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de Almeida-Neto PF, Neto RB, Medeiros I, de Oliveira FCS, de Oliveira Filho AG, de Matos DG, Dantas PMS, de Araújo Tinôco Cabral BG. Relative age effect in elite Brazilian athletes in different combat sports: an observational study. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2023; 19:113-121. [PMID: 36249347 PMCID: PMC9547565 DOI: 10.1007/s11332-022-01007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background The relative age effect (RAE) suggests that, due to maturity, young athletes born in the first quartiles of the year may have advantages over those born in the last quartiles of the year. Thus, it is important to evaluate the RAE in different sports and to consider the particularities of the subdivisions of the sports categories. Objective To analyze the RAE in the top 20 of the Brazilian rankings in different combat sports. Methods Observational study that analyzed the national databases for the year 2019 (from categories U-11 to U-18) made publicly available by the Brazilian confederations of karate, taekwondo and fencing. We obtained data on date of birth, age category and body weight of all modalities, type of fencing competition weapon (Epee, Foie and Saber) and type of karate modality (kumite and kata) from the top 20 places in each ranking. The final sample consisted of 1,486 athletes (Age: 14.2 ± 2.3. Male-53.2%. Female-46.8%). To identify the RAE, we performed a contingency analysis and compared the results between the sexes within the same sport. Results There was RAE in the U-11, U-12, U-15 and U-17 fencing categories (p < 0.05), being higher in the female categories (p < 0.05). The RAE was higher for males in the Epee test, and similar between the sexes for the Saber and Foie tests. In karate, RAE occurred in categories U-14 and U-16 (p < 0.05), being higher in males (p < 0.05). The RAE was similar between the sexes in the kumite modality (p < 0.05). There was no RAE for the kata modality in karate (p > 0.05) and for the Taekwondo categories (p > 0.05). Conclusion The results showed the existence of a relative age effect in elite athletes ranked (top 20 places in each ranking) only for the sport of fencing and karate kumite. Graphical abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Francisco de Almeida-Neto
- grid.411233.60000 0000 9687 399XHealth Sciences Center, CCS-UFRN, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59012-570 Brazil ,grid.411233.60000 0000 9687 399XDepartment of Physical Education, DEF-UFRN, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Senador Salgado Filho, 3000 Campus Central, Lagoa Nova, Natal, RN 59078-970 Brazil
| | - Rui Barboza Neto
- grid.411233.60000 0000 9687 399XDepartment of Physical Education, DEF-UFRN, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Senador Salgado Filho, 3000 Campus Central, Lagoa Nova, Natal, RN 59078-970 Brazil
| | - Iago Medeiros
- grid.411233.60000 0000 9687 399XDepartment of Physical Education, DEF-UFRN, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Senador Salgado Filho, 3000 Campus Central, Lagoa Nova, Natal, RN 59078-970 Brazil
| | - Fernanda Cristina Silva de Oliveira
- grid.411233.60000 0000 9687 399XDepartment of Physical Education, DEF-UFRN, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Senador Salgado Filho, 3000 Campus Central, Lagoa Nova, Natal, RN 59078-970 Brazil
| | - Abel Gomes de Oliveira Filho
- grid.411233.60000 0000 9687 399XDepartment of Physical Education, DEF-UFRN, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Senador Salgado Filho, 3000 Campus Central, Lagoa Nova, Natal, RN 59078-970 Brazil
| | - Dihogo Gama de Matos
- grid.21613.370000 0004 1936 9609Cardiovascular and Physiology of Exercise Laboratory, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Paulo Moreira Silva Dantas
- grid.411233.60000 0000 9687 399XHealth Sciences Center, CCS-UFRN, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59012-570 Brazil ,grid.411233.60000 0000 9687 399XDepartment of Physical Education, DEF-UFRN, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Senador Salgado Filho, 3000 Campus Central, Lagoa Nova, Natal, RN 59078-970 Brazil
| | - Breno Guilherme de Araújo Tinôco Cabral
- grid.411233.60000 0000 9687 399XHealth Sciences Center, CCS-UFRN, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59012-570 Brazil ,grid.411233.60000 0000 9687 399XDepartment of Physical Education, DEF-UFRN, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Av. Senador Salgado Filho, 3000 Campus Central, Lagoa Nova, Natal, RN 59078-970 Brazil
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Apollaro G, Rodríguez YQ, Herrera-Valenzuela T, Hernández-Mendo A, Falcó C. Relative and Chronological Age in Successful Athletes at the World Taekwondo Championships (1997-2019): A Focus on the Behaviour of Multiple Medallists. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031425. [PMID: 35162444 PMCID: PMC8835237 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to investigate the relative and chronological age among taekwondo world medal winners (by gender, Olympic 4-year period, Olympic weight category; N = 740), and to study the behaviour of multiple medallists (N = 156) to monitor changes in weight categories and wins over time. The observed birth quartile distribution for the heavyweight category was significantly skewed (p = 0.01). Female athletes (22.2 ± 3.5 years) achieve success at a significantly younger age (p = 0.01) than their male counterparts (23.6 ± 3.3 years). In the weight categories, female flyweights were significantly younger than those welterweights (p = 0.03) and heavyweight (p = 0.01); female featherweights were significantly younger than those heavyweights (p = 0.03). Male flyweights and featherweights were significantly younger than those welterweights and heavyweights (p = 0.01). When a taekwondo athlete won a medal several times, he/she did so within the same Olympic weight category group and won two medals in his/her career (p = 0.01). Multiple medallists of the lighter and heavier groups did not differ in the number of medals won but in the time span in which they won medals (p = 0.02). The resources deployed by stakeholders to achieve success in these competitions highlight an extremely competitive environment. In this sense, the information provided by this study can be relevant and translated into key elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro Apollaro
