, CT, and MRI images were labeled and serially interpreted based on references and anatomical cross-sections. The anatomical characteristics of the carpal joint and the surrounding soft tissue structures were thoroughly described and precisely differentiated on US, CT, and MRI scans. It can be concluded that US, CT, and MRI are effective noninvasive diagnostic imaging tools for evaluating the carpal joint in donkeys. Moreover, these imaging modalities can aid in establishing a reference database for the carpal joint of donkeys, which differs from that of horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Salem
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (M.S.); (E.-S.E.-S.)
| | - El-Sayed El-Shafaey
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (M.S.); (E.-S.E.-S.)
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Salam Veterinary Group, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alshimaa M. M. Farag
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (A.M.M.F.); (S.E.-k.)
| | - Sabry El-khodery
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (A.M.M.F.); (S.E.-k.)
| | - Zakriya Al Mohamad
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Marwa Abass
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (M.S.); (E.-S.E.-S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +20-101-521-7659
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Garrett KS. When radiography and ultrasonography are not enough: the use of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for equine lameness cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 260:1113-1123. [PMID: 35544423 DOI: 10.2460/javma.22.03.0136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
MRI and CT have enhanced our diagnostic abilities for equine lameness beyond what is available using radiography and ultrasonography. This has allowed veterinarians to better prognosticate and treat lameness conditions, improving patient outcomes. This article discusses the basic principles behind MRI and CT, their advantages and disadvantages, the different types of equipment available for clinical use in horses, the typical diagnostic workup prior to pursuing advanced imaging, and common regions where MRI and CT are used clinically. The companion Currents in One Health by Spriet, AJVR, July 2022, discusses even more advanced equine imaging in the form of positron emission tomography. Combined, these future directions of MRI, CT, and positron emission tomography may include improved ability to image standing horses or screen for injury prevention.
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Zubrod CJ, Kristek JW. Metacarpal bone exostosis and associated suspensory ligament desmitis and adhesions: A review. EQUINE VET EDUC 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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5
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Owen KR, Hinnigan GJ, Smith CE, Smith M. Surgical treatment of a second metacarpal bone exostosis with associated desmitis of the body of the suspensory ligament in a horse. EQUINE VET EDUC 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - M. Smith
- Oakhill Veterinary Centre Preston UK
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6
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in the Proximal Metacarpal Region of 359 Horses and Proximal Metatarsal Region of 64 Horses Acquired Under Standing Sedation. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 94:103268. [PMID: 33077090 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Standing magnetic resonance (MR) images of proximal metacarpal/metatarsal regions are increasingly being acquired. This study aimed at describing ranges of abnormalities detected in sport/racehorses, using retrospective evaluation of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reports from horses with lameness isolated to proximal metacarpal/metatarsal regions with images acquired standing. It was hypothesized that MRI features are different between metacarpal and metatarsal regions and between horses doing different sports. Reports from 359 forelimbs and 64 hindlimbs were included. Palmar/plantar metacarpal/metatarsal bone injury and suspensory desmopathy, which often occurred concurrently, were most frequently reported. Third metacarpal abnormalities were more likely at palmar/medial locations, including cortical (86.4%) and trabecular (38.2%) pathology with frequent thickening, irregularity, and periosteal/endosteal abnormalities. Fluid signal was reported in cortical (38.7%) and trabecular (22.6%) bone. Medial intermetacarpal articulation abnormalities were more frequently reported (52.5%) than lateral. Suspensory ligament pathology was reported in 83.8% forelimbs, frequently with cortical (74.1%) or trabecular (32.9%) pathology. Tarsal-joint abnormalities were significantly more likely than carpal-joint abnormalities. Third metatarsal cortical (57.8%) and trabecular (20.3%) pathology was most frequently plantar, but significantly more likely to be dorsal than forelimbs. Metatarsal fluid signal was significantly less likely than metacarpal. Lateral intermetatarsal articulation pathology (23.4%) was more frequent than medial; medial was significantly more likely in forelimbs. Suspensory ligament abnormalities were reported in 64.1% hindlimbs, 39.1% having concurrent cortical pathology. Metacarpal fluid signal was significantly more likely in endurance/racehorses than dressage/show jumping horses. Dressage was overrepresented in hindlimb suspensory origin pathology. These findings indicate different pathology patterns between forelimb/hindlimb and between different sports and may be useful for MRI interpretation.
