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Xu DR, Cai Y, Wang X, Chen Y, Gong W, Liao J, Zhou J, Zhou Z, Zhang N, Tang C, Mi B, Lu Y, Wang R, Zhao Q, He W, Liang H, Li J, Pan J. Improving Data Surveillance Resilience Beyond COVID-19: Experiences of Primary heAlth Care quAlity Cohort In ChinA (ACACIA) Using Unannounced Standardized Patients. Am J Public Health 2022; 112:913-922. [PMID: 35483014 PMCID: PMC9137008 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2022.306779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed COVID-19 influences on the design, implementation, and validity of assessing the quality of primary health care using unannounced standardized patients (USPs) in China. Because of the pandemic, we crowdsourced our funding, removed tuberculosis from the USP case roster, adjusted common cold and asthma cases, used hybrid online-offline training for USPs, shared USPs across provinces, and strengthened ethical considerations. With those changes, we were able to conduct fieldwork despite frequent COVID-19 interruptions. Furthermore, the USP assessment tool maintained high validity in the quality checklist (criteria), USP role fidelity, checklist completion, and physician detection of USPs. Our experiences suggest that the pandemic created not only barriers but also opportunities to innovate ways to build a resilient data collection system. To build data system reliance, we recommend harnessing the power of technology for a hybrid model of remote and in-person work, learning from the sharing economy to pool strengths and optimize resources, and dedicating individual and group leadership to problem-solving and results. (Am J Public Health. 2022;112(6):913-922. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2022.306779).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Roman Xu
- Dong (Roman) Xu is with SMU Institute for Global Health (SIGHT), School of Health Management and Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University (SMU), Guangzhou, China. Yiyuan Cai is with the Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China. Xiaohui Wang is with the Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China. Yaolong Chen is with the Institute of Health Data Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China. Wenjie Gong is with HER Team and the Department of Maternal and Child Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China. Jing Liao and Jinghua Li are with the Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. Jifang Zhou is with the School of International Business, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China. Zhongliang Zhou is with the School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China. Nan Zhang and Huijuan Liang are with the School of Health Management, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China. Chengxiang Tang is with the Macquarie University Centre for the Health Economy, Macquarie Business School, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia. Baibing Mi is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China. Yun Lu is with the Department of Preventive Medicine, Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China. Ruixin Wang is with the Department of Health Economics, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. Jay Pan is with HEOA Group, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiyuan Cai
- Dong (Roman) Xu is with SMU Institute for Global Health (SIGHT), School of Health Management and Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University (SMU), Guangzhou, China. Yiyuan Cai is with the Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China. Xiaohui Wang is with the Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China. Yaolong Chen is with the Institute of Health Data Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China. Wenjie Gong is with HER Team and the Department of Maternal and Child Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China. Jing Liao and Jinghua Li are with the Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. Jifang Zhou is with the School of International Business, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China. Zhongliang Zhou is with the School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China. Nan Zhang and Huijuan Liang are with the School of Health Management, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China. Chengxiang Tang is with the Macquarie University Centre for the Health Economy, Macquarie Business School, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia. Baibing Mi is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China. Yun Lu is with the Department of Preventive Medicine, Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China. Ruixin Wang is with the Department of Health Economics, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. Jay Pan is with HEOA Group, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Dong (Roman) Xu is with SMU Institute for Global Health (SIGHT), School of Health Management and Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University (SMU), Guangzhou, China. Yiyuan Cai is with the Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China. Xiaohui Wang is with the Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China. Yaolong Chen is with the Institute of Health Data Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China. Wenjie Gong is with HER Team and the Department of Maternal and Child Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China. Jing Liao and Jinghua Li are with the Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. Jifang Zhou is with the School of International Business, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China. Zhongliang Zhou is with the School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China. Nan Zhang and Huijuan Liang are with the School of Health Management, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China. Chengxiang Tang is with the Macquarie University Centre for the Health Economy, Macquarie Business School, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia. Baibing Mi is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China. Yun Lu is with the Department of Preventive Medicine, Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China. Ruixin Wang is with the Department of Health Economics, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. Jay Pan is with HEOA Group, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yaolong Chen
- Dong (Roman) Xu is with SMU Institute for Global Health (SIGHT), School of Health Management and Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University (SMU), Guangzhou, China. Yiyuan Cai is with the Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China. Xiaohui Wang is with the Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China. Yaolong Chen is with the Institute of Health Data Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China. Wenjie Gong is with HER Team and the Department of Maternal and Child Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China. Jing Liao and Jinghua Li are with the Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. Jifang Zhou is with the School of International Business, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China. Zhongliang Zhou is with the School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China. Nan Zhang and Huijuan Liang are with the School of Health Management, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China. Chengxiang Tang is with the Macquarie University Centre for the Health Economy, Macquarie Business School, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia. Baibing Mi is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China. Yun Lu is with the Department of Preventive Medicine, Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China. Ruixin Wang is with the Department of Health Economics, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. Jay Pan is with HEOA Group, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenjie Gong
