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Rachubińska K, Cybulska AM, Szylińska A, Kupcewicz E, Ćwiek D, Walaszek I, Grochans E. Psychosocial Functioning of Individuals at Risk of Developing Compulsive Buying Disorder. J Clin Med 2024; 13:1339. [PMID: 38592171 PMCID: PMC10931809 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13051339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: This study aimed to establish the connection between depressiveness, workaholism, eating disorders, and personality traits, according to the five-point model called the Big Five, in women with a risk of compulsive buying disorder. (2) Methods: The study was conducted on 556 Polish women from the West Pomeranian Voivodeship. The study employed the diagnostic survey method using a questionnaire technique including Personality Inventory NEO-FFI, the Buying Behaviour Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory I-II, the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire, and a self-questionnaire. (3) Results: The analysis revealed the risk of compulsive buying being accompanied by a higher median score for depressiveness, neuroticism, Cognitive Restraint of Eating, Uncontrolled Eating, and a risk of workaholism. A lower score in the respondents in the compulsive buying risk group was observed in an assessment of agreeableness and conscientiousness. Work addiction was exhibited by 26% of people with compulsive buying disorder vs. 12% of people without it. (4) Conclusion: This study found that a high risk of compulsive buying disorder is accompanied by a high risk of moderate depressiveness, neuroticism, Cognitive Restraint of Eating, Uncontrolled Eating, and workaholism. It also confirmed the view that compulsive buying is a behavioural addiction which is a consequence of ineffective coping and being dissatisfied with one's social life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Rachubińska
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University, Żołnierska 48, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland; (K.R.); (I.W.); (E.G.)
| | - Anna Maria Cybulska
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University, Żołnierska 48, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland; (K.R.); (I.W.); (E.G.)
| | - Aleksandra Szylińska
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Ewa Kupcewicz
- Department of Nursing, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Dorota Ćwiek
- Department of Obstetrics and Pathology of Pregnancy, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, ul. Żołnierska 48, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Ireneusz Walaszek
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University, Żołnierska 48, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland; (K.R.); (I.W.); (E.G.)
| | - Elżbieta Grochans
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University, Żołnierska 48, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland; (K.R.); (I.W.); (E.G.)
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Rachubińska K, Cybulska AM, Kupcewicz E, Panczyk M, Grochans S, Walaszek I, Grochans E. Personality traits and the degree of work addiction among Polish women: the mediating role of depressiveness. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1305734. [PMID: 38179568 PMCID: PMC10765541 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1305734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives Workaholism is an addiction, however the obsessive-compulsive components alone may prove insufficient in determining its nature. The aim of the following study was to determine the mediating role of depressiveness in the relationships between workaholism and personality traits according to the five-factor model among Polish women. Methods The research study was carried out among 556 women residing in the West Pomerania Voivodeship in Poland. The research was based on a survey performed using a questionnaire technique. The following research instruments adapted to Polish conditions were employed to assess the incidence of work addiction among female adults: The NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI), The Work Addiction Risk Test (WART) Questionnaire, and The Beck Depression Inventory-BDI I-II. Results A positive correlation between the intensity of neuroticism and the work addiction risk was revealed (β = 0.204, p < 0.001). A partial mediation (35%) with the severity of depression symptoms as a mediating factor was observed (β = 0.110, p < 0.001). Respondents characterized by high neuroticism showed a greater severity of the symptoms of depression (β = 0.482, p < 0.001), which is a factor increasing the work addiction risk (β = 0.228, p < 0.001). No effect of extraversion intensity on the work addiction risk was found (β = 0.068, p = 0.081). Respondents characterized by a high level of extraversion displayed lower severity of the symptoms of depression (β = -0.274, p < 0.001). A negative correlation between the intensity of agreeableness and the work addiction risk was revealed (β = -0.147, p < 0.001). A partial mediation (27.8%) was observed. A positive correlation between the intensity of conscientiousness and the work addiction risk was revealed (β = 0.082, p = 0.047). Respondents characterized by a high level of conscientiousness showed a lower severity of depression symptoms (β = -0.211, p < 0.001). Conclusion Depressiveness plays the role of a mediator between neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness as well as conscientiousness, and work addiction. Depressiveness is a factor which increases the risk of work addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Rachubińska
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Anna Maria Cybulska
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ewa Kupcewicz
- Department of Nursing, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Mariusz Panczyk
- Department of Education and Research in Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Szymon Grochans
