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Park J, Cho H, Ji Y, Lee K, Yoon H. Detection of spondylosis deformans in thoracolumbar and lumbar lateral X-ray images of dogs using a deep learning network. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1334438. [PMID: 38425836 PMCID: PMC10902442 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1334438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Spondylosis deformans is a non-inflammatory osteophytic reaction that develops to re-establish the stability of weakened joints between intervertebral discs. However, assessing these changes using radiography is subjective and difficult. In human medicine, attempts have been made to use artificial intelligence to accurately diagnose difficult and ambiguous diseases in medical imaging. Deep learning, a form of artificial intelligence, is most commonly used in medical imaging data analysis. It is a technique that utilizes neural networks to self-learn and extract features from data to diagnose diseases. However, no deep learning model has been developed to detect vertebral diseases in canine thoracolumbar and lumbar lateral X-ray images. Therefore, this study aimed to establish a segmentation model that automatically recognizes the vertebral body and spondylosis deformans in the thoracolumbar and lumbar lateral radiographs of dogs. Methods A total of 265 thoracolumbar and lumbar lateral radiographic images from 162 dogs were used to develop and evaluate the deep learning model based on the attention U-Net algorithm to segment the vertebral body and detect spondylosis deformans. Results When comparing the ability of the deep learning model and veterinary clinicians to recognize spondylosis deformans in the test dataset, the kappa value was 0.839, indicating an almost perfect agreement. Conclusions The deep learning model developed in this study is expected to automatically detect spondylosis deformans on thoracolumbar and lumbar lateral radiographs of dogs, helping to quickly and accurately identify unstable intervertebral disc space sites. Furthermore, the segmentation model developed in this study is expected to be useful for developing models that automatically recognize various vertebral and disc diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junseol Park
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
- Biosafety Research Institute and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Cho
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yewon Ji
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kichang Lee
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hakyoung Yoon
- Department of Veterinary Medical Imaging, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
- Biosafety Research Institute and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
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2
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Gomes SA, Targett M, Lowrie M. Computed tomography features of discospondylitis in dogs. Vet Med (Auckl) 2022; 36:2123-2131. [PMID: 36208075 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Computed tomography (CT) findings of dogs with discospondylitis have not been widely described despite increased availability of this imaging modality. OBJECTIVES Describe the CT features of discospondylitis in a population of clinically affected dogs with discospondylitis diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). ANIMALS Forty-one dogs (63 affected discs) with MRI-identified discospondylitis presented to a single referral hospital between 2012 and 2022. METHODS Retrospective, single center, descriptive case series with analysis of MRI-identified discospondylitis sites and concomitant CT imaging. Computed tomographic features of MRI-affected sites including intervertebral disc space (IVDS), endplates, vertebral body, epidural space and paraspinal tissues were described. RESULTS The most frequently found changes were: (1) endplate involvement (87.3%) most frequently bilateral (94.5%), with erosion (61.9%) and multifocal osteolysis (67.3%); (2) periosteal proliferation adjacent to the IVDS (73%) and spondylosis (66.7%); and (3) vertebral body involvement (66.7%) involving one-third of the vertebra (85.7%) with multifocal osteolysis (73.5%). Other less prevalent features included an abnormal IVDS (narrowed or collapsed), sclerosis of the adjacent vertebral body or endplates, presence of disseminated idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis or vacuum artifact. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE We determined that bilateral endplate erosion and periosteal proliferation were very common in dogs with discospondylitis. Careful evaluation of CT in all 3 planes (dorsal, sagittal, transverse) is necessary to identify an affected IVDS. These described CT features can aid in the diagnosis of discospondylitis in dogs but equivocal cases might still require MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mike Targett
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, UK
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3
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Russell J, Francis L, Russell NJ, Osborn S, Dennison S. DEVELOPMENT OF A MOBILITY ASSESSMENT SCORE FOR EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTS OF ORAL HYALURONIC ACID ON CLINICAL LAMENESS IN ASIAN SMALL-CLAWED OTTERS ( AONYX CINEREA) AND AFRICAN SPOT-NECKED OTTERS ( HYDRICTIS MACULICOLIS) UNDER HUMAN CARE. J Zoo Wildl Med 2022; 53:275-283. [PMID: 35758569 DOI: 10.1638/2021-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral hyaluronic acid has been shown to reduce inflammation and pain in humans with osteoarthritis. Eight Asian small-clawed otters (Aonyx cinerea) and two African spot-necked otters (Hydrictis maculicolis) with varying degrees of osteoarthritic changes identified on radiographs were selected for a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Animal husbandry staff completed otter mobility assessment (OMA) questionnaires for each