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Schumacher M, DelCurto-Wyffels H, Thomson J, Boles J. Fat Deposition and Fat Effects on Meat Quality—A Review. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12121550. [PMID: 35739885 PMCID: PMC9219498 DOI: 10.3390/ani12121550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Animal fat deposition has a major impact on the meat yield from individual carcasses as well the perceived eating quality for consumers. Understanding the impact of livestock production practices on fat deposition and the molecular mechanisms activated will lead to a better understanding of finishing livestock. This enhanced understanding will also lead to the increased efficiency and improved sustainability of practices for livestock production. The impact of fat storage on physiological functions and health are also important. This review brings together both the production practices and the current understanding of molecular processes associated with fat deposition. Abstract Growth is frequently described as weight gain over time. Researchers have used this information in equations to predict carcass composition and estimate fat deposition. Diet, species, breed, and gender all influence fat deposition. Alterations in diets result in changes in fat deposition as well as the fatty acid profile of meat. Additionally, the amount and composition of the fat can affect lipid stability and flavor development upon cooking. Fat functions not only as a storage of energy and contributor of flavor compounds, but also participates in signaling that affects many aspects of the physiological functions of the animal. Transcription factors that are upregulated in response to excess energy to be stored are an important avenue of research to improve the understanding of fat deposition and thus, the efficiency of production. Additionally, further study of the inflammation associated with increased fat depots may lead to a better understanding of finishing animals, production efficiency, and overall health.
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Brink M, Janssens GP, Demeyer P, Bağci Ö, Delezie E. Reduction of dietary crude protein and feed form: Impact on broiler litter quality, ammonia concentrations, excreta composition, performance, welfare, and meat quality. Animal Nutrition 2022; 9:291-303. [PMID: 35600550 PMCID: PMC9097624 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) excreted by poultry is converted to ammonia (NH3), presenting an environmental risk and a health risk to the farmer and animals. A study was performed to investigate the effect of reduced CP and feed form on broiler performance and welfare, meat and litter quality, N utilization, and NH3 concentrations at litter level. A total of 2,232 Ross 308 male broilers was divided into 6 treatments and 6 replicates, which was fed diets in both pellet and mash forms with different CP levels of 205.0 g/kg (H, high), 187.5 g/kg (M, intermediate) and 175.0 g/kg (L, low) in the grower phase and 195.0 g/kg (H), 180.0 g/kg (M) and 165.6 g/kg (L) in the finisher phase. Individual amino acids (AA) were supplemented to maintain digestible AA-to-digestible lysine ratios. Decreasing dietary CP content to 187.5 g/kg in the grower phase and 180.0 g/kg in the finisher phase reduced NH3 concentrations at litter level (P < 0.001), but a further reduction in dietary CP had no additional effect. Mash treatments had better litter qualities and lower incidences of foot and hock lesions than pellet treatments at d 38 (P < 0.001). In addition, treatments with reduced CP had lower incidence of foot lesions at d 38 (P < 0.001). Broilers fed pelleted diets had higher ADFI, ADG, and final BW, improved feed conversion ratio (FCR), and heavier carcasses (P < 0.001) than those fed mash diets over a production period of 39 d. Performance could not be maintained when birds were fed L CP pelleted diets. This study demonstrated that, with the supplementation of AA to meet requirements, the concentration of dietary CP can be reduced to 187.5 and 180.0 g/kg in the grower and finisher phases respectively, without impairing broiler performance, meat yield and quality. Mash diets were favorable when considering the overall litter quality and welfare of the birds. However, they could not maintain the same broiler performance and slaughter yield as pelleted diets. Results from the present study may assist the poultry sector towards a socially acceptable low-emission farming system.
