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Lyderik KK, Østrup E, Bruun TS, Amdi C, Strathe AV. Fetal and placental development in early gestation of hyper-prolific sows. Theriogenology 2023; 197:259-266. [PMID: 36527862 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Modern hyper-prolific sows produce large litters with a high within-litter variation in birth weight and an increased number of low-birth-weight piglets per litter with higher mortality rates and lower growth rates compared to heavier littermates. This study aimed to describe fetal development in hyper-prolific sows, to characterize differences between large and small fetuses, and to determine when within-litter variation in fetal weight can be detected. Forty-seven multiparous sows were blood-sampled and slaughtered at day 28, 33, 45, 50, and 56 of gestation. Number of fetuses were counted, fetal body and organ weights were measured, and the intrauterine positioning was recorded. Length, width, and area of each placenta was measured and the fetus weight/placental weight ratio was calculated. The umbilical cords of the smallest, medium and the largest fetus of each litter were sampled for histological analysis. In total measurements were obtained for 1161 fetuses. The results revealed no difference in fetal survival between the gestational days (P > 0.05). Intrauterine positioning near the cervix significantly reduced fetal weight at day 56 (P < 0.05). Total litter weight and average fetal weight increased with gestational age and individual fetal weight was negatively affected by litter size from day 33 and onwards (P < 0.05). The coefficient of variation for within-litter variation in fetal weight was higher at day 28 compared to the other gestational days (P < 0.05). Relative brain- and heart weights decreased from day 28-56 (P < 0.001). Small fetuses had relatively heavier brains and hearts at day 45, 50 and 56 (P < 0.001). Size of placenta, fetus weight/placental weight ratio and length of umbilical cord increased with gestational age (P < 0.001). There was a positive correlation between size of placenta and weight of individual fetus (P < 0.001), the weight of the fetus was positively correlated with umbilical cord length (P < 0.001) and the umbilical cross-sectional area was correlated to fetal weight at day 56 (P < 0.01). Individual fetal weight was positively correlated to the fetus weight/placental weight ratio (P < 0.001). In conclusion, fetal growth was affected by litter size, placental weight, and -area, and umbilical cord length. Lightweight fetuses were characterized by having placentas with lower weight and area and shorter umbilical cords. Lastly, within-litter variation in fetal weight was detectable at day 28, and the coefficient of variance remained stable from day 33-56.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimmie K Lyderik
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 3, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Esben Østrup
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 3, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Thomas S Bruun
- SEGES Danish Innovation, Agro Food Park 15, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Amdi
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 3, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Anja V Strathe
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 3, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
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Starch supplementation improves the reproductive performance of sows in different glucose tolerance status. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 7:1231-1241. [PMID: 34754964 PMCID: PMC8556606 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study was to evaluate the effects of glucose tolerance status, maternal starch supplementation and soybean substitution in diets on the performance of dams and their offspring. Eighty-eight pregnant sows (Landrace × Large White) were selected from an initial total of 120 sows, based on blood glucose test values, and assigned to 4 experimental treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial design. The factors were glucose tolerance status (glucose intolerant [GIT] vs. normal glucose tolerant [NGT]) or dietary treatments (corn starch diet [CS] vs. soybean substitution diet [SS]). A higher area under the curve (AUC) for post-meal glucose was observed (P < 0.05) in the GIT group than in the NGT group on d 109 of gestation. The CS group had a lower value of homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance than the SS group (P < 0.05) on d 109 of gestation. Corn starch supplementation for sows decreased the stillbirth rate (P < 0.05), regardless of the sows' glucose tolerance status. The villus height of the jejunum and the villus height to crypt depth ratio of the ileum were greater in normal birth weight piglets from the CS group than from the SS group (P < 0.01), and so was the activity of sucrase in the jejunum and ileum (P < 0.01). Compared with the SS group, the CS group showed a reduction in pre-weaning mortality rate, an increase in the number of high-birth-weight piglets, and a decrease in the number of low-birth-weight piglets (P < 0.05) under GIT status. In conclusion, sows fed CS decreased stillbirth rate and improved insulin resistance, as well as improving the intestinal morphology and digestive enzyme activities of their progeny, regardless of glucose tolerance status. Additionally, the CS group improved birth weight distribution and decreased pre-weaning mortality rate of piglets under GIT status.