animal prior to study commencement and following either oral hyaluronic acid at a loading dose of 4 mg/kg PO SID for 10 d followed by a maintenance dose of 2 mg/kg PO SID for 20 d, or placebo for 30 d. Four veterinarians with experience assessing otters watched randomized videos of otter gaits and assigned a clinical lameness score. Two additional evaluators watched the videos: an experienced veterinarian in small animal practice and a final-year veterinary student. All evaluators for OMA and clinical lameness score were blinded to treatment group. Radiographs performed prior to, and following, the study were assessed by a board-certified radiologist (Dennison). The OMA questionnaire had high reliability coefficients and correlated strongly with clinical gait scores and radiographic assessment. Although hyaluronic acid appears to be safe for use in otters at the dose described, there was no observed significant effect of hyaluronic acid on clinical lameness scores, OMA scores, or radiographic assessment of the limbs. The development of the OMA questionnaire is a promising tool for evaluating lameness in managed-care otters and may be further validated in future studies investigating therapeutics or incorporated as a component of animal welfare assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Russell
- SeaWorld San Antonio Zoological Department, San Antonio, TX 78251, USA,
| | - Lindsay Francis
- Colorado State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | | | - Steven Osborn
- SeaWorld San Antonio Zoological Department, San Antonio, TX 78251, USA
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4
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Coy CL, Evans JB, Lee AM, Dugat DR, Levine JM, Griffin JF. American Canine Hepatozoonosis Causes Multifocal Periosteal Proliferation on CT: A Case Report of 4 Dogs. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:872778. [PMID: 35573416 PMCID: PMC9093736 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.872778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
American canine hepatozoonosis (ACH) represents an important but relatively uncommon differential diagnosis in a dog with fever, muscle wasting, profound leukocytosis, and/or musculoskeletal pain. Despite this, obtaining a definitive diagnosis can prove difficult. Peripheral blood smears and whole-blood polymerase chain reaction (PCR) rely on rare parasitemia, and the gold standard diagnostic test (skeletal muscle biopsy) is uncommonly pursued due to its invasive and costly nature. Demonstration of characteristic periosteal proliferative lesions aids diagnosis. The lesions typically involve the more proximal long bones of the appendicular skeleton. The periosteal proliferation is of currently unknown pathogenesis, but its distribution is characteristic of this disease with few differential diagnoses. This case series describes the findings on computed tomography (CT) in 4 dogs with PCR- or cytologically-confirmed Hepatozoon americanum. All dogs had multifocal, bilaterally asymmetric, irregularly marginated, non-destructive, non-articular, periosteal proliferative lesions. Recognition of this unusual CT finding and awareness of this disease could assist in the diagnosis and subsequent treatment of dogs with ACH and may offer an additional indication for CT in cases of fever, muscle wasting, and myalgia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cambridge L. Coy
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Jeremy B. Evans
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Alison M. Lee
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Danielle R. Dugat
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Jonathan M. Levine
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - John F. Griffin
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: John F. Griffin IV
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5
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Kimura S, Nakata K, Nakano Y, Nozue Y, Konno N, Sugawara T, Maeda S, Kamishina H. Case Report: Spinal Stabilization Surgery Using a Novel Custom-Made Titanium Fixation System for the Spinal Instability Caused by Vertebral Malformation in a Dog. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:755572. [PMID: 34859088 PMCID: PMC8631319 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.755572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A 2-year-old Maltese was presented with wobbly gait of the pelvic limbs. Based on imaging examinations, a diagnosis of congenital malformation at T5–T8 and severe kyphosis causing spinal cord compression at T6–T7 was made. Dorsal laminectomy and stabilization of T6 and T7 vertebrae were performed. As the size of the vertebrae was small and they were severely deformed, novel custom-made titanium implants were used for spinal stabilization. Clinical signs were resolved 2 weeks after surgery. Although radiographic examination 373 days after surgery showed slight loosening of implants, post-operative course remained uneventful. This report describes the use of novel custom-made titanium implants for spinal fixation surgery in a dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Kimura
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.,The Animal Medical Center of Gifu University, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kohei Nakata
- The Animal Medical Center of Gifu University, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yukiko Nakano
- The Animal Medical Center of Gifu University, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yuta Nozue
- The Animal Medical Center of Gifu University, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | | | - Taku Sugawara
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Akita Cerebrospinal and Cardiovascular Center, Akita, Japan
| | - Sadatoshi Maeda
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.,The Animal Medical Center of Gifu University, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kamishina