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Ramírez-Zamudio GD, Silva LH, Vieira NM, Vilela RS, Assis DE, Assis GJ, Estrada MM, Rodrigues RT, Duarte MS, Chizzotti ML. Effect of short-term dietary protein restriction before slaughter on meat quality and skeletal muscle metabolomic profile in culled ewes. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2022.104956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Coria MS, Pighin D, Grigioni G, Palma GA. Feeding strategies and ageing time alter calpain system proteins activities and meat quality of Braford steers. Anim Biosci 2021; 35:272-280. [PMID: 34696575 PMCID: PMC8738954 DOI: 10.5713/ab.21.0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ageing and feeding strategies on the calpain protease system and meat quality traits in Braford steers. Methods Thirty Braford steers were employed; 15 animals were supplemented with corn silage during finishing and 15 were kept only on pasture. Meat quality traits and calpain system protein activity were evaluated in longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) steaks aged for 2, 7, 14, and 21 days. Results Aged meat showed higher pH and calcium content, while Warner Bratzler shear force (WBSF) decreased to day 21. No interaction between ageing and diet was seen for quality traits. Steers finished with corn silage showed higher values of water holding capacity, WBSF and free calcium, and lower values of pH and cooking loss. Calpain and calpastatin activities decreased with ageing. Finishing steers on pasture produced higher values of calpains and lower values of calpastatin activities. The higher values of calpain 1 activity were observed in muscles aged 2 days from pasture finished animals, and the lower activity of the inhibitor in the 21 days aged samples of the same group. Conclusion These results suggest a diet by ageing interaction in calpains and calpastatin and this interaction impact in Warner Bratzler Shear Force in Braford LTL muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sumampa Coria
- Animal Production and Reproduction Laboratory, NOA Institute of Bionanotechnology (INBIONATEC), Villa El Zanjón, Santiago del Estero, G4206XCP, Argentina.,Institute for the Agricultural Development of the Semiarid (INDEAS), Faculty of Agronomy and Agroindustry (FAyA), National University of Santiago del Estero (UNSE), Santiago del Estero, G4200ABT, Argentina.,National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, C1033AAJ, Argentina
| | - Dario Pighin
- National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, C1033AAJ, Argentina.,Food Technology Institute - Science and Technology Institute of Sustainable Food Systems, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA) and National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, C1033AAJ, Argentina.,Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Moron University, Morón, Buenos Aires, B1708JPD, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Grigioni
- National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, C1033AAJ, Argentina.,Food Technology Institute - Science and Technology Institute of Sustainable Food Systems, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA) and National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, C1033AAJ, Argentina.,Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Moron University, Morón, Buenos Aires, B1708JPD, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Adolfo Palma
- Animal Production and Reproduction Laboratory, NOA Institute of Bionanotechnology (INBIONATEC), Villa El Zanjón, Santiago del Estero, G4206XCP, Argentina.,Institute for the Agricultural Development of the Semiarid (INDEAS), Faculty of Agronomy and Agroindustry (FAyA), National University of Santiago del Estero (UNSE), Santiago del Estero, G4200ABT, Argentina.,National Council of Scientific and Technical Research (CONICET), Buenos Aires, C1033AAJ, Argentina