- School of Sport Sciences and Exercise, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Yarisel Quiñones Rodríguez
- Department of Sports Dididactics, University of Pinar del Río Hermanos Saíz Montes de Oca, Pinar del Río 20100, Cuba;
| | - Tomás Herrera-Valenzuela
- Sciences of Physical Activity, Sports and Health School, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170022, Chile;
| | - Antonio Hernández-Mendo
- Department of Social Psychology, Social Anthropology, Social Work and Social Services, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain;
| | - Coral Falcó
- Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, 5020 Bergen, Norway
- Correspondence:
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Gil SM, Bidaurrazaga-Letona I, Larruskain J, Esain I, Irazusta J. The relative age effect in young athletes: A countywide analysis of 9-14-year-old participants in all competitive sports. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254687. [PMID: 34270609 PMCID: PMC8284647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The relative age effect (RAE) has primarily been investigated in male athletes involved in popular sports and high-level competitions. However, occurrence of RAE in other types of sports at the grassroots level, particularly in female athletes, is less well-studied. Thus, we examined the RAE in a large cohort of young athletes who participated in all competitive sports in Bizkaia, Spain, according to gender and specificity of the sport. The birth dates of 38,381 participants (65.1% males and 34.9% females) aged 9–14 years old in 37 competitive sports were analyzed. Birth dates were divided into four birth-quarters and compared to those of all children born in the same period using a χ2 goodness-of-fit test and standardized residuals. The effect size Cramer’s V was measured, and odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals were calculated to determine the odds of athletes born in January playing in the highest leagues. In the total sample, in boys RAE was evident in football, but only in higher-competition leagues (p<0.001, large effect size). In girls, RAE was evident in the most popular team sports: basketball (p<0.001, large effect size in basketball 1st league), handball and football (p<0.05, both small effect sizes). Players born in January were 3.23- and 2.89-times more likely to play in the 1st leagues than those born in December, for boys (football) and girls (basketball) respectively. In the overall analysis and in the remaining sports, presence of RAE was negligible. Therefore, the date of birth does not seem to be a constraint to participating in most sports in Bizkaia. The potential mechanisms for RAE are multifactorial and complex, yet a combination of factors, such as the popularity of a sport and the depth of competition, physicality and social influences may be involved. We discuss these mechanisms and potential measures to mitigate RAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana M. Gil
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Iraia Bidaurrazaga-Letona
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | | | - Izaro Esain
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Jon Irazusta
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
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Faria LO, Bredt SDGT, Ribeiro AI, Galatti LR, Albuquerque MR. Inequality in Brazilian basketball: the birthplace effect. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE CINEANTROPOMETRIA E DESEMPENHO HUMANO 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1980-0037.2021v23e76932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
abstract This study aimed to investigate the birthplace effect in Brazilian basketball athletes of both sexes according their states and geographical regions. Our hypothesis is that the São Paulo (SP) state is the leading player in the Southeastern region and stands out from the other regions. The birthplace of Brazilian athletes participating in the FIBA World Cup and in two national leagues were collected from open-access websites. Three hundred and fifteen athletes’ birthplaces were included. The absolute and relative frequencies of athletes’ birthplaces per state and geographical region were calculated. Chi-Square tests were used to compare the expected and the observed frequencies of birthplaces among regions and states. Odds Ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated to indicate the probability of a high-level athlete to be born in a certain region or state. The results completely confirmed our hypothesis, showing higher frequencies of athletes born in the Southeastern region, especially in the SP state. We concluded that the uneven participation in basketball in Brazil is caused by the continental dimensions of the country and the modality historical context. Concentrating basketball clubs on a single region or state (SP) leads to an underuse of the sporting potential in the country.
