Scale membership and direction of scoring for items on the Personal Orientation Inventory

Compatibility of self-actualization and anxiety

Dabrowski's (1972) theory of positive disintegration argues that anxiety appears to be the dynamic of self-actualization. A study to assess this hypothesis (Wilkins, Hjelle, & Thompson, 1977) reported that self-actualization was incompatible with chronic, debilitating or neurotic anxiety. The current study further examined the empirical and conceptual relation between anxiety and self-actualization. A measure of self-actualization (the POI) and two measures of anxiety were taken from Ss (N = 126). Thirty-three items from the POI were found to be measures of anxiety and were scored negatively for self-actualization. Removal of anxiety items and rescoring of the POI yielded self-actualization measures that were related positively to anxiety test scores. The results indicate that the POI theoretically is biased against anxiety, the conclusion of Wilkins et al. is not necessary, and Dabrowski's theory remains viable.

Counselor effectiveness in a methadone maintenance program

Counselor effectiveness for 253 heroin addicts in a methadone maintenance program was studied. The results of patient urinalysis for heroin use was chosen to assess counselor effectiveness. No significant differences in heroin use were found for the following groups of patients: 1. Those with multiple ex-addict (EA) counselors. 2. Those with multiple nonaddict (NA) counselors. 3. Patients with time periods with EA counselors followed by time periods with NA counselors, or vice versa. 4. Those with a single NA counselor. 5. Those with a single EA counselor. Patients with no counselor for one-third or more of each study period were found to have a significantly greater percent of urines positive for heroin.