Hereditary angioedema and shared decision making

Once-Daily Oral Berotralstat for Long-Term Prophylaxis of Hereditary Angioedema: The Open-Label Extension of the APeX-2 Randomized Trial

BACKGROUND

Berotralstat is a first-line, once-daily oral plasma kallikrein inhibitor approved for prophylaxis of hereditary angioedema (HAE) attacks in patients 12 years or older.

OBJECTIVE

This analysis examined the safety and effectiveness of long-term prophylaxis with berotralstat.

METHODS

APeX-2 was a phase 3, parallel-group, multicenter trial in patients with HAE caused by C1-inhibitor deficiency (NCT03485911). Part 1 was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled evaluation of 150 and 110 mg of berotralstat over 24 weeks. In part 2, berotralstat-treated patients continued the same treatment, and placebo-treated patients were re-randomized to 150 or 110 mg of berotralstat for 24 weeks. In part 3, all patients were treated with open-label berotralstat at 150 mg, which could be continued for up to an additional 4 years. In part 3, the primary endpoint was long-term safety and tolerability. Secondary endpoints included HAE attack rates and quality of life (QoL).

RESULTS

Eighty-one patients entered part 3. Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) occurred in 82.7% of patients, with most being mild or moderate in severity. The most common TEAEs were nasopharyngitis, urinary tract infection, abdominal pain, arthralgia, coronavirus infection, and diarrhea. Drug-related TEAEs occurred in 14.8% of patients, but none were serious. For patients who completed 96 weeks of berotralstat treatment (n = 70), the mean (standard error) change in attack rate from baseline was -2.21 (0.20) attacks/mo. Clinically meaningful improvements in QoL were also observed, with the largest improvements in the functioning domain.

CONCLUSION

Berotralstat was generally well tolerated, provided rapid and sustained reductions in HAE attacks and improved QoL over 96 weeks.

Patient-physician interactions in hereditary angioedema-Key learnings from the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic

BACKGROUND

The coronavirus disease pandemic and its containing measures have caused concerns for patients with hereditary angioedema (HAE) and their treating physicians. Both faced challenges surrounding interaction, and communication had to adapt to facilitate appropriate management. Specifically, the pandemic resulted in reduced in-person contact in clinics. Where possible, telemedicine appointments were offered and treatment outside the hospital setting was encouraged. BODY: The pandemic markedly affected patient-physician communication, which is essential to maintain partnerships and optimize care. Although patients with HAE are often experts in their condition, guidance by their physicians is essential, especially with the recent shift toward patient-centered management for rare diseases and shared decision-making (SDM). SDM enables patients to take control of their disease and allows the risks and benefits of treatment to be discussed with their physicians. This review explores perspectives from patients and physicians in the HAE clinical setting, particularly regarding their experiences with communication throughout the pandemic. We discuss the importance of SDM in rare diseases such as HAE, factors that impact effective communication, and potential solutions.

CONCLUSION

Since patient-centered care and SDM have particular relevance in rare diseases in general, we believe our findings could be transferrable and applicable in the management of other rare diseases.

Shared decision-making in the management of hereditary angioedema: An analysis of patient and physician perspectives

Background: Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by recurrent, localized episodes of edema. Current treatment guidelines highlight the importance of shared decision-making (SDM) during implementation of HAE management plans. Objective: To determine what constitutes a successful SDM approach in HAE management. Method: Qualitative telephone interviews, which lasted ∼1 hour, were conducted with four HAE physicians and four patients from the APeX-S trial. The physicians were asked to describe the structure and/or content of typical HAE prophylaxis consultations and factors to consider when selecting medications for long-term treatment. Insights from these interviews were used to develop an SDM process diagram. The patients were interviewed to assess how closely the diagram fit their perspectives on the HAE consultation and their involvement in decisions that concerned their care. Interview transcripts were assessed by the interviewer to determine the degree of SDM involvement in each consultation by using qualitative criteria from the literature. Results: Two physicians followed a high-SDM format, and one physician used a "blended" approach. The fourth physician followed a standard (low SDM) format. A successful SDM approach was found to require pre-visit planning, a commitment on behalf of the physician to use SDM methods to learn more about the patient, and empowerment of the patient to reflect on and vocalize his or her preferences and/or needs. Patients engaged in SDM were more likely to proactively request a treatment switch. Conclusion: The adoption of validated HAE-specific treatment decision aids, as well as measures to change the mindsets of patients and physicians, may facilitate successful implementation of SDM in HAE.Clinical Trial Registration: The APeX-S trial was registered with clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03472040).