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan.,The Animal Medical Center of Gifu University, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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6
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Halle KS, Granhus A. Veterinary Chiropractic Treatment as a Measure to Prevent the Occurrence of Spondylosis in Boxers. Vet Sci 2021; 8:199. [PMID: 34564593 PMCID: PMC8473340 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8090199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spondylosis deformans is a spinal disease common to several dog breeds, and several treatments including veterinary chiropractic may be used to treat affected dogs. Little is known, however, about the efficacy of chiropractic treatment as precautionary measure, aiming to reduce the probability of spondylosis development. We performed a randomized study where one half of the Boxer puppies from 17 litters were given veterinary chiropractic treatment at monthly intervals from eight weeks of age until they were one year old, while the other half were given no treatment (treated: n = 44, controls: n = 43). At an age of one year, spondylosis occurrence was recorded based on a scoring of X-ray images of the spine. The frequency of occurrence was significantly lower (p = 0.0478) in the treated dogs (25.0%) than in the controls (46.5%). We also tested if spondylosis occurrence in the treated dogs correlated with the average number of spinal joints with decreased mobility found per chiropractic treatment. No such effect was found, however. In summary, our results suggest that veterinary chiropractic treatment may be successfully used to reduce the probability of early development of spondylosis in young Boxers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aksel Granhus
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, P.O. Box 115, 1431 Ås, Norway;
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7
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da Costa RC, De Decker S, Lewis MJ, Volk H. Diagnostic Imaging in Intervertebral Disc Disease. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:588338. [PMID: 33195623 PMCID: PMC7642913 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.588338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Imaging is integral in the diagnosis of canine intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) and in differentiating subtypes of intervertebral disc herniation (IVDH). These include intervertebral disc extrusion (IVDE), intervertebral disc protrusion (IVDP) and more recently recognized forms such as acute non-compressive nucleus pulposus extrusion (ANNPE), hydrated nucleus pulposus extrusion (HNPE), and intradural/intramedullary intervertebral disc extrusion (IIVDE). Many imaging techniques have been described in dogs with roles for survey radiographs, myelography, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Given how common IVDH is in dogs, a thorough understanding of the indications and limitations for each imaging modality to aid in diagnosis, treatment planning and prognosis is essential to successful case management. While radiographs can provide useful information, especially for identifying intervertebral disc degeneration or calcification, there are notable limitations. Myelography addresses some of the constraints of survey radiographs but has largely been supplanted by cross-sectional imaging. Computed tomography with or without myelography and MRI is currently utilized most widely and have become the focus of most contemporary studies on this subject. Novel advanced imaging applications are being explored in dogs but are not yet routinely performed in clinical patients. The following review will provide a comprehensive overview on common imaging modalities reported to aid in the diagnosis of IVDH including IVDE, IVDP, ANNPE, HNPE, and IIVDE. The review focuses primarily on canine IVDH due to its frequency and vast literature as opposed to feline IVDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronaldo C da Costa
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Steven De Decker
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Melissa J Lewis
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Holger Volk
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Hanover, Germany
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8
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Ihrke A, Riviera P, LoGuidice R, Guiffrida M, Neforos K. Prevalence of Spondylosis Deformans in Tailed Versus Tail-Docked Rottweilers. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2019; 55:301-305. [PMID: 31525089 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-6966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Tail docking is a routine procedure for rottweilers in the United States and Canada. A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted in tailed (n = 25) and docked (n = 39) rottweilers ≥5 yr old to compare prevalence and severity of spondylosis deformans in the lumbar spine between groups. The prevalence of spondylosis was 68.0% in tailed dogs and 76.9% in docked dogs, which was not significantly different (P = .563). Distribution of spondylosis severity did not significantly differ between tailed and docked dogs (P = .102). Logistic regression found moderate to severe spondylosis was associated with age and sex. Females were three times at greater risk than males (odds ratio 3.10, 95% confidence interval 1.060-9.08; P = .039). Risk increased 1.4 times for each additional year (odds ratio 1.43, 95% confidence interval 1.02-1.99, P = .036). Tail docking may not impact or only play a minor role in spondylosis deformans in rottweilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Ihrke
- From Integrative Pet Care of Homer Glen, Homer Glen, Illinois (A.I., K.N.); Healing Oasis Wellness Center, Sturtevant, Wisconsin (P.R.); Integrative Veterinary Rehabilitation Sports Medicine, Hanover Park, Illinois (R.L.); and Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (M.G.)