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Schwarz T, Przybyło M, Zapletal P, Turek A, Pabiańczyk M, Bartlewski PM. Effects of Using Corn Dried Distillers' Grains with Solubles (cDDGS) as a Partial Replacement for Soybean Meal on the Outcomes of Pig Fattening, Pork Slaughter Value and Quality. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102956. [PMID: 34679977 PMCID: PMC8532900 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Soybean meal is the principal component of the diets for fattener pigs; however, there is a constant need for alternative, inexpensive, preferably non-GMO (genetic modified organisms) protein sources in swine nutrition. Corn dried distillers’ grains with solubles (cDDGS), by-products of ethanol and bioethanol production, are one such alternative. Due to their chemical composition, they cannot completely replace soybean meal; however, even relatively small additions of cDDGS may decrease the cost of feeding and increase profitability of pig production. In this study, the pigs were fed two different diets: control (cereal–soybean meal-based) or cDDGS (with soybean meal partially replaced with cDGGS). The growth performance as well as carcass and meat quality traits of fatteners fed cDGGS-containing diets did not differ from those of their respective controls. However, the addition of even 15% of cDDGS did result in lower production costs and increased the profitability of pig fattening. Abstract The present study set out to determine the effects of incorporating cDDGS into starter, grower, and finisher diets (containing 5%, 10%, and 15% of cDDGS, respectively) on growth performance, carcass and meat quality, and cost effectiveness of pig fattening. Sixty-four pigs (mean body weight of 15.0 ± 2.1 kg) were divided into two groups (n = 32) and fed a control diet (cereal–soybean meal-based) or cDGGS-containing diets (with soybean meal partially replaced with cDDGS). Live weights of pigs as well as weight gains/daily weight gains across all fattening phases did not differ between the two groups of fattener pigs studied (p > 0.05). Addition of cDDGS decreased feed intake per pig during the grower (p < 0.05) and finisher (p < 0.01) phases, and, as a result, throughout the entire fattening period (254 vs. 245 kg for control and cDDGS groups, respectively; p < 0.01). The feed conversion ratio (FCR) for the entire fattening period was significantly less for cDDGS-fed fatteners (2.77) than for controls (2.91; p < 0.05). Carcass weights, fat thickness, and meatiness did not vary between the two groups of animals (p > 0.05). Loin depth was greater in the cDDGS group by ~5 mm (p < 0.05). Slaughter value was higher for the cDDGS group (76.1% vs. 77.0%, p < 0.05). The total cost of fattening and total cost of 1 kg of body weight decreased in cDDGS compared with the control subset of fatteners by ~7% and 8% during the grower and finisher phases, respectively (p < 0.01). The simplified direct surplus per pig was approximately 63% higher for the cDDGS group. Our results indicate that even moderate inclusion of cDDGS to concentrate mixtures (or a partial replacement of soybean meal with cDDGS) may improve FCR without any substantial changes in meat and back fat characteristics as well as significantly decrease the cost of feeding and increase the profitability of pig production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Schwarz
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Ethology, University of Agriculture in Kraków, 24/28 Mickiewicza Ave., 30-059 Cracow, Poland; (P.Z.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Marcin Przybyło
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology and Fisheries, University of Agriculture in Kraków, 24/28 Mickiewicza Ave., 30-059 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Piotr Zapletal
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Ethology, University of Agriculture in Kraków, 24/28 Mickiewicza Ave., 30-059 Cracow, Poland; (P.Z.); (M.P.)
| | - Artur Turek
- Blattin Poland, Siedlec, Poznowicka St. 1, 47-180 Izbicko, Poland;
| | - Mariola Pabiańczyk
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Ethology, University of Agriculture in Kraków, 24/28 Mickiewicza Ave., 30-059 Cracow, Poland; (P.Z.); (M.P.)