- Department of Pediatric and Oncological, Urology and Hand Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ireneusz Walaszek
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Grochans
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
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Gonçalves L, Meneses J, Sil S, Silva T, Moreira AC. Workaholism Scales: Some Challenges Ahead. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:529. [PMID: 37503976 PMCID: PMC10375952 DOI: 10.3390/bs13070529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Although extensively used in the academic literature, workaholism as a concept has been explained in different ways, which has influenced the development and use of some measurement tools. As such, this article aims to address the subject through a systematic study review focusing on articles where the main objective was to develop, adapt, or analyze the psychometric properties of a workaholism scale. The main purpose is to describe the state of the art concerning workaholism measurement tools, highlighting trends and research perspectives for further research. In essence, this study may serve as a summary and starting point for scholars interested in measuring workaholism. It was observed that the discrepancy concerning the definition of workaholism has resulted in scales that attempt to evaluate diverging conceptualizations. Moreover, each scale has been readapted when tested in different countries. For further investigations, it is important to converge the concept of workaholism and validate the scales across differing contexts, regarding the industry, culture, and country of the sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Gonçalves
- DEGEIT-Department of Economics, Management, Industrial Engineering and Tourism, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jéssica Meneses
- DEGEIT-Department of Economics, Management, Industrial Engineering and Tourism, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Simão Sil
- DEGEIT-Department of Economics, Management, Industrial Engineering and Tourism, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Tatiana Silva
- DEGEIT-Department of Economics, Management, Industrial Engineering and Tourism, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - António C Moreira
- DEGEIT-Department of Economics, Management, Industrial Engineering and Tourism, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- INESCTEC-Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, Campus da Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- NECE-UBI-Research Center for Business Sciences, Universidade da Beira Interior, 6200-209 Covilhã, Portugal
- GOVCOPP-Research Unit on Governance, Competitiveness and Public Policies, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Loneliness and the Degree of Addiction to Shopping and Work among Polish Women: The Mediating Role of Depression. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11216288. [PMID: 36362516 PMCID: PMC9654372 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11216288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) The aim of the research was to try to define the mediating role of depression in the relationship between addiction to shopping and work and loneliness, understood in terms of general loneliness among Polish women. (2) The study was conducted among 556 women. The research was carried out with the use of the diagnostic survey method, using the questionnaire technique: the De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale, the Purchasing Behavior Scale, the Work Addiction Risk Test, Beck Depression Inventory, and our own questionnaire. (3) Depression is a mediator in the relationship between the feeling of loneliness and the degree of addiction to shopping (β = −0.0246, z = −2.03, p = 0.043) and in the relationship between the feeling of loneliness and the degree of addiction to work (β = −0.0722, z = −4.002, p < 0.001). The direct impact of the feeling of loneliness on the degree of addiction to shopping (p = 0.237) and work (p = 0.576) is statistically insignificant. (4) Depression plays the role of a mediator between the feeling of loneliness and the degree of addiction to shopping and work. An increase in the level of depression increases the degree of addiction to shopping and work. The mediator’s participation lowers the loneliness feeling level.
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Psychometric Properties of Heavy Work Investment Measures: A Systematic Review. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su132212539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the study of heavy work investment (HWI) has been diversifying greatly in the various fields of application in the organizational field, for example, occupational health, human resources, quality at work among others. However, to date, no systematic review has been carried out to examine the methodological quality of the instruments designed to measure HWI. Therefore, the present systematic review examines the psychometric properties of three main measures of HWI: Workaholism Battery (WorkBAT), Work Addiction Risk Test (WART), and Dutch Work Addiction Scale (DUWAS). Five electronic databases were systematically searched, selecting psychometric articles. Of the 2621 articles identified, 35 articles met all inclusion criteria published between 1992 and 2019. The findings indicated that most of the articles were focused on reviewing psychometric properties, analyses were conducted from classical test theory, collected validity evidence based on internal structure and relationship with other variables, and reliability of scores was obtained through the internal consistency method. Of the instruments reviewed, the DUWAS is the one with the highest methodological quality. Recommendations are made for future research to address the psychometric study of these instruments based on recent advances in the field of organizational measurement.