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Isgren CM, Maddox TW, Blundell R, Sinovich M, Rubio‐Martinez LM. Advanced imaging of an incomplete fracture and exostosis of the third metacarpal bone in a young Warmblood horse. EQUINE VET EDUC 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. M. Isgren
- Department of Equine Clinical Science Institute of Veterinary Science University of Liverpool Leahurst Wirral UK
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health Institute of Infection and Global Health University of Liverpool Leahurst Wirral UK
| | - T. W. Maddox
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease University of Liverpool Leahurst Wirral UK
| | - R. Blundell
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Infection and Public Health Institute of Veterinary Science University of Liverpool Leahurst Wirral UK
| | - M. Sinovich
- Department of Equine Clinical Science Institute of Veterinary Science University of Liverpool Leahurst Wirral UK
| | - L. M. Rubio‐Martinez
- Department of Equine Clinical Science Institute of Veterinary Science University of Liverpool Leahurst Wirral UK
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Martinelli MJ, Pool RR, Rantanen NW. Incomplete metacarpal fracture with exostosis or ‘blind splint’? EQUINE VET EDUC 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - R. R. Pool
- Pathobiology College of Veterinary Medicine Texas A&M University College Station Texas USA
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El-Gendy SAA, Alsafy MAM, Rutland CS, El-Khamary AN, Abu-Ahmed HM, El-Kammar MH. Morphological and Imaging Evaluation of the Metacarpophalangeal and Metatarsophalangeal Joints in Healthy and Lame Donkeys. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 88:102904. [PMID: 32303299 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.102904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The donkey is of socio-economic value yet imaging techniques in both healthy and abnormal limbs are a limiting factor in research and medicine. The objective was to determine anatomical features of both healthy and clinically abnormal donkey metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints (n = 13) using anatomical dissection, casting, X-ray and computed tomography. The joint capsule contained two palmar/plantar and two dorsal recesses. The proximal-palmar or plantar recess was larger than the distodorsal recess and potential sites of approaches to the recesses were determined. Soft tissue structures were distinguished using computed tomography at 300 mA, which was superior to 120 mA. This methodology gave better assessments of the synovial tendon sheath, joint recesses, and cruciate, collateral, and short sesamoidean ligaments. Computed tomography provided outstanding discrimination between the cortex and medulla of the third metacarpal, the proximal sesamoid bones, the proximal phalanx, and excellent details of the osseous structures. Although the joints appeared free from exostosis using X-ray; the position and extension of exostosis in pathologically affected donkeys (a novel finding) were revealed using computed tomography with 300 mA in comparison to 120 mA. The study also provided an anatomical record of the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints using the latest technology, which could impact on clinical situations including anesthesia injection sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir A A El-Gendy
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed A M Alsafy
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Catrin Sian Rutland
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Ahmad N El-Khamary
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Surgery, Damanhur University, Damanhur, Egypt
| | - Howaida M Abu-Ahmed
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Surgery, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud H El-Kammar
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Surgery, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Labens R, Schramme MC, Murray RC, Bolas N. Standing low-field MRI of the equine proximal metacarpal/metatarsal region is considered useful for diagnosing primary bone pathology and makes a positive contribution to case management: A prospective survey study. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2019; 61:197-205. [PMID: 31800146 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
High-field MRI of the proximal metacarpal/metatarsal region has been associated with great diagnostic potential and clinical reports of standing low-field MRI of the forelimb suggest the same. To better understand diagnostic outcomes with standing low-field MRI of the proximal suspensory region, a prospective survey study was conducted and users of a widely available system questioned on their experience, operating procedures, and interpretation of standing low-field MRI findings. Response data included scores on a modified Likert scale from which weighted ratings were calculated for statistical analyses. Depending on the question, responses were obtained from 17 to 29 of the 38 invited facilities. Users indicated that standing low-field MRI was most frequently performed in the face of equivocal diagnostic findings; compared to Sports horses, general purpose riding horses were thought less likely to have detectable abnormalities and standing low-field MRI was rated most useful for the detection of primary bone pathology in the proximal metacarpal region. Standing low-field MRI signal change involving both the suspensory ligament and adjacent bone concurrently was rated most relevant and abnormalities solely affecting the muscle/adipose tissue bundles least relevant for diagnosing suspensory ligament injury. Transverse scans and in decreasing order T1-weighted gradient echo, short-tau inversion recovery FSE, T2*-weighted gradient echo, and T2-weighted FSE sequences were most frequently acquired and judged most useful by the majority of users experienced in imaging of the target area. This survey supports the relevant impact of standing low-field MRI on clinical case management, particularly in the context of imaging the proximal metacarpal region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Labens