| | - Pawel Mieczyslaw Bartlewski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd., Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
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Therkildsen M, Jensen SK, Kongsted AG. Crossbreed and feed allowance affect final meat and eating quality of pigs from a free-range system. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Zheng YY, Zhou CY, Wang C, Ding DM, Wang JJ, Li CB, Zhou GH. Evaluating the effect of cooking temperature and time on collagen characteristics and the texture of hog maw. J Texture Stud 2021; 52:207-218. [PMID: 33368297 DOI: 10.1111/jtxs.12580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the texture of hog maw and the degradation of Types I and III collagen in the intramuscular connective tissue (IMCT) of hog maw at different cooking temperatures (75-95°C) and times (50-130 min). The cooking loss, shear force, collagen content, collagen solubility, and IMCT strength of hog maw cooked in water baths were measured. The instrumental texture profile analysis showed that the brittleness, springiness, chewiness and hardness of the cooked hog maw significantly increased with the increase of cooking temperature, while the hardness, springiness and chewiness increased first and then decreased with increasing cooking time. Cooking loss exhibited a 38% increase between the raw meat and meat cooked at 95°C. The collagen solubility significantly increased from 5.5 mg/g for raw meat to 8.6 mg/g for meat cooked at 95°C, accompanied by decreases in the shear force and IMCT strength associated with the increase in cooking temperature and time. These results show that the texture and collagen characteristics of hog maw are dramatically affected by the cooking temperature and time. Sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis and immunofluorescence staining further showed that collagen degradation occurred after cooking, and the degradation of Type I collagen was higher than that of Type III collagen. These results indicated that the degradation of Type I collagen was mainly responsible for the sensory and textural improvements of the cooked hog maw.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE; Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MOA; Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Yu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE; Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MOA; Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE; Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MOA; Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Da-Ming Ding
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE; Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MOA; Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan-Juan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE; Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MOA; Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Bao Li
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE; Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MOA; Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Hong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing and Quality Control, MOE; Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MOA; Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center of Meat Processing and Quality Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Chen J, Chen F, Lin X, Wang Y, He J, Zhao Y. Effect of Excessive or Restrictive Energy on Growth Performance, Meat Quality, and Intramuscular Fat Deposition in Finishing Ningxiang Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2020; 11:E27. [PMID: 33375747 PMCID: PMC7823336 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of excessive or restrictive energy on growth performance, meat quality, intramuscular fat (IMF) deposition, and related gene expression in finishing Ningxiang pigs. A total of 36 Ningxiang pigs (43.26 ± 3.21 kg) were randomly assigned to three treatments (6 pens of 2 piglets per treatment) and fed by one of three dietary treatments until the pigs of each treatment weighed approximately 75 kg equally. The three treatments were control diet (digestible energy, DE:13.02 MJ/kg, CON), excessive energy diet (DE 15.22 MJ/kg, EE), and restrictive energy diet (DE 10.84 MJ/kg, RE). Results showed that EE improved average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) (p < 0.01), while nothing significantly changed by RE except FCR increasing (p < 0.01). EE increased the content of IMF and triglycerides (TG) (p < 0.05), L*24h and b*45min (p < 0.01), while decreasing cooking loss and meat tenderness in longissimus thoracis (LT) (p < 0.05). b*24h was significantly increased with the increase of energy level (p < 0.01). Meanwhile, EE increased the cross-sectional area (CSA) of muscle fiber and the mRNA expression of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) IIb, acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and adipocyte fatty-acid binding protein (FABP4) (p < 0.05). In addition, throughout: A diet supplemented with excessive energy promoted IMF deposition by positively changing lipogenic potential while decreasing tenderness by increasing glycolytic muscle fibers, which together affected meat quality. In terms of growth performance and meat quality, the present study suggests that the low-energy diet is suitable for finishing Ningxiang pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jianhua He
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (J.C.); (F.C.); (X.L.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yurong Zhao
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (J.C.); (F.C.); (X.L.); (Y.W.)
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Dos Santos ÉR, Bridi AM, da Silva CA, Alfieri AA, Fritzen JTT, Terto DK, Correia ER. Gender effects on pork quality and calpain-1 and calpastatin gene expression in male pig muscle. Meat Sci 2021; 172:108366. [PMID: 33186872 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2020.108366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Studies that investigate the expression of genes related to the tenderness of meat from entire and immunocastrated male pigs have not yet been performed. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between gender (entire male and immunocastrated) and the meat quality of pigs, as well as to quantify the expression of calpain-1 and the calpastatin gene. Regarding carcass measurements and meat quality, boars presented lower values of muscle depth (P = 0.028), subcutaneous fat thickness (P = 0.046), L* value (P = 0.004) and cook loss (P = 0.008) than the immunocastrated pigs. The boars presented greater calpain-1 gene expression (P = 0.006) and lower calpastatin gene expression (P = 0.003) than immunocastrated pigs. This study shows that combined with other factors the gene expression can contribute to a tender meat from boars due to their higher calpain-1 expression and lower calpastatin expression than those of immunocastrated male pigs.