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Barreira J, Bueno B, Chiminazzo JGC. Relative age effect and age of peak performance: an analysis of women's football players in the Olympic games (1996-2016). MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-65742021006921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruno Bueno
- Universidade Metodista de Piracicaba, Brazil
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Detanico D, Kons RL, Fukuda DH, Teixeira AS. Physical Performance in Young Judo Athletes: Influence of Somatic Maturation, Growth, and Training Experience. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2020; 91:425-432. [PMID: 31906807 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2019.1679334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: To determine the individual contributions of chronological age, somatic maturation, body size and composition, and training experience as indicators of performance in neuromuscular and judo-specific assessments in young athletes. Methods: Sixty-six youth judo athletes performed anthropometric measurements, neuromuscular tests-standing long jump test (SLJ), medicine ball throw test (MBT), handgrip strength test (HGS), and judo-specific tests-Special Judo Fitness test (SJFT) and Judogi Grip Isometric Strength Test (JGSTISO). A multiple linear regression was used with the level of significance set at 5%. Results: The main results showed age-peak height velocity (PHV), body fat and training experience explained close to 20% of SJFT performance. Chronological age, age-PHV, height, body mass and body fat accounted for 42% of variance in JGSTISO. Chronological age, body fat and training experience explained 35% of the variance in SLJ, while chronological age, body mass and body fat explained 53% of the variance in MBT. Finally, age-PHV, body mass and height explained 54% of the variance in HGS. Conclusion: Estimated age-PHV and growth variables explained moderate to large proportions of the variance in neuromuscular tests (with exception of SLJ), while both estimated age-PHV, training and growth variables were predictors of judo-specific performance.
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Effects of Bio-Banding upon Physical and Technical Performance during Soccer Competition: A Preliminary Analysis. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7080193. [PMID: 31416230 PMCID: PMC6722793 DOI: 10.3390/sports7080193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bio-banded competition has been introduced to address the variation in physical maturity within soccer. To date, no research has investigated the effect of bio-banded competition relative to chronological competition. The current study investigated the effect of bio-banding upon physical and technical performance in elite youth soccer athletes. Twenty-five male soccer athletes (11–15 years) from an English Premier League soccer academy participated in bio-banded and chronological competition, with physical and technical performance data collected for each athlete. Athletes were between 85–90% of predicted adult stature, and sub-divided into early, on-time and late developers. For early developers, significantly more short passes, significantly less dribbles and a higher rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were evident during bio-banded competition compared to chronological competition (p < 0.05). Significantly more short passes and dribbles, and significantly fewer long passes were seen for on-time developers during bio-banded competition (p < 0.05). For late developers, significantly more tackles, and significantly fewer long passes were evident during bio-banded competition (p < 0.05). No significant differences in physical performance were identified between competition formats. Results demonstrated that bio-banded competition changed the technical demand placed upon athletes compared to chronological competition, without reducing the physical demands. Bio-banded competition can be prescribed to athletes of differing maturation groups dependent upon their specific developmental needs.