- Faculty of Science, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael C Schramme
- VetAgro Sup, Campus Veterinaire de Lyon, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Rachel C Murray
- Rossdales Equine Hospital and Veterinary Diagnostic Centre, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK
| | - Nick Bolas
- Hallmarq Veterinary Imaging Ltd, Guildford, UK
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Sidhu ABS, Rosanowski SM, Davis AM, Griffith JF, Robinson P. Comparison of Metzenbaum scissors and Y-shaped fasciotome for deep metatarsal fasciotomy for the treatment of proximal suspensory ligament desmopathy in horses. Vet Surg 2018; 48:57-63. [PMID: 30320888 DOI: 10.1111/vsu.13111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantitate the iatrogenic injury associated with deep plantar metatarsal fasciotomy performed with Metzenbaum scissors compared with a Y-shaped fasciotome. STUDY DESIGN Experimental ex vivo surgical study. STUDY POPULATION Cadaveric hind limbs (n = 20) from 10 sound thoroughbred racehorses. METHODS A plantar metatarsal fasciotomy was performed, extending from the proximal extent of the deep metatarsal fascia, distally. Hind limbs were randomly assigned to 2 groups, undergoing fasciotomy with straight Metzenbaum scissors (n = 10) or a Y-shaped fasciotome (n = 10). Magnetic resonance imaging was performed before and after surgery to identify the maximal depth of any iatrogenic trauma. Gross examination of the surgical site included measuring the length of the incision in the deep metatarsal fascia and localizing iatrogenic trauma sustained by the plantar aspect of the proximal suspensory ligament (PSL) during the procedure. RESULTS Iatrogenic injury to the PSL was identified in 6 of 10 and 9 of 10 specimens prepared with the fasciotome and Metzenbaum scissors, respectively (P = .03), and was most commonly located in the distal third of the fascial incision. Differences between the length of incision (P = .02) and the maximal depth of signal (P = .03) for incisions created with Metzenbaum scissors or a fasciotome were identified. CONCLUSION The use of a fasciotome resulted in longer fascial incisions and less severe iatrogenic trauma to the PSL compared with using Metzenbaum scissors. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE A Y-shaped fasciotome may be the preferred surgical instrument for successful desmopathy of the PSL fasciotomy because a greater release of compartmental pressure is possible through a longer incision with minimal iatrogenic trauma to the underlying PSL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anhad B S Sidhu
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Services, Equine Hospital, Hong Kong Jockey Club, Hong Kong
| | - Sarah M Rosanowski
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Alexandra M Davis
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Services, Equine Hospital, Hong Kong Jockey Club, Hong Kong
| | - James F Griffith
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Paul Robinson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Services, Equine Hospital, Hong Kong Jockey Club, Hong Kong
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Magnetic resonance imaging of plantar soft tissue structures of the tarsus and proximal metatarsus in foals and adult horses. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2017; 26:192-7. [DOI: 10.3415/vcot-12-06-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
SummaryObjectives: The object of this study was to describe previously defined soft tissue structures by using spin and gradient sequences in a 0.5 Tesla magnetic resonance system in order to improve the characterisation of tendon and ligaments at the plantar region of the equine tarsus and metatarsus while considering possible age-related variations.Methods: Cadaveric hindlimbs from twenty-two Warmblood horses with an age range from one month to twenty-five years were examined in spin and gradient echoes. The proximal suspensory ligament from six limbs was dissected to assign the signal intensities histologically. For statistical analysis, horses were divided into two groups (≤3 years and >3 years) for evaluating signal intensity and homogeneity of the plantar tendons and ligaments.Results: Focal increase of the signal intensity within the deep digital flexor tendon was significantly more present in horses older than three years. Signal alterations of the long plantar ligament were seen without a significant dependency to age. The accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon could not be visualized on all images within the region of interest. The morphology of the proximal suspensory ligament was not affected by age-related changes.Clinical relevance: Spin and gradient echoes in MRI were suitable to identify and assess soft tissue structures at the plantar aspect of the equine tarsus and proximal metatarsus. Age-related appearance must be considered when interpreting magnetic resonance images.