| | - Pedro Riviera
- From Integrative Pet Care of Homer Glen, Homer Glen, Illinois (A.I., K.N.); Healing Oasis Wellness Center, Sturtevant, Wisconsin (P.R.); Integrative Veterinary Rehabilitation Sports Medicine, Hanover Park, Illinois (R.L.); and Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (M.G.)
| | - Rosemary LoGuidice
- From Integrative Pet Care of Homer Glen, Homer Glen, Illinois (A.I., K.N.); Healing Oasis Wellness Center, Sturtevant, Wisconsin (P.R.); Integrative Veterinary Rehabilitation Sports Medicine, Hanover Park, Illinois (R.L.); and Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (M.G.)
| | - Michelle Guiffrida
- From Integrative Pet Care of Homer Glen, Homer Glen, Illinois (A.I., K.N.); Healing Oasis Wellness Center, Sturtevant, Wisconsin (P.R.); Integrative Veterinary Rehabilitation Sports Medicine, Hanover Park, Illinois (R.L.); and Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (M.G.)
| | - Kathleen Neforos
- From Integrative Pet Care of Homer Glen, Homer Glen, Illinois (A.I., K.N.); Healing Oasis Wellness Center, Sturtevant, Wisconsin (P.R.); Integrative Veterinary Rehabilitation Sports Medicine, Hanover Park, Illinois (R.L.); and Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California (M.G.)
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9
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Nishida H, Nakata K, Maeda S, Kamishina H. Prevalence and pattern of thoracolumbar caudal articular process anomalies and intervertebral disk herniations in pugs. J Vet Med Sci 2019; 81:906-910. [PMID: 31092761 PMCID: PMC6612495 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Thoracolumbar intervertebral disk herniation (TL-IVDH) with caudal articular process anomalies has been reported in Pugs. It currently remains unclear whether congenital caudal articular process aplasia/hypoplasia predisposes to the development of TL-IVDH. However, there are difficulties in proving the causal relationship between caudal articular process anomalies and TL-IVDH. The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of TL-IVDH at the vertebral space containing anomalous and normal caudal articular processes in Pugs. Fifty-seven pugs were eligible to be included in this study. Caudal articular process aplasia/hypoplasia affected 52/57 (91.2%) dogs. The caudal articular process anomalies were most frequently located between T10 and T13. Colocalization of caudal articular process aplasia/hypoplasia and TL-IVDH was detected in 11 dogs (19.3%). The prevalence of TL-IVDH at vertebral spaces containing abnormal caudal articular processes was 12.3%, whereas the prevalence of TL-IVDH at vertebral spaces containing normal articular processes was 2.4%. With the increase in the number of vertebrae with caudal articular process anomalies, the prevalence of TL-IVDH also increased. The results of this study suggested the prevalence of caudal articular process anomalies was high in Pugs. The caudal articular process anomalies could be associated with TL-IVDH. A large cohort is needed to prove the causal relationship between caudal articular process anomalies and TL-IVDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetaka Nishida
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Kohei Nakata
- The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Sadatoshi Maeda
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kamishina
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan.,Center for Highly Advanced Integration of Nano and Life Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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10
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Kunze K, Stein VM, Tipold A. Evaluation of the Canine Intervertebral Disc Structure in Turbo Spin Echo-T2 and Fast Field Echo-T1 Sequences in Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:68. [PMID: 30915343 PMCID: PMC6421981 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current study the hypothesis should be proven that T1 weighted Fast Field Echo (FFE) sequence is a useful method to visualize intervertebral disc degeneration, respectively changes of the expected disc appearance. Medical records of 208 dogs were reviewed and images of 781 intervertebral discs were evaluated by two blinded examiners using a modified Pfirrmann classification system in two MRI sequences: FFE and Turbo-Spin-Echo T2-weighted sequence (T2W). The patients were allocated to three categories based on body conformation: (1) brachycephalic and chondrodystrophic breeds, (2) non-chondrodystrophic and non-brachycephalic breeds with a body weight of < 25 kg, and (3) non-chondrodystrophic and non-brachycephalic breeds with a body weight greater or equal 25 kg. In brachycephalic and chondrodystrophic dogs 340 intervertebral discs were evaluated, the majority of them presented a mild change of the normal disc structure, 53% in the FFE sequence and 41% in T2W images. High discrepancies were observed between mild and moderate degeneration: in the FFE-sequence 15% (n = 50) of the discs had signs of mild degeneration, whereas in T2W