- Dong (Roman) Xu is with SMU Institute for Global Health (SIGHT), School of Health Management and Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University (SMU), Guangzhou, China. Yiyuan Cai is with the Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China. Xiaohui Wang is with the Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China. Yaolong Chen is with the Institute of Health Data Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China. Wenjie Gong is with HER Team and the Department of Maternal and Child Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China. Jing Liao and Jinghua Li are with the Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. Jifang Zhou is with the School of International Business, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China. Zhongliang Zhou is with the School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China. Nan Zhang and Huijuan Liang are with the School of Health Management, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China. Chengxiang Tang is with the Macquarie University Centre for the Health Economy, Macquarie Business School, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia. Baibing Mi is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China. Yun Lu is with the Department of Preventive Medicine, Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China. Ruixin Wang is with the Department of Health Economics, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. Jay Pan is with HEOA Group, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Liao
- Dong (Roman) Xu is with SMU Institute for Global Health (SIGHT), School of Health Management and Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University (SMU), Guangzhou, China. Yiyuan Cai is with the Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China. Xiaohui Wang is with the Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China. Yaolong Chen is with the Institute of Health Data Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China. Wenjie Gong is with HER Team and the Department of Maternal and Child Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China. Jing Liao and Jinghua Li are with the Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. Jifang Zhou is with the School of International Business, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China. Zhongliang Zhou is with the School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China. Nan Zhang and Huijuan Liang are with the School of Health Management, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China. Chengxiang Tang is with the Macquarie University Centre for the Health Economy, Macquarie Business School, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia. Baibing Mi is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China. Yun Lu is with the Department of Preventive Medicine, Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China. Ruixin Wang is with the Department of Health Economics, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. Jay Pan is with HEOA Group, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jifang Zhou
- Dong (Roman) Xu is with SMU Institute for Global Health (SIGHT), School of Health Management and Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University (SMU), Guangzhou, China. Yiyuan Cai is with the Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China. Xiaohui Wang is with the Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China. Yaolong Chen is with the Institute of Health Data Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China. Wenjie Gong is with HER Team and the Department of Maternal and Child Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China. Jing Liao and Jinghua Li are with the Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. Jifang Zhou is with the School of International Business, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China. Zhongliang Zhou is with the School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China. Nan Zhang and Huijuan Liang are with the School of Health Management, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China. Chengxiang Tang is with the Macquarie University Centre for the Health Economy, Macquarie Business School, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia. Baibing Mi is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China. Yun Lu is with the Department of Preventive Medicine, Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China. Ruixin Wang is with the Department of Health Economics, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. Jay Pan is with HEOA Group, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhongliang Zhou
- Dong (Roman) Xu is with SMU Institute for Global Health (SIGHT), School of Health Management and Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University (SMU), Guangzhou, China. Yiyuan Cai is with the Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China. Xiaohui Wang is with the Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China. Yaolong Chen is with the Institute of Health Data Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China. Wenjie Gong is with HER Team and the Department of Maternal and Child Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China. Jing Liao and Jinghua Li are with the Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. Jifang Zhou is with the School of International Business, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China. Zhongliang Zhou is with the School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China. Nan Zhang and Huijuan Liang are with the School of Health Management, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China. Chengxiang Tang is with the Macquarie University Centre for the Health Economy, Macquarie Business School, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia. Baibing Mi is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China. Yun Lu is with the Department of Preventive Medicine, Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China. Ruixin Wang is with the Department of Health Economics, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. Jay Pan is with HEOA Group, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Dong (Roman) Xu is with SMU Institute for Global Health (SIGHT), School of Health Management and Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University (SMU), Guangzhou, China. Yiyuan Cai is with the Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China. Xiaohui Wang is with the Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China. Yaolong Chen is with the Institute of Health Data Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China. Wenjie Gong is with HER Team and the Department of Maternal and Child Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China. Jing Liao and Jinghua Li are with the Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. Jifang Zhou is with the School of International Business, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China. Zhongliang Zhou is with the School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China. Nan Zhang and Huijuan Liang are with the School of Health Management, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China. Chengxiang Tang is with the Macquarie University Centre for the Health Economy, Macquarie Business School, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia. Baibing Mi is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China. Yun Lu is with the Department of Preventive Medicine, Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China. Ruixin Wang is with the Department of Health Economics, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. Jay Pan is with HEOA Group, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chengxiang Tang