Specific Targeting of Plasma Kallikrein for Treatment of Hereditary Angioedema: A Revolutionary Decade

Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare, chronic, genetic disease that presents with nonpruritic angioedema of the face, extremities, airway (can be life-threatening), genitourinary system, and abdomen. These symptoms can significantly impair daily activities. Hereditary angioedema is classified into HAE owing to a deficiency of functional C1INH (HAE-C1INH) or HAE with normal C1INH (HAE-nl-C1INH). Both type I and II HAE-C1INH result from inherited or spontaneous mutations in the SERPING1 gene, which encodes for C1INH. These mutations result in C1INH dysfunction, leading to uncontrolled plasma kallikrein activity with excessive bradykinin production. Bradykinin receptor activation leads to vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and smooth muscle contractions, resulting in submucosal angioedema through fluid extravasation. Hereditary angioedema nl-C1INH is caused by either a known or unknown genetic mutation. The underlying mechanism of HAE-nl-C1INH is less well understood but is thought to be related to bradykinin signaling. Plasma kallikrein inhibitors have been developed to inhibit the kallikrein-kinin pathway to prevent (prophylactic) and treat on-demand (acute) HAE attacks. Several of these medications are delivered through subcutaneous or intravenous injection, although new and emerging therapies include oral formulations. This article provides a historical review and describes the evolving landscape of available kallikrein inhibitors to treat HAE-C1INH.

Reviewing clinical considerations and guideline recommendations of C1 inhibitor prophylaxis for hereditary angioedema

BACKGROUND

Hereditary angioedema (HAE), a rare disease that is characterized by painful and recurring non-allergic swelling episodes, is caused by the deficiency or dysfunction of C1 inhibitor (C1INH) protein. A comprehensive HAE management plan may require long-term prophylaxis (LTP) in addition to on-demand treatment to help "normalize" patients' lives so that they may fully engage in work, school, family, and leisure activities.

AIM

The main objective of this narrative review is to provide an overview of updated guideline recommendations specific to LTP of HAE and discuss clinical considerations and pharmacologic management options, with a focus on C1INH.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The authors reviewed relevant HAE literature for current recommendations regarding LTP and the role of C1NH.

RESULTS

Acute HAE attacks are treated with on-demand medication; however, there is a consensus that LTP should routinely be considered for risk reduction and prevention of future episodes. The 2017 World Allergy Organization/European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology guidelines recommend that all patients with HAE be evaluated for LTP routinely and the 2020 HAE Association (HAEA) guidelines emphasize that the decision to use LTP should not be based on rigid criteria, but rather should be based on individual patient needs. Both guidelines recommend C1INH as first-line/preferred therapy for LTP in a range of patient types including adults, children/adolescents, and pregnant/lactating patients. The HAEA also recommends the kallikrein inhibitor, lanadelumab, as a first-line option for LTP. HAE pathway-specific agents for LTP have not been associated with notable safety concerns.

DISCUSSION

Plasma-derived C1INH has been available for 40+ years in Europe and impacts multiple targets within the HAE pathway. C1INH has been used for on-demand treatment and LTP. A subcutaneous formulation of plasma-derived C1INH is approved for LTP and produces functional C1INH activity levels consistently above the threshold needed for protection from HAE attacks. Other pathway-specific options for LTP include the plasma kallikrein inhibitors, lanadelumab-flyo and berotralstat, approved for adults and pediatric patients aged ≥12 years. C1INH is approved for adults and pediatric patients aged ≥6 years.