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Gourley KM, Swanson AJ, Royall RQ, DeRouchey JM, Tokach MD, Dritz SS, Goodband RD, Hastad CW, Woodworth JC. Effects of timing and size of meals prior to farrowing on sow and litter performance. Transl Anim Sci 2020; 4:txaa066. [PMID: 32705061 PMCID: PMC7281871 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txaa066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A total of 727 mixed parity (µ = 3.8) sows were used to evaluate the effects of timing and size of meals before farrowing on sow and litter performance. Upon entry to the farrowing house (day 113), sows were blocked by weight within parity and allotted to one of three three feeding management strategies until farrowing: (1) 2.7 kg lactation diet (1.15% standardized ileal digestible lysine and 2,153 kcal/kg net energy) once daily at 0700 hours; (2) four daily meals of 0.67 kg (0100, 0700, 1300, and 1900 hours); (3) ad libitum lactation diet and encouraged to consume feed at 0100, 0700, 1300, and 1900 hours. After farrowing, all sows were provided lactation diets fed on an ad libitum basis until weaning. Data were analyzed for treatment effects within parity category in a mixed model with block as a random effect. Feeding sows ad libitum before farrowing tended to reduce sow body weight (BW) loss (P = 0.077) and reduce backfat (BF) loss (P = 0.003) from entry into the farrowing house until weaning compared with sows fed four daily meals, with sows fed once daily intermediate. Litter gain from 24 h to weaning tended to be greater (P = 0.073) in sows fed on an ad libitum basis or four times daily prior to farrowing compared with sows fed one meal. Piglet weaning weight increased (P = 0.050) in sows fed on an ad libitum basis before farrowing, compared with those fed one meal, with those fed four times daily intermediate. There was no evidence for difference in farrowing duration, stillborn rate, colostrum yield, or 24 h piglet survival regardless of treatment. However, from 24 h after farrowing to weaning, sows fed one daily meal prior to farrowing had an increased (P = 0.012) percentage of fall-behind pigs compared with sows fed on an ad libitum basis, and increased (P = 0.027) preweaning mortality compared with sows fed four daily meals, resulting in reduced (P = 0.006) weaned percentage compared with sows fed four daily meals. There was no evidence for difference (P > 0.10) in subsequent reproductive performance regardless of treatment. In conclusion, when sows were fed on an ad libitum basis from 2 to 3 d, before farrowing there was an observed improvement in sow BW and BF maintenance during lactation, and piglet weaning weight during lactation. Increased frequency of meals prior to farrowing improved the survival of pigs to weaning compared with sows fed a single meal prior to farrowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiah M Gourley
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan
| | - Analicia J Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan
| | - Rafe Q Royall
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan
| | - Joel M DeRouchey
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan
| | - Mike D Tokach
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan
| | - Steve S Dritz
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan
| | - Robert D Goodband
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan
| | | | - Jason C Woodworth
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan
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Ji Y, Wu Z, Dai Z, Wang X, Li J, Wang B, Wu G. Fetal and neonatal programming of postnatal growth and feed efficiency in swine. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2017; 8:42. [PMID: 28484595 PMCID: PMC5420136 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-017-0173-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal undernutrition or overnutrition during pregnancy alters organ structure, impairs prenatal and neonatal growth and development, and reduces feed efficiency for lean tissue gains in pigs. These adverse effects may be carried over to the next generation or beyond. This phenomenon of the transgenerational impacts is known as fetal programming, which is mediated by stable and heritable alterations of gene expression through covalent modifications of DNA and histones without changes in DNA sequences (namely, epigenetics). The mechanisms responsible for the epigenetic regulation of protein expression and functions include chromatin remodeling; DNA methylation (occurring at the 5´-position of cytosine residues within CpG dinucleotides); and histone modifications (acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination). Like maternal malnutrition, undernutrition during the neonatal period also reduces growth performance and feed efficiency (weight gain:feed intake; also known as weight-gain efficiency) in postweaning pigs by 5-10%, thereby increasing