- Dong (Roman) Xu is with SMU Institute for Global Health (SIGHT), School of Health Management and Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University (SMU), Guangzhou, China. Yiyuan Cai is with the Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China. Xiaohui Wang is with the Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China. Yaolong Chen is with the Institute of Health Data Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China. Wenjie Gong is with HER Team and the Department of Maternal and Child Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China. Jing Liao and Jinghua Li are with the Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. Jifang Zhou is with the School of International Business, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China. Zhongliang Zhou is with the School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China. Nan Zhang and Huijuan Liang are with the School of Health Management, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China. Chengxiang Tang is with the Macquarie University Centre for the Health Economy, Macquarie Business School, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia. Baibing Mi is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China. Yun Lu is with the Department of Preventive Medicine, Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China. Ruixin Wang is with the Department of Health Economics, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. Jay Pan is with HEOA Group, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Baibing Mi
- Dong (Roman) Xu is with SMU Institute for Global Health (SIGHT), School of Health Management and Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University (SMU), Guangzhou, China. Yiyuan Cai is with the Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China. Xiaohui Wang is with the Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China. Yaolong Chen is with the Institute of Health Data Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China. Wenjie Gong is with HER Team and the Department of Maternal and Child Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China. Jing Liao and Jinghua Li are with the Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. Jifang Zhou is with the School of International Business, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China. Zhongliang Zhou is with the School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China. Nan Zhang and Huijuan Liang are with the School of Health Management, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China. Chengxiang Tang is with the Macquarie University Centre for the Health Economy, Macquarie Business School, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia. Baibing Mi is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China. Yun Lu is with the Department of Preventive Medicine, Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China. Ruixin Wang is with the Department of Health Economics, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. Jay Pan is with HEOA Group, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yun Lu
- Dong (Roman) Xu is with SMU Institute for Global Health (SIGHT), School of Health Management and Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University (SMU), Guangzhou, China. Yiyuan Cai is with the Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China. Xiaohui Wang is with the Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China. Yaolong Chen is with the Institute of Health Data Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China. Wenjie Gong is with HER Team and the Department of Maternal and Child Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China. Jing Liao and Jinghua Li are with the Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. Jifang Zhou is with the School of International Business, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China. Zhongliang Zhou is with the School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China. Nan Zhang and Huijuan Liang are with the School of Health Management, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China. Chengxiang Tang is with the Macquarie University Centre for the Health Economy, Macquarie Business School, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia. Baibing Mi is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China. Yun Lu is with the Department of Preventive Medicine, Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China. Ruixin Wang is with the Department of Health Economics, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. Jay Pan is with HEOA Group, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruixin Wang
- Dong (Roman) Xu is with SMU Institute for Global Health (SIGHT), School of Health Management and Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University (SMU), Guangzhou, China. Yiyuan Cai is with the Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China. Xiaohui Wang is with the Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China. Yaolong Chen is with the Institute of Health Data Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China. Wenjie Gong is with HER Team and the Department of Maternal and Child Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China. Jing Liao and Jinghua Li are with the Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. Jifang Zhou is with the School of International Business, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China. Zhongliang Zhou is with the School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China. Nan Zhang and Huijuan Liang are with the School of Health Management, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China. Chengxiang Tang is with the Macquarie University Centre for the Health Economy, Macquarie Business School, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia. Baibing Mi is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China. Yun Lu is with the Department of Preventive Medicine, Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China. Ruixin Wang is with the Department of Health Economics, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. Jay Pan is with HEOA Group, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qing Zhao