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Barrett MF, Manchon PT, Hersman J, Kawcak CE. Magnetic resonance imaging findings of the proximal metacarpus in Quarter Horses used for cutting: Retrospective analysis of 32 horses 2009–2012. Equine Vet J 2017; 50:172-178. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. F. Barrett
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - P. T. Manchon
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | | | - C. E. Kawcak
- Gail Holmes Equine Orthopaedic Research Center Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
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Mizobe F, Nomura M, Kato T, Nambo Y, Yamada K. Signal changes in standing magnetic resonance imaging of osseous injury at the origin of the suspensory ligament in four Thoroughbred racehorses under tiludronic acid treatment. J Equine Sci 2017; 28:87-97. [PMID: 28955160 PMCID: PMC5608961 DOI: 10.1294/jes.28.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Problems associated with the proximal metacarpal region, such as an osseous injury associated with tearing of Sharpey’s fibers or an avulsion fracture of the origin of the suspensory ligament (OISL), are important causes of
lameness in racehorses. In the present study, four Thoroughbred racehorses (age range, 2–4 years) were diagnosed as having forelimb OISL and assessed over time by using standing magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI). At the first sMRI
examination, all horses had 3 characteristic findings, including low signal intensity within the trabecular bone of the third metacarpus on T1-weighted images, intermediate-to-high signal intensity surrounded by a hypointense rim
on T2*-weighted images, and high signal intensity on fat-suppressed images. Following the sMRI examination, all horses received 50 mg of tiludronic acid by intravenous regional limb perfusion once weekly for 3 weeks. Attenuation
of the high signal intensity on T2*-weighted and fat-suppressed images was observed on follow-up sMRI in 3 horses. Following rest and rehabilitation, these 3 horses successfully returned to racing. In contrast, the other horse
that did not show attenuation of the high signal intensity failed to return to racing. To our knowledge, this is the first report of OISL in Thoroughbred racehorses assessed over time by sMRI under tiludronic acid treatment. Our
findings support the use of sMRI for examining lameness originating from the proximal metacarpal region to refine the timing of returning to exercise based on follow-up examinations during the recuperation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Mizobe
- Racehorse Hospital, Ritto Training Center, Japan Racing Association, Shiga 520-3085, Japan
| | - Motoi Nomura
- Racehorse Hospital, Ritto Training Center, Japan Racing Association, Shiga 520-3085, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kato
- Racehorse Hospital, Ritto Training Center, Japan Racing Association, Shiga 520-3085, Japan
| | - Yasuo Nambo
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Yamada
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
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Dyson S, Pinilla MJ, Bolas N, Murray R. Proximal suspensory desmopathy in hindlimbs: Magnetic resonance imaging, gross post‐mortem and histological study. Equine Vet J 2017; 50:159-165. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Dyson
- Centre for Equine Studies Animal Health Trust Newmarket, Suffolk UK
| | - M. J. Pinilla
- Centre for Preventative Medicine Animal Health Trust Newmarket, Suffolk UK
| | - N. Bolas
- Hallmarq Veterinary Imaging Guildford, Surrey UK
| | - R. Murray
- Centre for Equine Studies Animal Health Trust Newmarket, Suffolk UK
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16
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Meehan L, Labens R. Diagnosing desmitis of the origin of the suspensory ligament. EQUINE VET EDUC 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Meehan
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies; University of Edinburgh; Midlothian UK
| | - R. Labens
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies; University of Edinburgh; Midlothian UK
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17
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Marneris D, Dyson SJ. Clinical features, diagnostic imaging findings and concurrent injuries in 71 sports horses with suspensory branch injuries. EQUINE VET EDUC 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Marneris
- Centre for Equine Studies; Animal Health Trust; Newmarket, Suffolk UK
| | - S. J. Dyson
- Centre for Equine Studies; Animal Health Trust; Newmarket, Suffolk UK
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18