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Dutheil F, Chaplais E, Vilmant A, Lanoir D, Courteix D, Duche P, Abergel A, Pfabigan DM, Han S, Mondillon L, Vallet GT, Mermillod M, Boudet G, Obert P, Izem O, Boirie Y, Pereira B, Lesage FX. Effects of a short residential thermal spa program to prevent work-related stress/burnout on stress biomarkers: the ThermStress proof of concept study. J Int Med Res 2019; 47:5130-5145. [PMID: 31510825 PMCID: PMC6833408 DOI: 10.1177/0300060519859119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Work-related stress is a public health issue. Stress has multiple physical and psychological consequences, the most serious of which are increased mortality and cardiovascular morbidity. The ThermStress protocol was designed to offer a short residential thermal spa program for work-related stress prevention that is compatible with a professional context. Methods Participants will be 56 male and female workers aged 18 years or above. All participants will undergo a 6-day residential spa program comprising psychological intervention, physical activity, thermal spa treatment, health education, eating disorder therapy and a follow-up. On six occasions, participants’ heart rate variability, cardiac remodelling and function, electrodermal activity, blood markers, anthropometry and body composition, psychology and quality of life will be measured using questionnaires and bone parameters. Results This study protocol reports the planned and ongoing research for this intervention. Discussion The ThermStress protocol has been approved by an institutional ethics committee (ANSM: 2016 A02082 49). It is expected that this proof of concept study will highlight the effect of a short-term specific residential thermal spa program on the prevention of occupational burnout and work-related stress. The findings will be disseminated at several research conferences and in published articles in peer-reviewed journals. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT 03536624, 24/05/2018)
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Dutheil
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LaPSCo, Physiological and Psychosocial Stress, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Preventive and Occupational Medicine, WittyFit, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Australian Catholic University, Faculty of Health, School of Exercise Science, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elodie Chaplais
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P - EA 3533), Clermont-Ferrand, France.,University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clinical research and Innovation Department (DRCI), Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Australian Catholic University, Faculty of Health Science, School of Exercise Science, Strathfield, NSW, Australia
| | - Audrey Vilmant
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LaPSCo, Physiological and Psychosocial Stress, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Preventive and Occupational Medicine, WittyFit, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Denise Lanoir
- The EIPAS association (Espace Investigation Prévention Accompagnement du Stress), Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Daniel Courteix
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P - EA 3533), Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Australian Catholic University, Faculty of Health Science, School of Exercise Science, Strathfield, NSW, Australia
| | - Pascale Duche
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P - EA 3533), Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Armand Abergel
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, UMR 6284, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Hepatology Gastroenterology, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Daniela M Pfabigan
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shihui Han
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Laurie Mondillon
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LaPSCo, Physiological and Psychosocial Stress, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Guillaume T Vallet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LaPSCo, Physiological and Psychosocial Stress, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - Gil Boudet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LaPSCo, Physiological and Psychosocial Stress, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Preventive and Occupational Medicine, WittyFit, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Philippe Obert
- Australian Catholic University, Faculty of Health, School of Exercise Science, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Omar Izem
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Yves Boirie
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pharm-ecology (LaPEC EA4278), Avignon University, Avignon, France
| | - Bruno Pereira
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, CRNH, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Unit of Human Nutrition, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - François-Xavier Lesage
- University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Clinical research and Innovation Department (DRCI), Biostatistics Unit, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Ravoux H, Pereira B, Brousse G, Dewavrin S, Cornet T, Mermillod M, Mondillon L, Vallet G, Moustafa F, Dutheil F. Work Addiction Test Questionnaire to Assess Workaholism: Validation of French Version. JMIR Ment Health 2018; 5:e12. [PMID: 29439945 PMCID: PMC5829463 DOI: 10.2196/mental.8215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Work addiction is a significant public health problem with a growing prevalence. The Work Addiction Risk Test (WART) is the gold standard questionnaire to detect workaholism. OBJECTIVE The main objective of this study was to validate the French version of the WART. METHODS Questionnaires were proposed to voluntary French workers using the WittyFit software. There were no exclusion criteria. The questionnaire was administered anonymously for initial validity testing and readministered one week later for test-retest reliability. We also assessed the workers' sociodemographic characteristics, as well as other measurements for external validity, such as stress, well-being, and coaddictions to tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis. Several psychometric properties of the French-WART were explored: acceptability, reliability (internal consistency [Cronbach alpha