the days necessary to reach the market body-weight. Supplementing functional amino acids (e.g., arginine and glutamine) and vitamins (e.g., folate) play a key role in activating the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling and regulating the provision of methyl donors for DNA and protein methylation. Therefore, these nutrients are beneficial for the dietary treatment of metabolic disorders in offspring with intrauterine growth restriction or neonatal malnutrition. The mechanism-based strategies hold great promise for the improvement of the efficiency of pork production and the sustainability of the global swine industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Zhenlong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Zhaolai Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Henan Yinfa Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd., Xinzheng, Henan 451100 China
| | - Ju Li
- Henan Yinfa Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd., Xinzheng, Henan 451100 China
| | - Binggen Wang
- Henan Yinfa Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd., Xinzheng, Henan 451100 China
| | - Guoyao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China.,Department of Animal Science and Center for Animal Genomics, Texas A&M University, Room 212, College Station, TX 77843 USA
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Goodband RD, Tokach MD, Goncalves MAD, Woodworth JC, Dritz SS, DeRouchey JM. Nutritional enhancement during pregnancy and its effects on reproduction in swine. Anim Front 2013. [DOI: 10.2527/af.2013-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R. D. Goodband
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - M. D. Tokach
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - M. A. D. Goncalves
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - J. C. Woodworth
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - S. S. Dritz
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - J. M. DeRouchey
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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Vanderhaeghe C, Dewulf J, de Kruif A, Maes D. Non-infectious factors associated with stillbirth in pigs: a review. Anim Reprod Sci 2013; 139:76-88. [PMID: 23602009 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this review is to provide current information regarding non-infectious risk factors associated with stillborn piglets. These factors can be roughly categorized as genetic, maternal, piglet and environmental factors, but also interactions exist between several factors. An understanding of this multifactorial problem should help practitioners and farmers implementing a more effective farrowing management to obtain a high reproductive efficiency. From the papers studied in this review, it can be concluded that litter size, parity, sow's body condition and farrowing supervision/birth assistance seems to be the most relevant risk factors associated with stillborn piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Vanderhaeghe
- ID-Nutrition bvba, Cannaertstraat 12, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium.
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The association of leptin gene polymorphism with reproductive usefulness and selected blood biochemical indicators of hybrid sows (Polish Large White × Polish Landrace). ACTA VET BRNO 2013. [DOI: 10.2754/avb201281040333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Rapid developments in the field of molecular genetics have led to new possibilities to identify polymorphic genes and to detect quantitative trait loci with major effects on economically important reproduction traits. Our study has defined the influence of polymorphism at position 3469 of the leptin gene on reproductive performance in sows as well as on selected blood biochemical indices in pregnant sows The research involved 173 multiparous sows after the second and third farrowing, crossbreds of Polish Large White and Polish Landrace breeds. The collected data on reproductive performance of sows concerned the number of live births, the number of weaned piglets and the length of weaning-to-estrus interval in the sows. Parities from the first to the fourth were analysed. A sample of blood was collected from each sow in the third month of pregnancy in order to isolate and then analyse DNA with the use of the PCR-RFLP methods. Blood biochemical analyses were performed as well. Two alleles of the leptin-coding gene (T and C) were found in examined herd. In the second parity, where the live birth number was concerned, the difference between the CC (10.4) and TT (9.0) leptin genotypes proved to be significant (P ≤ 0.05). Analyses of blood biochemical indices revealed virtually no significant differences between the genotypes compared. However, it was noted that the glucose concentration was the highest in the sows with TT genotype and the lowest in the sows with CC genotype.