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New Concepts in Standing Advanced Diagnostic Equine Imaging. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2014; 30:239-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Gaschen L, Burba DJ. Musculoskeletal Injury in Thoroughbred Racehorses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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21
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Bertoni L, Forresu D, Coudry V, Audigie F, Denoix JM. Exostoses on the palmar or plantar aspect of the diaphysis of the third metacarpal or metatarsal bone in horses: 16 cases (2001–2010). J Am Vet Med Assoc 2012; 240:740-7. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.240.6.740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Schramme M, Josson A, Linder K. Characterization of the origin and body of the normal equine rear suspensory ligament using ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging, and histology. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2012; 53:318-28. [PMID: 22332890 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2011.01922.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The suspensory ligament is difficult to image accurately, partly because it contains ligamentous fibers, as well as noncollagenous adipose and muscle tissue in the normal horse. Our hypothesis was that magnetic resonance (MR) imaging would be more accurate than ultrasonography in identifying the size of the suspensory ligament and the presence and size of noncollagenous tissues within the ligament. Eleven horses were used for ultrasonographic and MR imaging and histologic evaluation of the rear suspensory ligament. The origin and body of the normal suspensory ligament had a heterogenous appearance on MR images with two separate islands of mixed signal intensity evident throughout its otherwise hypointense cross-sectional area. Histologically, there were isolated islands of muscle, adipose, loose connective tissue and dense collagenous partitions, organized in two separate bundles that extended through the full length of the suspensory ligament origin and body to the level of its bifurcation. Comparison of MR images with corresponding histologic sections confirmed that islands of heterogenous signal intensity in normal suspensory ligaments correlated well with these bundles. Using ultrasonography, it was impossible to distinguish these islands from surrounding dense collagenous tissue consistently. MR imaging determined the cross-sectional area of the suspensory ligament more accurately than ultrasonography. Based upon these results, MR imaging is superior to ultrasonography for assessment of the suspensory ligament. The appearance associated with normal ligament anatomy needs to be understood before MR signal variation can be considered as indicative of disease in the suspensory ligament.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schramme
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.
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EASLEY JEREMIAHT, BROKKEN MATTHEWT, ZUBROD CHADJ, MORTON ALISONJ, GARRETT KATHERINES, HOLMES SHANNONP. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FINDINGS IN HORSES WITH SEPTIC ARTHRITIS. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2011; 52:402-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2011.01820.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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Standing magnetic resonance imaging detection of bone marrow oedema-type signal pattern associated with subcarpal pain in 8 racehorses: A prospective study. Equine Vet J 2009; 42:10-7. [DOI: 10.2746/042516409x471467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Coudry V, Denoix JM, Didierlaurent D, Rossignol F, Audigié F. Use of magnetic resonance imaging to diagnose the cause of proximal metacarpal pain in a standardbred trotter. Vet Rec 2008; 162:790-2. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.162.24.790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Coudry
- CIRALE; UMR-INRA 957, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort; 14430 Goustranville France
| | - J-M. Denoix
- CIRALE; UMR-INRA 957, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort; 14430 Goustranville France
| | - D. Didierlaurent
- CIRALE; UMR-INRA 957, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort; 14430 Goustranville France
| | - F. Rossignol
- Clinique Vétérinaire de Grosbois; Domaine de Grosbois 94470 Boissy Saint Léger France
| | - F. Audigié
- CIRALE; UMR-INRA 957, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort; 14430 Goustranville France