coefficient] and reproducibility [Lin concordance coefficient]), construct validity (correlation coefficients and principal component analysis), and external validity (correlation coefficients). RESULTS Among the 1580 workers using WittyFit, 187 (11.83%) agreed to complete the WART questionnaire. Of those, 128 completed the test-retest survey (68.4%). Acceptability found that all respondents had fully completed the questionnaire, with few floor or ceiling effects. Reliability was very good with a Cronbach alpha coefficient at .90 (internal consistency) and Lin concordance coefficient at .90 (95% CI .87-.94] with a difference on the retest of .04 (SD 4.9) (95% CI -9.6 to 9.7) (reproducibility). We identified three main dimensions (construct validity). Relationships between WART and stress and well-being confirmed its external validity. CONCLUSIONS The French version of the WART is a valid and reliable instrument to assess work addiction with satisfactory psychometric properties. Used in occupational medicine, this tool would allow the diagnosis of work addiction and can be easily implemented in current practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hortense Ravoux
- Service Santé Travail Environnement, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Équipe Stress physiologique et psychosocial, Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive, Université Clermont Auvergne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bruno Pereira
- Service de Biostatistique, Direction de la Recherche Clinique et de l'Innovation, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Georges Brousse
- Service Addictologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Neuro-Psycho-pharmacologie des systèmes dopaminergiques sous-corticaux, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | | | - Martial Mermillod
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et NeuroCognition, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Laurie Mondillon
- Équipe Stress physiologique et psychosocial, Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive, Université Clermont Auvergne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Guillaume Vallet
- Équipe Stress physiologique et psychosocial, Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive, Université Clermont Auvergne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Farès Moustafa
- Service des Urgences, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Frédéric Dutheil
- Service Santé Travail Environnement, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Équipe Stress physiologique et psychosocial, Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive, Université Clermont Auvergne, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Faculty of Health, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Abolghasemi A, Sadeghi H, Kiamarsi A, Abbasi M. Role of behavioral addictions in predicting reactivity in bipolar mood disorder patients. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HIGH RISK BEHAVIORS & ADDICTION 2014; 3:e13909. [PMID: 24971298 PMCID: PMC4070189 DOI: 10.5812/ijhrba.13909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Behavioral addictions (BAs) can be understood as disorders characterized by repetitive occurrence of reactivity and uncontrolled behaviors. Very few studies have investigated their association with bipolar mood disorders. Objectives: The present study aimed to determine the role of behavioral addictions in predicting interpersonal behavioral addictions in bipolar mood disorder patients. Materials and Methods: This study had a cross-sectional correlation design. The statistical population was composed of all outpatients with bipolar mood disorders referring to clinical centers in Ardabil. The sample included 60 bipolar mood patients selected from patients referring to clinical centers using the available sampling method. A researcher-made behavioral addiction checklist, Interpersonal Behavioral Addictions Index, and exercise, sexual, and work addiction questionnaires, were used for data collection. The data were analyzed with a Pearson’s correlation coefficient and multivariate regression analysis. Results: The results showed a significant negative relationship between behavioral addictions and interpersonal behavioral addictions (P ≥ 0.01). Multivariate regression analysis results also showed that behavioral addictions are significant and can explain 61% of the variance of interpersonal behavioral addictions in bipolar mood patients. Conclusions: These results suggest that addictive behaviors can affect behavioral addictions in bipolar mood patients. Behavioral addictions lead to negative emotional regulation strategies and result in increased behavioral addictions in these patients. People with high levels of arousal or those who cannot control their behavioral addictions are probably more prone to addictive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Abolghasemi
- Department of Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, IR Iran
- Corresponding authors: Abbas Abolghasemi, Department of Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, IR Iran. Tel/Fax: +98-4515510132, E-mail: ; Hasan Sadeghi, Young Researchers Club and Elites, Islamic Azad University Branch Science and Research of Ardabil, Ardabil, IR Iran. Tel/Fax: +98-4515510132, E-mail:
| | - Hasan Sadeghi
- Young Researchers Club and Elites, Islamic Azad University Branch Science and Research of Ardabil, Ardabil, IR Iran
- Corresponding authors: Abbas Abolghasemi, Department of Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, IR Iran. Tel/Fax: +98-4515510132, E-mail: ; Hasan Sadeghi, Young Researchers Club and Elites, Islamic Azad University Branch Science and Research of Ardabil, Ardabil, IR Iran. Tel/Fax: +98-4515510132, E-mail:
| | - Azar Kiamarsi
- Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University Branch Science and Research of Ardabil, Ardabil, IR Iran
| | - Moslem Abbasi
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, Salman Farsi University of Kazerun, Kazerun, IR Iran
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Abstract
Purpose
– Although the concept of workaholism has existed in the academic literature for decades, exploration of its measurements seems to lag behind. The purpose of this study is to present an investigation of the three most commonly used workaholism measures; the Workaholism Battery (WorkBAT), the Work Addiction Risk Test (WART) and the Dutch Work Addiction Scale (DUWAS) in terms of their cross-validation, their temporal stability and their factor structure.