the same discs were graded as moderately degenerated. In non-chondrodystrophic and non-brachycephalic breeds under 25 kg body weight 320 intervertebral discs were assessed. In the FFE-sequence 52% (n = 166) of the intervertebral discs were judged as having a mild degeneration. In contrast, these same discs were graded as healthy discs (22%), mildly degenerated (33%), moderately degenerated (37%), and severely degenerated (8%) in T2W. In non-chondrodystrophic and non-brachycephalic breeds greater or equal 25 kg 121 intervertebral discs were assessed. The grading was equal in 43%, but differed in one grade (47%) and in two grades (10%) between the two sequences. In both sequences intervertebral disc herniations were equally well-diagnosed. The Kappa coefficient revealed a high discrepancy between the two MRI-sequences. In conclusion, FFE cannot replace the well-established T2W sequence for grading disc degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrea Tipold
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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11
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Lourinho F, Trevail R, Craig A, Carrera I. Presumptive malignant nerve sheath tumour affecting the cauda equina and caudal nerves of a dog. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2018-000626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew Craig
- Southern Counties Veterinary Specialists LLPRingwoodUK
| | - Ines Carrera
- Willows Veterinary Centre and Referral CentreSolihullUK
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- A. C. E. Draper
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine; University of Minnesota; St Paul USA
| | - C. J. Finno
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine; University of Minnesota; St Paul USA
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13
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Gomes SA, Volk HA, Packer RM, Kenny PJ, Beltran E, De Decker S. CLINICAL AND MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING CHARACTERISTICS OF THORACOLUMBAR INTERVERTEBRAL DISK EXTRUSIONS AND PROTRUSIONS IN LARGE BREED DOGS. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2016; 57:417-26. [PMID: 27038182 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment recommendations differ for dogs with intervertebral disk extrusion vs. intervertebral disk protrusion. The aim of this retrospective, cross-sectional study was to determine whether clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) variables could be used to predict a diagnosis of thoracolumbar intervertebral disk extrusion or protrusion in dogs. Dogs were included if they were large breed dogs, had an MRI study of the thoracolumbar or lumbar vertebral column, had undergone spinal surgery, and had the type of intervertebral disk herniation (intervertebral disk extrusion or protrusion) clearly stated in surgical reports. A veterinary neurologist unaware of surgical findings reviewed MRI studies and recorded number, location, degree of degeneration and morphology of intervertebral disks, presence of nuclear clefts, disk space narrowing, extent, localization and lateralization of herniated disk material, degree of spinal cord compression, intraparenchymal intensity changes, spondylosis deformans, spinal cord swelling, spinal cord atrophy, vertebral endplate changes, and presence of extradural hemorrhage. Ninety-five dogs were included in the sample. Multivariable statistical models indicated that longer duration of clinical signs (P = 0.01), midline instead of lateralized disk herniation (P = 0.007), and partial instead of complete disk degeneration (P = 0.01) were associated with a diagnosis of intervertebral disk protrusion. The presence of a single intervertebral herniation (P = 0.023) and dispersed intervertebral disk material not confined to the disk space (P = 0.06) made a diagnosis of intervertebral disk extrusion more likely. Findings from this study identified one clinical and four MRI variables that could potentially facilitate differentiating intervertebral disk extrusions from protrusions in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio A Gomes
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL97TA, Hatfield, UK
| | - Holger A Volk
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL97TA, Hatfield, UK
| | - Rowena Ma Packer
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL97TA, Hatfield, UK
| | - Patrick J Kenny
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL97TA, Hatfield, UK
| | - Elsa Beltran
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL97TA, Hatfield, UK
| | - Steven De Decker
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL97TA, Hatfield, UK
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14
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Mackenzie SD, Brisson BA, Gaitero L, Caswell JL, Liao P, Sinclair M, Chalmers HJ. DISTRIBUTION AND SHORT- AND LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF INJECTED GELIFIED ETHANOL INTO THE LUMBOSACRAL INTERVERTEBRAL DISC IN HEALTHY DOGS. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2015; 57:180-90. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shawn D. Mackenzie