- Dong (Roman) Xu is with SMU Institute for Global Health (SIGHT), School of Health Management and Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University (SMU), Guangzhou, China. Yiyuan Cai is with the Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China. Xiaohui Wang is with the Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China. Yaolong Chen is with the Institute of Health Data Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China. Wenjie Gong is with HER Team and the Department of Maternal and Child Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China. Jing Liao and Jinghua Li are with the Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. Jifang Zhou is with the School of International Business, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China. Zhongliang Zhou is with the School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China. Nan Zhang and Huijuan Liang are with the School of Health Management, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China. Chengxiang Tang is with the Macquarie University Centre for the Health Economy, Macquarie Business School, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia. Baibing Mi is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China. Yun Lu is with the Department of Preventive Medicine, Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China. Ruixin Wang is with the Department of Health Economics, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. Jay Pan is with HEOA Group, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenjun He
- Dong (Roman) Xu is with SMU Institute for Global Health (SIGHT), School of Health Management and Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University (SMU), Guangzhou, China. Yiyuan Cai is with the Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China. Xiaohui Wang is with the Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China. Yaolong Chen is with the Institute of Health Data Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China. Wenjie Gong is with HER Team and the Department of Maternal and Child Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China. Jing Liao and Jinghua Li are with the Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. Jifang Zhou is with the School of International Business, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China. Zhongliang Zhou is with the School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China. Nan Zhang and Huijuan Liang are with the School of Health Management, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China. Chengxiang Tang is with the Macquarie University Centre for the Health Economy, Macquarie Business School, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia. Baibing Mi is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China. Yun Lu is with the Department of Preventive Medicine, Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China. Ruixin Wang is with the Department of Health Economics, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. Jay Pan is with HEOA Group, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huijuan Liang
- Dong (Roman) Xu is with SMU Institute for Global Health (SIGHT), School of Health Management and Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University (SMU), Guangzhou, China. Yiyuan Cai is with the Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China. Xiaohui Wang is with the Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China. Yaolong Chen is with the Institute of Health Data Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China. Wenjie Gong is with HER Team and the Department of Maternal and Child Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China. Jing Liao and Jinghua Li are with the Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. Jifang Zhou is with the School of International Business, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China. Zhongliang Zhou is with the School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China. Nan Zhang and Huijuan Liang are with the School of Health Management, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China. Chengxiang Tang is with the Macquarie University Centre for the Health Economy, Macquarie Business School, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia. Baibing Mi is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China. Yun Lu is with the Department of Preventive Medicine, Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China. Ruixin Wang is with the Department of Health Economics, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. Jay Pan is with HEOA Group, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinghua Li
- Dong (Roman) Xu is with SMU Institute for Global Health (SIGHT), School of Health Management and Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University (SMU), Guangzhou, China. Yiyuan Cai is with the Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China. Xiaohui Wang is with the Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China. Yaolong Chen is with the Institute of Health Data Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China. Wenjie Gong is with HER Team and the Department of Maternal and Child Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China. Jing Liao and Jinghua Li are with the Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. Jifang Zhou is with the School of International Business, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China. Zhongliang Zhou is with the School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China. Nan Zhang and Huijuan Liang are with the School of Health Management, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China. Chengxiang Tang is with the Macquarie University Centre for the Health Economy, Macquarie Business School, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia. Baibing Mi is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China. Yun Lu is with the Department of Preventive Medicine, Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China. Ruixin Wang is with the Department of Health Economics, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. Jay Pan is with HEOA Group, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jay Pan
- Dong (Roman) Xu is with SMU Institute for Global Health (SIGHT), School of Health Management and Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University (SMU), Guangzhou, China. Yiyuan Cai is with the Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China. Xiaohui Wang is with the Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China. Yaolong Chen is with the Institute of Health Data Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China. Wenjie Gong is with HER Team and the Department of Maternal and Child Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China. Jing Liao and Jinghua Li are with the Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. Jifang Zhou is with the School of International Business, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China. Zhongliang Zhou is with the School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China. Nan Zhang and Huijuan Liang are with the School of Health Management, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China. Chengxiang Tang is with the Macquarie University Centre for the Health Economy, Macquarie Business School, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia. Baibing Mi is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China. Yun Lu is with the Department of Preventive Medicine, Maternal and Child Health, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China. Ruixin Wang is with the Department of Health Economics, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. Jay Pan is with HEOA Group, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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