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Penna EM, Campos BT, Gonçalves GGP, Godinho GHP, Lima COV, Prado LS. Relative age effect and dropout causes in a multisport club setting. Is there a special reason to give up? MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-6574201800040011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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9
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Katsumata Y, Omuro K, Mitsukawa N, Nakata H. Characteristics of Relative Age Effects and Anthropometric Data in Japanese Recreational and Elite Male Junior Baseball Players. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2018; 4:52. [PMID: 30499026 PMCID: PMC6265376 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-018-0165-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms underlying the relative age effect (RAE), a biased distribution of birth dates, in sport events have been investigated for more than two decades. The present study investigated the characteristics of the RAE in baseball and anthropometric data (height and weight) among recreational junior baseball players as well as elite players, using data extracted from national surveys. METHODS Birth and anthropometric data were obtained from 4464 Japanese students as elementary school, junior high school, and high school players. RESULTS Significant RAEs were noted in recreational junior high school and high school players, but not in elementary school players, and the effect size became larger with increasing grade (0.063 in elementary school players, 0.151 in junior high school players, and 0.227 in high school players). We also observed a significant RAE for elite elementary, junior high, and high school players. However, the effect size of elite players became smaller with increasing grade (0.563 in elementary school players, 0.358 in junior high school players, and 0.343 in high school players). Height and weight values were significantly larger in elite elementary and junior high school players than in recreational elementary and junior high school players, but height was almost the same between recreational and elite high school players. CONCLUSION The characteristics of RAEs differed between recreational and elite junior baseball players. Anthropometric data were also different, depending on birth data, and between recreational and elite baseball players in elementary and junior high school students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Katsumata
- Faculty of Applied Bio-Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8502 Japan
| | - Kohei Omuro
- Center for Liberal Arts and Sciences, Hachinohe Institute of Technology, 88-1 Obiraki, Myo, Hachinohe, Aomori, 031-8501 Japan
| | - Naotoshi Mitsukawa
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Toyo Gakuen University, 1-26-3 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Hiroki Nakata
- Faculty of Human Life and Environment, Nara Women’s University, Kitauoya-Nishimachi, Nara, 630-8506 Japan
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Smith KL, Weir PL, Till K, Romann M, Cobley S. Relative Age Effects Across and Within Female Sport Contexts: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2018. [PMID: 29536262 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-0890-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subtle differences in chronological age within sport (bi-) annual-age groupings can contribute to immediate participation and long-term attainment discrepancies; known as the relative age effect. Voluminous studies have examined relative age effects in male sport; however, their prevalence and context-specific magnitude in female sport remain undetermined. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and magnitude of relative age effects in female sport via examination of published data spanning 1984-2016. METHODS Registered with PROSPERO (No. 42016053497) and using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis systematic search guidelines, 57 studies were identified, containing 308 independent samples across 25 sports. Distribution data were synthesised using odds ratio meta-analyses, applying an invariance random-effects model. Follow-up subgroup category analyses examined whether relative age effect magnitudes were moderated by age group, competition level, sport type, sport context and study quality. RESULTS When comparing the relatively oldest (quartile 1) vs. youngest (quartile 4) individuals across all female sport contexts, the overall pooled estimate identified a significant but small relative age effect (odds ratio = 1.25; 95% confidence interval 1.21-1.30; p = 0.01; odds ratio adjusted = 1.21). Subgroup analyses revealed the relative age effect magnitude was higher in pre-adolescent (≤ 11 years) and adolescent (12-14 years) age groups and at higher competition levels. Relative age effect magnitudes were higher in team-based and individual sport contexts associated with high physiological demands. CONCLUSION The findings highlight relative age effects are prevalent across the female sport contexts examined. Relative age effect magnitude is moderated by interactions between developmental stages, competition level and sport context demands. Modifications to sport policy, organisational and athlete development system structure, as well as practitioner intervention are recommended to prevent relative age effect-related participation and longer term attainment inequalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy L Smith
- Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Patricia L Weir
- Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
| | - Kevin Till
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Michael Romann
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen, Magglingen, Switzerland
| | - Stephen Cobley
- Exercise and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Cumberland Campus, 75 East St, Lidcombe, Sydney, NSW, 2141, Australia.
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11
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Developmental associations with muscle morphology, physical performance, and asymmetry in youth judo athletes. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-018-0460-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Nakata H. Relationship Between the Relative Age Effect and Lengths of Professional Careers in Male Japanese Baseball Players: a Retrospective Analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2017; 3:21. [PMID: 28577222 PMCID: PMC5457367 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-017-0090-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms underlying the relative age effect in sport events have been investigated for more than two decades. The present study focused on the relationship between the relative age effect and lengths of professional careers among professional male Japanese baseball players. METHODS The birth dates of players and lengths of professional careers were collected from an official publication, and data were divided into four quarters (Q1: April-June; Q2: July-September; Q3: October-December; Q4: January-March of the following year) grouped by 3 years. Based on the data for Q4, the expected numbers for the lengths of professional careers were calculated for Q1, Q2, and Q3. RESULTS The number of players with professional careers of more than 19 years was significantly smaller in Q4 than in Q1, Q2, and Q3. CONCLUSIONS The relative age effect among professional male Japanese baseball players was associated with the lengths of professional careers. Relative age appears to be a very important factor for the development of expertise among male Japanese baseball players and involves long-term disadvantages after becoming professional players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Nakata
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Human Life and Environment, Nara Women's University, Kitauoya-Nishi Machi, Nara city, 630-8506, Japan.