- Department of Clinical Studies; Ontario Veterinary College; Guelph ON N1G2W1
| | - Brigitte A. Brisson
- Department of Clinical Studies; Ontario Veterinary College; Guelph ON N1G2W1
| | - Luis Gaitero
- Department of Clinical Studies; Ontario Veterinary College; Guelph ON N1G2W1
| | - Jeff L. Caswell
- Department of Pathobiology; Ontario Veterinary College; Guelph ON N1G2W1
| | - Penting Liao
- Department of Clinical Studies; Ontario Veterinary College; Guelph ON N1G2W1
| | - Melissa Sinclair
- Department of Clinical Studies; Ontario Veterinary College; Guelph ON N1G2W1
| | - Heather J. Chalmers
- Department of Clinical Studies; Ontario Veterinary College; Guelph ON N1G2W1
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de Strobel F, Taeymans O, Rosati M, Cherubini GB. Lumbosacral intraspinal extradural ganglion cyst in a cat. JFMS Open Rep 2015; 1:2055116915604875. [PMID: 28491387 PMCID: PMC5361994 DOI: 10.1177/2055116915604875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Case summary A 16-year-old neutered female domestic shorthair cat was referred for chronic history of reluctance to jump, stiffness of the tail and lower back pain. Mild pelvic limb ataxia, reduced perianal reflex and lumbosacral discomfort were present on neurological examination. On magnetic resonance imaging, a well-defined rounded structure of 3 mm in diameter was identified on the right dorsal aspect of the epidural space at L7–S1, causing displacement of the cauda equina. The lesion was hyperintense to spinal cord parenchyma on T2-weighted images and hypointense on T1-weighted images, consistent with a fluid-filled structure. A Lumbosacral dorsal laminectomy was performed. A clear fluid-containing structure was identified between the right L7 nerve root and the cauda equina. Following surgical excision, histopathology confirmed the cystic nature of the lesion and revealed thick disorganised sheaths of fibrocollagenous tissue and flattened mesenchymal cells lining the luminal part of the cyst wall. A diagnosis of intraspinal ganglion cyst was made. The cat recovered uneventfully. Seven months after surgery euthanasia was performed for unrelated reasons; no neurological deficits were present. Relevance and novel information This is the first reported case of intraspinal ganglion cyst in a cat. Intraspinal extradural cysts should be considered among other differential diagnoses for cats with lumbosacral myelopathy/radiculopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca de Strobel
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, Dick White Veterinary Referrals Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Olivier Taeymans
- Radiology Department, Dick White Veterinary Referrals Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marco Rosati
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Faculty, Munich, Germany
| | - Giunio B Cherubini
- Neurology and Neurosurgery Department, Dick White Veterinary Referrals Centre, Cambridge, UK
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16
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Kranenburg HJC, Hazewinkel HAW, Meij BP. Naturally Occurring Spinal Hyperostosis in Dogs as a Model for Human Spinal Disorders. ILAR J 2014; 55:150-63. [DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilu012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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17
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Togni A, Kranenburg HJC, Morgan JP, Steffen F. Radiographic and MRI characteristics of lumbar disseminated idiopathic spinal hyperostosis and spondylosis deformans in dogs. J Small Anim Pract 2014; 55:343-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Togni
- Clinic for Small Animal Surgery, Surgery/Section of Neurology; Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - H. J. C. Kranenburg
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - J. P. Morgan
- Division of Diagnostic Imaging; Vetsuisse Faculty,University of Zurich; Switzerland
| | - F. Steffen
- Clinic for Small Animal Surgery, Surgery/Section of Neurology; Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
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18
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Kranenburg HC, Hazewinkel HA, Meij BP. Spinal hyperostosis in humans and companion animals. Vet Q 2013; 33:30-42. [DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2013.770181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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19