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Effect of N,N-dimethylglycine supplementation in parturition feed for sows on metabolism, nutrient digestibility and reproductive performance. Animal 2012; 4:2004-11. [PMID: 22445374 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731110001242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The current pilot study assessed the influence of N,N-dimethylglycine (DMG) on insulin sensitivity, glucose and fat metabolism, nutrient digestibility and reproductive performance of sows in the peripartal period. At day 105 of gestation, 25 sows were randomly assigned to the control (n = 13) or the DMG group (n = 12). Sows from the DMG group were supplemented with 1 g DMG/kg feed until day 3 of lactation. After an overnight fast 1 day after farrowing, a blood sample of each sow was drawn. The plasma was analyzed for insulin, glucose, fructosamine, leptin, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and triglycerides (TG) and an oral glucose tolerance test was performed. A rectal feces sample was collected and the apparent fecal digestibility (AFD) of crude fat (CFAT), crude protein (CP) and nitrogen-free extract (NFE) was calculated after proximate analyses. Finally, a colostrum sample was collected from each sow and analyzed for the presence of DMG. Reproductive performance parameters were recorded. The results showed an improvement in the AFD of CFAT, CP and NFE when DMG was supplemented. This beneficial effect confirms the hypothesis that DMG acts as an emulsifying agent. The improvement in digestibility in the DMG group was accompanied by a numerical increase in plasma TG (P = 0.067). Plasma NEFA concentrations were not different between treatment groups. DMG supplementation neither affected glucose clearance nor influenced plasma insulin, glucose, fructosamine or leptin levels. TBARS and FRAP also remained unaffected, despite previously reported anti-oxidative properties of DMG. Furthermore, no significant impact on reproductive performance could be recorded. In conclusion, DMG supplementation significantly improved nutrient digestibility. Possible beneficial effects on energy metabolism and reproductive performance of sows should be tested when DMG is supplemented for a longer period of time or at a higher dose.
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The metabolic status during the peri partum period affects the voluntary feed intake and the metabolism of the lactating multiparous sow. Livest Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2009.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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HAN YK, WANG Q, CHO JH, CHEN YJ, YOO JS, SHIN SO, KIM IH. Effects of dietary glucose level during late gestation on litter performance and glucose concentration in sows. Anim Sci J 2009; 80:57-61. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2008.00604.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Intergenerational effects of birth weight on glucose tolerance and reproductive performance. Animal 2009; 3:579-91. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731108003510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Peripartal feeding strategy with different n-6:n-3 ratios in sows: effects on sows' performance, inflammatory and periparturient metabolic parameters. Br J Nutr 2008; 101:348-57. [PMID: 18613985 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114508026160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effects of two lactation sow feeds, differing in n-6:n-3 ratio, given to sows before parturition on body condition and feed intake, periparturient metabolism (leptin, insulin, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)), inflammatory parameters (TNFα, IL-6, serum amyloid A (SAA)) and on piglet performance (birth weight, survivability). The feed contained either a low (supplemented with fish oil; f groups) or high (supplemented with sunflower-seed oil; s groups) n-6:n-3 ratio and was administered from 8 d (f8, s8) or 3 d (f3, s3) before parturition until weaning. The level of inclusion of the oil sources was 2 %. Seventy-two sows were randomly allocated 8 d before expected farrowing into four groups: f3, f8, s3, s8. Type of feed had a significant influence on the sows' feed intake during the first 2 d of lactation (s < f), leptin on days 4, 3 and 2 before parturition (f < s), insulin on day 1 after parturition (f < s), T4 on the day before parturition (s < f) and rectal temperature on the day after parturition (f < s). Onset of administration of the feed (3 v. 8 d) had significant effects on leptin on day 2 before parturition (8 < 3), insulin on day 4 before parturition (3 < 8), T3 on day 4 before parturition and on the day after parturition (3 < 8), SAA on day 3 after parturition (8 < 3) and piglet weight during the first days postpartum (3 < 8). In conclusion, under the present conditions, a lactation feed low in n-6:n-3 ratio administered from 8 d before farrowing ensures improved feed intake during the first days postpartum and was associated with a better metabolic change and inflammatory profile in sows in the periparturient period.