Design/methodology/approach
– The three measures were administered to 661 cross-occupational Norwegian workers. A total of 368 of these completed the same measures 24-30 months later.
Findings
– The cross-validation showed that the correlations between the scores of the different instruments were too low to conclude that they measure the same construct. The 24-30 month test-retest reliability coefficients for the measures revealed that the scores were quite stable over time. None of the previously suggested factor solutions for the three measures had a good fit with the data. Explorative factor analyses supported a four-factor solution for the WorkBAT and for the WART. A two-factor solution for the DUWAS was found.
Research limitations/implications
– All the data are based on self-report, which might bias the results.
Practical implications
– Different workaholism measures cannot be used interchangeably.
Originality/value
– This is the first study that cross-validates the three most used workaholism measures and which investigates the reliability of these instruments over a long-term period (24-30 months).
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Wojdylo K, Baumann N, Buczny J, Owens G, Kuhl J. Work Craving: A Conceptualization and Measurement. BASIC AND APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2013.840631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jacek Buczny
- c University of Social Sciences and Humanities at Sopot
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12
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ANDREASSEN CECILIESCHOU, GRIFFITHS MARKD, HETLAND JØRN, PALLESEN STÅLE. Development of a work addiction scale. Scand J Psychol 2012; 53:265-72. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9450.2012.00947.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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13
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Robinson BE. The Psychosocial and Familial Dimensions of Work Addiction: Preliminary Perspectives and Hypotheses. JOURNAL OF COUNSELING AND DEVELOPMENT 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/j.1556-6676.1996.tb01891.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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15
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Abstract
Our study aims to assess the prevalence of behavioural addictions in an adolescent population, evaluating the effects of gender and age, and to assess the correlations among different behavioural addictions. 2853 high school students were assessed in order to evaluate the prevalence of behavioural addictions such as Pathological Gambling (PG), Compulsive Buying (CB), Exercise Addiction (EA), Internet Addiction (IA), and Work Addiction (WA), in a population of Italian adolescents. The South Oaks Gambling Screen-Revised Adolescent (SOGS-RA), the Compulsive Buying Scale (CBS), the Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI), the Internet Addiction Test (IAT), and the Work Addiction Risk Test (WART), were compiled anonymously by the students. Overall prevalence was 7.0% for PG, 11.3% for CB, 1.2% for IA, 7.6% for WA, 8.5% for EA. PG and EA were more common among boys, while gender had no effect on the other conditions. CB was more common among younger (<18 years old) students. The scores of all of these scales were significantly correlated. The strong correlation among different addictive behaviours is in line with the hypothesis of a common psychopathological dimension underlying these phenomena. Further studies are needed to assess personality traits and other clinical disorders associated with these problems behaviours.