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Ortega M, Gonçalves R, Haley A, Wessmann A, Penderis J. Spondylosis deformans and diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (dish) resulting in adjacent segment disease. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2012; 53:128-34. [PMID: 22734148 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-8261.2011.01891.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Spondylosis deformans and diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) are usually incidental findings and in most dogs are either asymptomatic or associated with mild clinical signs. Severe spondylosis deformans and DISH can result in complete bony fusion of consecutive vertebral segments. One of the recognised complications following vertebral fusion in human patients is the development of adjacent segment disease, which is defined as degenerative changes, most commonly degenerative intervertebral disc disease, in the mobile vertebral segment neighboring a region of complete vertebral fusion. A similar syndrome following cervical fusion in dogs has been termed the domino effect. The purpose of this retrospective study was to investigate the hypothesis that vertebral fusion occurring secondary to spondylosis deformans or DISH in dogs would protect fused intervertebral disc spaces from undergoing degeneration, but result in adjacent segment disease at neighbouring unfused intervertebral disc spaces. Eight dogs with clinical signs of thoracolumbar myelopathy, magnetic resonance imaging of the thoracolumbar vertebral column, and spondylosis deformans or DISH producing fusion of > or = 2 consecutive intervertebral disc spaces were evaluated. Vertebral fusion of > or = 2 consecutive intervertebral disc spaces was correlated (P = 0.0017) with adjacent segment disease at the neighbouring unfused intervertebral disc space. Vertebral fusion appeared to protect fused intervertebral disc spaces from undergoing degeneration (P < 0.0001). Adjacent segment disease should be considered in dogs with severe spondylosis deformans or DISH occurring in conjunction with a thoracolumbar myelopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ortega
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
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20
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Kranenburg HJC, Voorhout G, Grinwis GC, Hazewinkel HA, Meij BP. Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) and spondylosis deformans in purebred dogs: A retrospective radiographic study. Vet J 2011; 190:e84-e90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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21
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Bergknut N, Grinwis G, Pickee E, Auriemma E, Lagerstedt AS, Hagman R, Hazewinkel HAW, Meij BP. Reliability of macroscopic grading of intervertebral disk degeneration in dogs by use of the Thompson system and comparison with low-field magnetic resonance imaging findings. Am J Vet Res 2011; 72:899-904. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.72.7.899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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23
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Radiographic and scintigraphic evaluation of spondylosis in the equine thoracolumbar spine: A retrospective study. Equine Vet J 2010; 41:800-7. [DOI: 10.2746/042516409x436592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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24
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Itoh H, Hara Y, Yoshimi N, Harada Y, Nezu Y, Yogo T, Ochi H, Hasegawa D, Orima H, Tagawa M. A retrospective study of intervertebral disc herniation in dogs in Japan: 297 cases. J Vet Med Sci 2008; 70:701-6. [PMID: 18685242 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.70.701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the epidemiological characteristics of intervertebral disc herniation (IVDH) in Japan in a large population using a retrospective study. The sample population was dogs (n=297) with IVDH in Japan. Medical records were reviewed for breed, sex, age, affected interspace and neurological severity. The dogs were comprised of 132 cases of cervical IVDH (C-IVDH) and 165 cases of thoracolumbar IVDH (TL-IVDH). In Japan, the Dachshund, Beagle and Shih Tzu tended to suffer from both C-IVDH and TL-IVDH. The Shiba Inu, a characteristic Japanese dog breed, suffered from both C-IVDH and TL-IVDH, although there was little data relating to the whole breed. Male dogs tended to suffer from C-IVDH and TL-IVDH at a rate almost twice that of females in Japan. Among the three predominant dog breeds, the Dachshund, Beagle and Shih Tzu, the Dachshund tended to suffer from both C-IVDH and TL-IVDH at an earlier age than the Beagle, and the Beagle tended to suffer from both C-IVDH and TL-IVDH earlier than the Shih Tzu. Among the three predominant breeds, the Shih Tzu, in particular, tended to suffer from both C-IVDH and TL-IVDH at multiple sites. Our data from Japan were in partial agreement with previous data from the U.S.A., and epidemiological characteristics of IVDH peculiar to Japan were also identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisanori Itoh
- Division of Veterinary Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyonancho, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, Japan.
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