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Dyson S. Diagnosis and Management of Common Suspensory Lesions in the Forelimbs and Hindlimbs of Sport Horses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1053/j.ctep.2007.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Sampson SN, Schneider RK, Tucker RL, Gavin PR, Zubrod CJ, Ho CP. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FEATURES OF OBLIQUE AND STRAIGHT DISTAL SESAMOIDEAN DESMITIS IN 27 HORSES. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2007; 48:303-11. [PMID: 17691627 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2007.00247.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Injury to the oblique and straight distal sesamoidean ligaments is becoming recognized as a more common cause of lameness in horses than was previously thought. The purpose of this study was to review the magnetic resonance (MR) imaging findings of 27 horses affected with desmitis of the oblique and/or straight distal sesamoidean ligament and determine long-term prognosis for horses with this diagnosis. Imaging was performed with horses in right lateral recumbency in a high-field 1 T magnet. All horses had lameness localized to the digit or metacarpophalangeal/metatarsophalangeal joint region with diagnostic local anesthetic blocks. Ten horses had forelimb lameness and 17 horses had hind limb lameness. MR imaging revealed abnormalities in the oblique distal sesamoidean ligaments in 18 horses, in the straight distal sesamoidean ligament in three horses, and in both the oblique and straight distal sesamoidean ligament in six horses. Treatment consisted of a 6-month rest and rehabilitation program in all horses. The digital flexor tendon sheath was injected with methylprednisolone acetate and hyaluronic acid in 22 horses to decrease inflammation in the injured ligaments before starting the rest and rehabilitation program. Two horses had ligament splitting performed, one in the oblique distal sesamoidean ligament and one in the straight distal sesamoidean ligament. MR imaging is an effective method for diagnosing injury to the oblique and straight distal sesamoidean ligaments in horses. Treatment, primarily a 6-month rest and rehabilitation program, allowed 76% of the horses to successfully resume performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N Sampson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
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Sampson SN, Tucker RL. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Proximal Metacarpal and Metatarsal Regions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1053/j.ctep.2006.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Bischofberger AS, Konar M, Ohlerth S, Geyer H, Lang J, Ueltschi G, Lischer CJ. Magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasonography and histology of the suspensory ligament origin: a comparative study of normal anatomy of warmblood horses. Equine Vet J 2006; 38:508-16. [PMID: 17124840 DOI: 10.2746/042516406x156109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY The diagnosis of lameness caused by proximal metacarpal and metatarsal pain can be challenging. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers the possibility for further diagnosis but there have been no studies on the normal MRI appearance of the origin of the suspensory ligament (OSL) in conjunction with ultrasonography and histology. OBJECTIVES To describe the MRI appearance of the OSL in fore- and hindlimbs of sound horses and compare it to the ultrasonographic and histological appearance. The findings can be used as reference values to recognise pathology in the OSL. METHODS The OSL in the fore- and hindlimbs of 6 sound horses was examined by ultrasonography prior to death, and MRI and histology post mortem. Qualitative evaluation and morphometry of the OSL were performed and results of all modalities compared. RESULTS Muscular tissue, artefacts, variable SL size and shape complicated ultrasonographic interpretation. In MRI and histology the forelimb OSL consisted of 2 portions, the lateral being significantly thicker than medial. The hindlimb SL had a single large area of origin. In fore- and hindlimbs, the amount of muscular tissue was significantly larger laterally than medially. Overall SL measurements using MRI were significantly higher than using histology and ultrasonography and histological higher than ultrasonographic measurements. Morphologically, there was a good correlation between MRI and histology. CONCLUSIONS MRI provides more detailed information than ultrasonography regarding muscle fibre detection and OSL dimension and correlates morphologically well with histology. Therefore, ultrasonographic results should be regarded with caution. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE MRI may be a diagnostic aid when other modalities fail to identify clearly the cause of proximal metacarpal and metatarsal pain; and may improve selection of adequate therapy and prognosis for injuries in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Bischofberger
- Equine Hospital, Division of Diagnostic Imaging and Radio-Oncology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zürich
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