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Martinotti G, Villella C, Di Thiene D, Di Nicola M, Bria P, Conte G, Cassano M, Petruccelli F, Corvasce N, Janiri L, La Torre G. Problematic mobile phone use in adolescence: a cross-sectional study. J Public Health (Oxf) 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10389-011-0422-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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Di Nicola M, Tedeschi D, Mazza M, Martinotti G, Harnic D, Catalano V, Bruschi A, Pozzi G, Bria P, Janiri L. Behavioural addictions in bipolar disorder patients: role of impulsivity and personality dimensions. J Affect Disord 2010; 125:82-8. [PMID: 20083309 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2009.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Revised: 12/19/2009] [Accepted: 12/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Behavioural addictions (BAs) can be understood as disorders characterized by repetitive occurrence of impulsive and uncontrolled behaviours. Very few studies have investigated their association with mood disorders. The present study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of the main behavioural addictions in a sample of bipolar outpatients in euthymic phase or stabilised by medications and to investigate the role of impulsivity and temperamental and character dimensions. METHODS One-hundred-fifty-eight Bipolar Disorder (BD) (DSM-IV) outpatients were assessed with tests designed to screen the main behavioural addictions: pathological gambling (SOGS), compulsive shopping (CBS), sexual (SAST), Internet (IAD), work (WART) and physical exercise (EAI) addictions. TCI-R and BIS-11 were administered to investigate impulsivity and personality dimensions mainly associated with BAs. The clinical sample has been compared with 200 matched healthy control subjects. RESULTS In bipolar patients, 33% presented at least one BA respect to the 13% of controls. Significantly higher scores at the scales for pathological gambling (p<.001), compulsive buying (p<.05), sexual (p<.001) and work addictions (p<.05) have been found. Self-Directness (p=.007) and Cooperativeness (p=.014) scores were significantly lower while impulsivity level was significantly higher (p=.007) in bipolar patients with BA than those without BA. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first study investigating the prevalence of behavioural addictions in BD showing a significant association of these disorders. BAs are more frequent in bipolar patients than in healthy controls and are related to higher impulsivity levels and character immaturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Di Nicola
- Institute of Psychiatry, Bipolar Disorder Unit, Catholic University Medical School, Rome, Italy.
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Quetiapine as add-on treatment for bipolar I disorder with comorbid compulsive buying and physical exercise addiction. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2010; 34:713-4. [PMID: 20298734 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Revised: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Huang JC, Hu C, Wu TC. Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the workaholism battery. THE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2010; 144:163-83. [PMID: 20307021 DOI: 10.1080/00223980903472219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors designed the current study to examine the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the workaholism battery (J. T. Spence & A. S. Robbins, 1992). Using the back-translation strategy recommended by R. Brislin (1980), the authors translated the original scale developed by Spence and Robbins. Factor analyses of responses from 1,235 full-time workers in Taiwan revealed a 5-factor solution. The reliability coefficients of the factors ranged from .58 to .88. Significant correlations between the 5 factors, the work-addiction risk test, career commitment, and job involvement provided evidence for convergent validity. Significant correlations between the 5 factors and criterion variables (emotional exhaustion, job satisfaction, and hours worked per week) provided evidence of concurrent criterion validity. Overall, the findings suggest that the Taiwanese workers conceptualize workaholism as 5 dimensions rather than the 2 or 3 dimensions that previous empirical studies (A. Kanai, M. Wakabayashi, & S. Fling, 1996; L. H. W. McMillan, E. C. Brady, M. P. Driscoll, & N. V. Marsh, 2002; J. T. Spence & A. S. Robbins, 1992) have suggested. The authors discussed implications and limitations of their findings.
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Elowe J. [Workaholism: between illusion and addiction]. Encephale 2010; 36:285-93. [PMID: 20850599 DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2009.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2009] [Accepted: 10/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Workaholism surfaced some years ago as a veritable addiction in the wide sense of the term, dependence. It differs from other sorts of dependence in that it is very often viewed in a positive perspective in the sense that it conveys to the person concerned the illusion of well-being, as well as a motivation and dedication in their professional activity. During the past 30 years, several authors have attempted to define this concept and to determine its characteristics. Robinson believes that workaholics have an approach to life whereby their work feeds on time, energy and physical activity. This provokes consequences that affect their physical health and interpersonal relationships. They have a tendency to live in the future rather than in the present. For Scott, Moore and Micelli , the compulsion for work is not necessarily viewed as being detrimental to one's health. Spence and Robbins highlight the notion of the pleasure experienced at work in their theoretical approach. The prevalence of the dependence on work is estimated at between 27 and 30% in the general population. It is correlated to the number of hours of work per week and tends to be higher as annual revenue increases. The sex ratio is 1, and the parents of children 5 to 18 years of age are the most susceptible to considering themselves workaholics. The physical and psychological consequences of professional exhaustion are characterized primarily by the decrease in self-esteem, symptoms of fatigue, anxiety, depression, irritability and the manifestation of physical problems including cardiovascular ailments, as evidenced by hypertension, as well as heart and kidney complications. All the theoretical point of views, from the psychoanalytical models to the contemporary models, highlight self esteem as being the centerpiece of the question regarding the problem of workaholism. In fact, the narcissism articulated from the sociological evolution of our western way of life permits us to delineate the psychic identity of the individual better, and therefore, to understand this reconstructive attempt of one's self better. In characterizing the personality traits of workaholic individuals, the doctor/therapist is required to deal with this new form of dependence as early as possible, in order to anticipate and avert the numerous personal, professional, social, relational and sanitary complications. Faced with this large prevalence of dependence on work, it seems important to us to look for a symptomatology that would emanate a signal of workaholism so as to envisage and propose to workaholic patients a specific course of action that would be adapted to their needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Elowe
- Clinique Psychiatrique, Pôle de Psychiatrie et de Santé Mentale, Psychiatrie I, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 1 place de l'Hôpital, BP 426, 67091 Strasbourg cedex, France.