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Effect of dietary supplementation of different oils during the first or second half of pregnancy on the glucose tolerance of the sow. Animal 2008; 2:1045-54. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731108002188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Wu G, Bazer FW, Wallace JM, Spencer TE. BOARD-INVITED REVIEW: Intrauterine growth retardation: Implications for the animal sciences1. J Anim Sci 2006; 84:2316-37. [PMID: 16908634 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2006-156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 742] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR), defined as impaired growth and development of the mammalian embryo/fetus or its organs during pregnancy, is a major concern in domestic animal production. Fetal growth restriction reduces neonatal survival, has a permanent stunting effect on postnatal growth and the efficiency of feed/forage utilization in offspring, negatively affects whole body composition and meat quality, and impairs long-term health and athletic performance. Knowledge of the underlying mechanisms has important implications for the prevention of IUGR and is crucial for enhancing the efficiency of livestock production and animal health. Fetal growth within the uterus is a complex biological event influenced by genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors, as well as maternal maturity. These factors impact on the size and functional capacity of the placenta, uteroplacental blood flows, transfer of nutrients and oxygen from mother to fetus, conceptus nutrient availability, the endocrine milieu, and metabolic pathways. Alterations in fetal nutrition and endocrine status may result in developmental adaptations that permanently change the structure, physiology, metabolism, and postnatal growth of the offspring. Impaired placental syntheses of nitric oxide (a major vasodilator and angiogenic factor) and polyamines (key regulators of DNA and protein synthesis) may provide a unified explanation for the etiology of IUGR in response to maternal undernutrition and overnutrition. There is growing evidence that maternal nutritional status can alter the epigenetic state (stable alterations of gene expression through DNA methylation and histone modifications) of the fetal genome. This may provide a molecular mechanism for the role of maternal nutrition on fetal programming and genomic imprinting. Innovative interdisciplinary research in the areas of nutrition, reproductive physiology, and vascular biology will play an important role in designing the next generation of nutrient-balanced gestation diets and developing new tools for livestock management that will enhance the efficiency of animal production and improve animal well being.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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van der Peet-Schwering CMC, Kemp B, Binnendijk GP, den Hartog LA, Vereijken PFG, Verstegen MWA. Effects of additional starch or fat in late-gestating high nonstarch polysaccharide diets on litter performance and glucose tolerance in sows1,2. J Anim Sci 2004; 82:2964-71. [PMID: 15484948 DOI: 10.2527/2004.82102964x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of feeding additional starch or fat from d 85 of gestation until parturition on litter performance and on glucose tolerance in sows that were fed a diet with a high level of fermentable nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP) were studied. The day after breeding, 141 multiparous sows were assigned to the experiment. At d 85 of gestation, sows were assigned to the treatments. Sows were fed 3.4 kg/d (as-fed basis) of a high-NSP diet or the same quantity of the high-NSP diet and an additional 360 g of starch (from wheat starch) daily, or the same quantity of the high-NSP diet and an additional 164 g of fat (from soybean oil) daily. During lactation, all sows were given free access to the same lactation diet. Approximately 1 wk before the expected time of parturition, an oral glucose tolerance test was performed in 38 randomly chosen sows by feeding pelleted glucose (3 g/kg BW0.75). Blood samples for glucose analyses were taken at -10, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 105, and 120 min after glucose was fed. The supply of additional dietary starch or fat did not increase piglet birth weight or total litter weight at birth. Sows that were fed the high-NSP diet had more (P = 0.097) live-born piglets and fewer (P = 0.084) stillborn piglets than did sows that were fed additional fat, whereas sows that were fed additional starch were intermediate for these variables. Piglet mortality after birth was not affected by dietary treatment. Body weight and backfat gains in the last month of gestation were higher for sows fed additional starch or fat than for sows fed the high-NSP diet (P < 0.001 and P = 0.017, respectively). Feed intake in lactation was greatest by sows fed the high-NSP diet, least by sows fed additional starch at the end of gestation, and intermediate by sows fed additional fat (P = 0.099). The differences in lactation feed intake did not result in differences in BW and backfat losses during lactation. Sows that were fed additional fat had the greatest glucose area under the curve (P = 0.044), indicating that these sows were less tolerant to glucose. In conclusion, feeding additional energy (starch or fat) in late-gestating sows that are fed a high-NSP diet did not increase litter weight at birth or piglet survival, but did increase maternal gain. Feeding sows additional energy from fat might induce glucose intolerance, whereas feeding sows additional energy from starch did not induce glucose intolerance.
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Hocquette J, Ortigues-Marty I, Pethick D, Herpin P, Fernandez X. Nutritional and hormonal regulation of energy metabolism in skeletal muscles of meat-producing animals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-6226(98)00187-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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