CONCLUSION

Assessing the need for LTP is vital in the ongoing dialogue between clinicians and patients, as both disease-related factors and patient preferences may change over time. Among available options for LTP, plasma-derived C1INH is the broadly recommended first-line option for LTP in patients with HAE, including pregnant/lactating women and pediatric patients (≥6 years).

Small molecule drugs for atopic dermatitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and hereditary angioedema

OBJECTIVE

To review recent trends in the development of targeted small molecule drugs (SMDs) for the treatment of immunologically driven disorders, including atopic dermatitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and hereditary angioedema.

DATA SOURCES

Data sources included peer-reviewed published literature from the PubMed database, published abstracts from scientific and medical meetings, and medication information from the Drugs@FDA database.

STUDY SELECTIONS

Articles with primary or retrospective trial results, articles with patient or physician survey results, articles providing expert perspectives, and commentary on chronic immunologic disorders, Food and Drug Administration package inserts, and abstracts from scientific meetings were selected.

RESULTS

Targeted biological therapies have greatly improved response rates and symptom relief for patients with long-term immunologically driven disorders over the past 2 decades. However, recent advances in the understanding of molecular pathways involved in the pathogenesis of these disorders have led to the development of novel targeted SMDs, such as tofacitinib and berotralstat, that can be delivered orally or topically. Few head-to-head studies that compare the safety and efficacy of biologics to SMDs in immunologically driven disorders exist, although some studies suggest that oral and topical modes of administration are preferred by patients and may improve patient quality of life over time.

CONCLUSION

Scientific advances have led to an increase in the development of targeted SMDs for the treatment of chronic immunologic disorders, which may revolutionize the management of these diseases. Head-to-head studies and real-world evidence are needed to fully compare treatment attributes between biologics and SMDs, including safety, efficacy, adherence, impact on quality of life, and cost-effectiveness.

Berotralstat (BCX7353) is a novel oral prophylactic treatment for hereditary angioedema: Review of phase II and III studies

Background: Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by unpredictable and potentially life-threatening episodes of swelling in various parts of the body. These attacks can be painful and debilitating, and affect a patient's quality of life. Every patient who experiences an attack should be treated with on-demand medication to mitigate attack severity and duration. Many patients with HAE also receive long-term prophylaxis to reduce the frequency and severity of edema episodes. Although long-term prophylaxis reduces the disease burden for patients with HAE, available intravenous and subcutaneous treatments are accompanied by a significant treatment burden because of the logistical, emotional, and physical challenges posed by their long-term parenteral nature. Androgens are an effective oral prophylactic treatment; however, they are associated with significant adverse events and are not suitable for all patients. Thus, the HAE community has expressed interest in the development of alternative oral prophylactic therapies for preventing HAE attacks. Objective: Here, we review the phase II and III clinical data of berotralstat (BCX7353), which was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in December 2020. Results: Berotralstat is an oral, second-generation, synthetic, small-molecule plasma kallikrein inhibitor taken once daily for the prevention of HAE attacks in patients ages ≥ 12 years. Results from the APeX studies (APeX-1 NCT02870972, APeX-2 NCT03485911, APeX-S NCT03472040, APex-J NCT03873116) demonstrated the efficacy of berotralstat as long-term prophylaxis for patients with HAE, which showed a reduction in the attack rate and on-demand medication usage. Berotralstat was well tolerated, and gastrointestinal treatment-emergent adverse events were generally mild and self-limited. Conclusion: Oral berotralstat is an effective and safe long-term prophylactic treatment for patients with HAE that will provide patients unable to tolerate parenteral therapies with the option of disease control. Berotralstat may be associated with reduced treatment burden compared with injectable therapies, highlighting the importance of patient preference with regard to the administration route of their HAE prophylactic treatment.