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Nakata H, Akido M, Naruse K, Fujiwara M. Relative Age Effect in Physical Fitness Among Elementary and Junior High School Students. Percept Mot Skills 2017; 124:900-911. [PMID: 28756733 DOI: 10.1177/0031512517722284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated characteristics of the relative age effect (RAE) among a general sample of Japanese elementary and junior high school students. Japan applies a unique annual age-grouping by birthdates between April 1 and March 31 of the following year for sport and education. Anthropometric and physical fitness data were obtained from 3,610 Japanese students, including height, weight, the 50-m sprint, standing long jump, grip strength, bent-leg sit-ups, sit and reach, side steps, 20-m shuttle run, and ball throw. We examined RAE-related differences in these data using a one-way analysis of variance by comparing students with birthdates in the first (April-September) versus second (October-March of the following year) semesters. We observed a significant RAE for boys aged 7 to 15 years on both anthropometric and fitness data, but a significant RAE for girls was only evident for physical fitness tests among elementary school and not junior high school students. Thus, a significant RAE in anthropometry and physical fitness was evident in a general sample of school children, and there were RAE gender differences among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Nakata
- 1 Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Human Life and Environment, Nara Women's University, Nara, Japan
| | - Miki Akido
- 2 Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Nara Women's University, Nara, Japan
| | - Kumi Naruse
- 1 Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Human Life and Environment, Nara Women's University, Nara, Japan
| | - Motoko Fujiwara
- 1 Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Human Life and Environment, Nara Women's University, Nara, Japan
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Breznik K, Law KMY. Relative Age Effect in Mind Games: The Evidence from Elite Chess. Percept Mot Skills 2017; 122:583-94. [PMID: 27166336 DOI: 10.1177/0031512516640957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have attempted to investigate the factors affecting superior intellectual performance, and it has been proposed that a possible biological marker for superior intellectual performance is the month of birth. In this study, birth details of chess players were obtained from the official international chess federation website. The rating lists of top junior female chess players ("Girls" category), top junior male chess players ("Boys"), top female chess players ("Female"), and top male chess players ("Male") were collected between July 2000 and August 2015. The birth months of each player that appeared in the top rating list were categorized into quarters. Additionally, relative age of chess players was calculated. Results supported the existence of the relative age effect in chess in all categories although a "reverse" RAE was found in the "Male" category.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristijan Breznik
- International School for Social and Business Studies, Celje, Slovenia
| | - Kris M Y Law
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
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Cumming SP, Brown DJ, Mitchell S, Bunce J, Hunt D, Hedges C, Crane G, Gross A, Scott S, Franklin E, Breakspear D, Dennison L, White P, Cain A, Eisenmann JC, Malina RM. Premier League academy soccer players' experiences of competing in a tournament bio-banded for biological maturation. J Sports Sci 2017. [PMID: 28628369 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1340656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Individual differences in the growth and maturation have been shown to impact player performance and development in youth soccer. This study investigated Premier League academy players' experiences of participating in a tournament bio-banded for biological maturation. Players (N = 66) from four professional soccer clubs aged 11 and 14 years and between 85-90% of adult stature participated in a tournament. Players competed in three 11 vs 11 games on a full size pitch with 25-min halves. Sixteen players participated in four 15-min focus groups and were asked to describe their experiences of participating in the bio-banded tournament in comparison to age group competition. All players described their experience as positive and recommended the Premier League integrate bio-banding into the existing games programme. In comparison to age-group competitions, early maturing players described the bio-banded games more physically challenging, and found that they had to adapt their style of play placing a greater emphasis on technique and tactics. Late maturing players considered the games to be less physically challenging, yet appreciated the having more opportunity to use, develop and demonstrate their technical, physical, and psychological competencies. Bio-banding strategies appear to contribute positively towards the holistic development of young soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P Cumming
- a Department for Health , University of Bath , Bath , UK
| | - Daniel J Brown
- a Department for Health , University of Bath , Bath , UK
| | | | | | - Dan Hunt
- c British Ski and Snowboard , London , UK
| | | | | | - Aleks Gross
- e Southampton Football Club , Southampton , UK
| | - Sam Scott
- e Southampton Football Club , Southampton , UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Joey C Eisenmann
- i Department of Radiology , Michigan State University , East Lansing , MI , USA
| | - Robert M Malina
- j Department of Kinesiology and Health Education , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , TX , USA.,k Department of Kinesiology , Tarleton State University , Stephenville , TX , USA
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Cumming SP, Lloyd RS, Oliver JL, Eisenmann JC, Malina RM. Bio-banding in Sport: Applications to Competition, Talent Identification, and Strength and Conditioning of Youth Athletes. Strength Cond J 2017. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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17
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Relative age effects despite weight categories in elite junior male wrestlers. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-017-0351-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Do weight categories prevent athletes from the relative age effect? a meta-analysis of combat sports. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-016-0282-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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