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Snir R, Zohar D. Workaholism as Discretionary Time Investment at Work: An Experience-Sampling Study. APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY-AN INTERNATIONAL REVIEW-PSYCHOLOGIE APPLIQUEE-REVUE INTERNATIONALE 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-0597.2006.00270.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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McMillan LH, O'Driscoll MP. Workaholism and health. JOURNAL OF ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE MANAGEMENT 2004. [DOI: 10.1108/09534810410554515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It is generally believed that workaholics tend to deny the existence of fatigue and push themselves beyond reason before physical complaints stop them working and lead them to seek help. However, while self‐neglect is believed to be a hallmark of workaholism, empirical data are both scant and contradictory. This study explores whether workaholics experience poorer health status than other (non‐workaholic) employees. Two groups of respondents (46 workaholics, 42 non‐workaholics) completed the workaholism battery‐revised and the rand SF‐36 at two measurement points across six months. While workaholics reported slightly poorer social functioning, role functioning and more frequent pain, they reported similar vitality, general health and psychological health to non‐workaholics. Importantly, differences between groups were small and failed to reach statistical significance. Given the substantial body of data supporting the SF‐36 and the present six‐month replication, it appears that workaholism may be less toxic to personal health and well‐being than at first thought. Implications for organisational and human resource management, including equal employment opportunities for workaholics, are discussed.
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Robinson BE. The Work Addiction Risk Test: development of a tentative measure of workaholism. Percept Mot Skills 1999; 88:199-210. [PMID: 10214644 DOI: 10.2466/pms.1999.88.1.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The development and analyses of the psychometric characteristics of a tentative self-report measure of work addiction are reported. A total of 363 college students completed a battery of tests including the Work Addiction Risk Test. Internal consistency of the scores was .88. Also, these scores were compared with those on the Type A Self-rating Scale and the Jenkins Activity Survey, which give self-reports of Type A behavior and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. That scores on the work addiction risk test were reliable and showed concurrent validity supported psychometric utility for research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Robinson
- Department of Counseling, Special Education, and Child Development University of North Carolina, Charlotte 28223, USA
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Abstract
The Work Addiction Risk Test was administered, with a measure of anxiety and two measures of Type A behavior, to 363 undergraduates at a major southern institution to test for concurrent validity. Correlations of scores on the Work Addiction Risk Test with other scores support the scale as a valid measure of workaholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Robinson
- Department of Counseling, Special Education, and Child Development, University of North Carolina, Charlotte 28223, USA
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Abstract
A total of 20 psychotherapists, randomly selected from a state list, critically examined the 25 items on the Work Addiction Risk Test for content validity. Subjects were asked to identify 25 items from a list of 35 which most accurately measured work addiction. Selected test items have generally high content validity for the domain of work addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Robinson
- Department of Human Services, University of North Carolina at Charlotte 28223, USA
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Robinson BE, Post P. Split-half reliability of the Work Addiction Risk Test: development of a measure of workaholism. Psychol Rep 1995; 76:1226. [PMID: 7480490 DOI: 10.2466/pr0.1995.76.3c.1226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The split-half reliability of the Work Addiction Risk Test was .85 for scores of 442 respondents representing varied groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Robinson
- Department of Human Services, University of North Carolina at Charlotte 28223, USA
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