Patient perspectives on the treatment burden of injectable medication for hereditary angioedema

Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare, chronic disease characterized by debilitating swelling episodes in various parts of the body. Patients experience significant burdens related to the symptoms and management of HAE, which can affect their daily lives and reduce their overall quality of life. Prophylactic treatment options have expanded in the past decade to the benefit of patients; however, these therapies require scheduled injections, which can be painful, burdensome, and time consuming. We conducted an online survey of patients with HAE in the USA to better understand their experiences with available prophylactic medications and the associated treatment burdens. Our survey results suggest that most patients are satisfied with their current therapies but desire novel medications with a simpler route of administration and that, although most patients experience significant treatment-related burdens, they learn to cope with these challenges over time.

Physician and patient perspectives on the management of hereditary angioedema: a survey on treatment burden and needs

Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare disorder caused by genetic mutations that lead to recurrent episodes of swelling in various parts of the body. Prophylactic treatment is common for patients with HAE, and the therapeutic options have expanded in recent years. The current standard of care for prophylactic HAE therapies is subcutaneous treatment, which can be self-administered at home, greatly improving patient quality of life. As new therapies emerge, it is important for patients and physicians to discuss the risks and benefits associated with each treatment to develop an individualized approach to HAE management. We conducted surveys of patients with HAE and physicians who treat patients with HAE to identify prescribing trends for prophylactic HAE treatments and the impact that such treatments has on patients. Our results confirmed that newer, subcutaneous therapies are prescribed for HAE prophylaxis more frequently than other therapies in the United States and that treatment burdens still exist for patients with HAE. We found that physicians and patients were not always aligned on how treatment choices affect patients' lives, which may mean that there are opportunities for enhanced patient-physician dialog and shared decision-making in HAE management in the United States.

Hereditary angioedema: Comprehensive management plans and patient support

Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare disease. Regardless, patients with HAE have access to multiple state-of-the-art medications available for on-demand use and prevention that reduce the frequency and burden of HAE attacks. These treatments have greatly reduced the burden of disease and helped patients achieve improved quality of life. However, with greater numbers of therapeutic options, HAE care has become more complex. In this review, we addressed essential elements of an individualized comprehensive management plan for a patient with HAE. We focused on access to an expert physician, ongoing patient education, access to effective treatment options, coordination of care and management of treatment logistics, ongoing monitoring of attacks and treatments, and other resources for patient support. This plan will need to be communicated with the patient and other care providers, especially during emergent conditions, and accommodate the patient's lifestyle with consideration for work, school, travel, etc. Periodically, the physician and the patient will need to review information about attacks, triggers, and treatments to identify areas for improvement and update the plan.

Hereditary angioedema: Long-term prophylactic treatment

Hereditary Angioedema (HAE) is a potentially life-threatening condition. With episodic, unpredictable swelling, HAE negatively affect the quality of life for those affected individuals. To reduce the morbidity and mortality of HAE are the primary goal for the disease management. In addition to have access to therapeutic drugs for their acute HAE attacks, many patients require long term prophylaxis (LTP) to reduce their attack frequency and severity. Preventing HAE attack by regular administration of medicine has become an important part of HAE disease management. Over the past few years, growing number of therapeutic options for the HAE LTP have made it possible for physicians to choose the most appropriate and effective treatment for individual patients. C1 INH concentrate and plasma kallikrein inhibitors (IV or SC) have largely replaced the oder modality of treatment consisting different androgen derivatives or antifibrinolytics. Additional options, such as oral kallikrein inhibitor, antisense RNA/plasma kallikrein, anti-Factor 12a, bradykinin receptor blocker or future gene therapy are under clinical investigation. The significant cost and the uncertainty of its long term safety may be the primary limiting factors for its clinical application. The limited data for young children and pregnant women pose additional challenge for physicians to assess the risk and benefit when considering LTP treatment.