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Ophthalmologic Diseases of Small Mammals. FERRETS, RABBITS, AND RODENTS 2020. [PMCID: PMC7258699 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-48435-0.00040-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ophthalmic examination of small mammals follows the same principles as in other species. Reference values for tear production and intraocular pressure are provided. Conjunctivitis and epiphora is common in rabbits. Numerous infectious organisms have been isolated from rabbits with conjunctivitis. Dental disease can be a cause for conjunctivitis in rabbits. Treatment consists of topical and oral antimicrobial agents and irrigation of the nasolacrimal system. Underlying dental disease needs to be addressed. Ulcerative keratitis, corneal dystrophy, membranous occlusion of the cornea and eosinophilic keratitis are described. Encephalitozoon cuniculi can cause phacoclastic uveitis in rabbits. A break in the anterior lens capsule exposes lens protein with subsequent anterior uveitis and cataract formation. Cataract surgery can be performed to remove the affected lens. Glaucoma is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait in rabbits. Orbital disease in rabbits may be associated with dental disease. Treatment is often difficult due to the caseous nature of the abscessed material. The most common ophthalmic diseases seen in ferrets include conjunctivitis, corneal endothelial cell degeneration, cataract formation, retinal degeneration and orbital disease. Ophthalmic diseases in guinea pigs include conjunctivitis, dermoids, cataract and osseous metaplasia of the mesectodermal trabecular meshwork. Exophthalmos may be related to dental disease in guinea pigs and chinchillas. Chromodacryorrhea is seen in rats and mice associated with inflammation of the Harderian gland. Sialodacryoadenitis virus is a highly contagious virus that may cause exophthalmos, epiphora and keratoconjunctivitis. Ammonia vapors from soiled bedding can cause keratoconjunctivitis in hamsters.
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Dettweiler A, Klopfleisch R, Müller K. Anaemia in pet rabbits: causes, severity and reticulocyte response. Vet Rec 2017; 181:656. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.104472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Dettweiler
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine; Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin, Berlin Germany
| | - Robert Klopfleisch
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Kerstin Müller
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine; Freie Universität Berlin; Berlin Germany
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Capello V. Surgical Treatment of Facial Abscesses and Facial Surgery in Pet Rabbits. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2016; 19:799-823. [PMID: 27497207 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Odontogenic facial abscesses associated with periapical infections and osteomyelitis of the jaw represent an important part of the acquired and progressive dental disease syndrome in pet rabbits. Complications such as retromasseteric and retrobulbar abscesses, extensive osteomyelitis of the mandible, and empyemas of the skull are possible sequelae. Standard and advanced diagnostic imaging should be pursued to make a detailed and proper diagnosis, and plan the most effective surgical treatment. This article reviews the surgical anatomy, the pathophysiology, and the classification of abscesses and empyemas of the mandible, the maxilla, and the skull. It also discusses surgical techniques for facial abscesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Capello
- Clinica Veterinaria S. Siro, Via Lampugnano, 99, Milano 20151, Italy; Clinica Veterinaria Gran Sasso, Via Donatello, 26, Milano 20134, Italy.
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Künzel F, Hittmair KM, Hassan J, Dupré G, Russold E, Guija de Arespachochaga A, Fuchs-Baumgartinger A, Bilek A. Thymomas in Rabbits: Clinical Evaluation, Diagnosis, and Treatment. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2012; 48:97-104. [DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-5683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Thymomas are rarely recorded in rabbits, and the literature includes comparatively few cases. Medical records were reviewed to identify all pet rabbits in which a mediastinal mass was diagnosed between Feb 2007 and Jan 2010. Signalment, history, clinical signs, diagnostic work-up (including laboratory data, diagnostic imaging, and ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of the mediastinal mass), treatment modalities, survival time, and histologic findings were evaluated. Cytologic and/or histopathologic examinations revealed thymomas in all rabbits with mediastinal masses (n=13). Rabbits with thymomas showed clinical signs of dyspnea (76.9%), exercise intolerance (53.9%), and bilateral exophthalmos (46.2%). In seven rabbits the thymoma was removed surgically. Two rabbits were treated conservatively, and four rabbits were euthanized because of their poor clinical condition. The two rabbits that underwent surgery were euthanized 6 mo and 34 mo later. Mediastinal masses in rabbits appear to be more common than previously believed and consist primarily of thymomas rather than thymic lymphomas. Cytology of samples collected by ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration is an accurate diagnostic tool for the identification of thymomas in rabbits. Due to a high rate of perioperative mortality, intensive perioperative care and the provision of a low-stress environment are recommended for a successful thoracotomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Künzel
- Clinical Department for Small Animals and Horses (F.K., K.H., J.H., G.D., E.R., A.B) and Department for Pathobiology (A.GdA., A.F-B.), University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina M. Hittmair
- Clinical Department for Small Animals and Horses (F.K., K.H., J.H., G.D., E.R., A.B) and Department for Pathobiology (A.GdA., A.F-B.), University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jasmin Hassan
- Clinical Department for Small Animals and Horses (F.K., K.H., J.H., G.D., E.R., A.B) and Department for Pathobiology (A.GdA., A.F-B.), University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gilles Dupré
- Clinical Department for Small Animals and Horses (F.K., K.H., J.H., G.D., E.R., A.B) and Department for Pathobiology (A.GdA., A.F-B.), University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elena Russold
- Clinical Department for Small Animals and Horses (F.K., K.H., J.H., G.D., E.R., A.B) and Department for Pathobiology (A.GdA., A.F-B.), University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Abigail Guija de Arespachochaga
- Clinical Department for Small Animals and Horses (F.K., K.H., J.H., G.D., E.R., A.B) and Department for Pathobiology (A.GdA., A.F-B.), University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Fuchs-Baumgartinger
- Clinical Department for Small Animals and Horses (F.K., K.H., J.H., G.D., E.R., A.B) and Department for Pathobiology (A.GdA., A.F-B.), University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Bilek
- Clinical Department for Small Animals and Horses (F.K., K.H., J.H., G.D., E.R., A.B) and Department for Pathobiology (A.GdA., A.F-B.), University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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Arzi B, Sinclair KM. Diagnostic imaging in veterinary dental practice. Periapical lesions associated with the left maxillary molar teeth and associated cellulitis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2010; 236:405-7. [PMID: 20151861 DOI: 10.2460/javma.236.4.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Boaz Arzi
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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