1
|
Correia JP, Vaz JR, Domingos C, Freitas SR. From thinking fast to moving fast: motor control of fast limb movements in healthy individuals. Rev Neurosci 2022; 33:919-950. [PMID: 35675832 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2021-0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The ability to produce high movement speeds is a crucial factor in human motor performance, from the skilled athlete to someone avoiding a fall. Despite this relevance, there remains a lack of both an integrative brain-to-behavior analysis of these movements and applied studies linking the known dependence on open-loop, central control mechanisms of these movements to their real-world implications, whether in the sports, performance arts, or occupational setting. In this review, we cover factors associated with the planning and performance of fast limb movements, from the generation of the motor command in the brain to the observed motor output. At each level (supraspinal, peripheral, and motor output), the influencing factors are presented and the changes brought by training and fatigue are discussed. The existing evidence of more applied studies relevant to practical aspects of human performance is also discussed. Inconsistencies in the existing literature both in the definitions and findings are highlighted, along with suggestions for further studies on the topic of fast limb movement control. The current heterogeneity in what is considered a fast movement and in experimental protocols makes it difficult to compare findings in the existing literature. We identified the role of the cerebellum in movement prediction and of surround inhibition in motor slowing, as well as the effects of fatigue and training on central motor control, as possible avenues for further research, especially in performance-driven populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Pedro Correia
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1495-751, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal.,Laboratório de Função Neuromuscular, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1495-751, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
| | - João R Vaz
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1495-751, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal.,Laboratório de Função Neuromuscular, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1495-751, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Christophe Domingos
- CIEQV, Escola Superior de Desporto de Rio Maior, Instituto Politécnico de Santarém, Av. Dr. Mário Soares nº 110, 2040-413, Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Sandro R Freitas
- Laboratório de Função Neuromuscular, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1495-751, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ralston SH, Taylor JP. Rare Inherited forms of Paget's Disease and Related Syndromes. Calcif Tissue Int 2019; 104:501-516. [PMID: 30756140 PMCID: PMC6779132 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-019-00520-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Several rare inherited disorders have been described that show phenotypic overlap with Paget's disease of bone (PDB) and in which PDB is a component of a multisystem disorder affecting muscle and the central nervous system. These conditions are the subject of this review article. Insertion mutations within exon 1 of the TNFRSF11A gene, encoding the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B (RANK), cause severe PDB-like disorders including familial expansile osteolysis, early-onset familial PDB and expansile skeletal hyperphosphatasia. The mutations interfere with normal processing of RANK and cause osteoclast activation through activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) independent of RANK ligand stimulation. Recessive, loss-of-function mutations in the TNFRSF11B gene, which encodes osteoprotegerin, cause juvenile PDB and here the bone disease is due to unopposed activation of RANK by RANKL. Multisystem proteinopathy is a disorder characterised by myopathy and neurodegeneration in which PDB is often an integral component. It may be caused by mutations in several genes including VCP, HNRNPA1, HNRNPA2B1, SQSTM1, MATR3, and TIA1, some of which are involved in classical PDB. The mechanisms of osteoclast activation in these conditions are less clear but may involve NFκB activation through sequestration of IκB. The evidence base for management of these disorders is somewhat limited due to the fact they are extremely rare. Bisphosphonates have been successfully used to gain control of elevated bone remodelling but as yet, no effective treatment exists for the treatment of the muscle and neurological manifestations of MSP syndromes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart H Ralston
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK.
| | - J Paul Taylor
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St Jude's Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
The authors investigated the control strategy for changing movement direction during arm movements by analyzing the changes in a triphasic electromyographic pattern. Subjects performed a 40° flexion (basic) and a 40° flexion-extension to return to the start position (return) under two conditions: performing a predetermined task (SF) and performing each task in response to a signal (ST). The results revealed the agonist burst for the return task under the ST condition resembled that of the basic task under the SF condition, and the antagonist burst increased after presenting the modification signal. In conclusion, the strategy for quick change of movement direction was to increase the antagonist burst by an additional command from the central nervous system without cancelling the planned movement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Takatoku
- a Department of Human Sciences , Nara Women's University , Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|