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Škrlep M, Tomašević I, Mörlein D, Novaković S, Egea M, Garrido MD, Linares MB, Peñaranda I, Aluwé M, Font-i-Furnols M. The Use of Pork from Entire Male and Immunocastrated Pigs for Meat Products-An Overview with Recommendations. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1754. [PMID: 32993171 PMCID: PMC7601181 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the strong public initiative in Europe and increased regulator focus to mitigate pain, surgical castration of pigs is being gradually abandoned, while the importance of other sex categories like entire males (EM) and immunocastrates (IC) increases. Although beneficial for animal welfare and economics, their use also brings forward several quality problems. Besides the occurrence of boar taint in EM, these include excessive carcass leanness, softer fat, meat color and pH deviations, inferior water holding capacity and increased meat toughness. In this paper, the raw material differences between the male sex categories and their influence on product quality are reviewed, and possible solutions are presented. Using EM for dried or thermally processed products may result in lower processing yields and inferior sensory quality, which may partially be prevented by applying specific processing adaptations. Immunocastration is a viable solution, especially when prolonging the vaccination to slaughter interval. Low to medium levels of boar taint can be effectively managed in most of the meat products, applying procedures like cooking, microbial inoculation or masking (by spices and especially smoking), while highly tainted material can be valorized only by combining various methods and/or with dilution of the tainted meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Škrlep
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova ulica 17, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Igor Tomašević
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.T.); (S.N.)
| | - Daniel Mörlein
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany;
| | - Saša Novaković
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia; (I.T.); (S.N.)
| | - Macarena Egea
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30071 Murcia, Spain; (M.E.); (M.D.G.); (M.B.L.); (I.P.)
| | - María Dolores Garrido
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30071 Murcia, Spain; (M.E.); (M.D.G.); (M.B.L.); (I.P.)
| | - María Belén Linares
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30071 Murcia, Spain; (M.E.); (M.D.G.); (M.B.L.); (I.P.)
| | - Irene Peñaranda
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30071 Murcia, Spain; (M.E.); (M.D.G.); (M.B.L.); (I.P.)
| | - Marijke Aluwé
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Scheldeweg 68, 9090 Melle, Belgium;
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Motter MM, Corva PM, Soria LA. Expression of calpastatin isoforms in three skeletal muscles of Angus steers and their association with fiber type composition and proteolytic potential. Meat Sci 2020; 171:108267. [PMID: 32745871 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2020.108267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the expression of calpastatin (CAST) isoforms and their potential associations with fiber type composition (%RA), calpastatin activity (CA) and myofibril fragmentation index (MFI) in three muscles with known differences in tenderness (infraspinatus, triceps brachii and semitendinosus) of Angus steers. Expression of total CAST (CAST-T) and CAST isoforms I, II, III (2-3) and III (2-4) (including or not exon 3) was evaluated by qRT-PCR. CAST expression and CA were significantly higher and MFI was lower in semitendinosus, the muscle with the highest %RA of IIX fibers. Differential expression of isoforms defined the variability in CAST-T among muscles. Semitendinosus had a higher expression of isoforms II and III (2-3), but lower expression of III (2-4) compared to the other two muscles. Relative expression of isoforms II and III that were defined by promoter preference linked to alternative splicing, seem to be the main factors explaining differences in CAST expression and ultimately in MFI among muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana M Motter
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Genética, Chorroarín 280 (1427), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo M Corva
- Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Unidad Integrada Balcarce, Departamento de Producción Animal, CC276 (CP7620) Balcarce, Argentina
| | - Liliana A Soria
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Cátedra de Genética, Chorroarín 280 (1427), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Font-i-Furnols M, Luo X, Brun A, Lizardo R, Esteve-Garcia E, Soler J, Gispert M. Computed tomography evaluation of gilt growth performance and carcass quality under feeding restrictions and compensatory growth effects on the sensory quality of pork. Livest Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Joglekar D, Warren R, Browe D, Ekwueme E, Dariani M, Padliya ND, Freeman JW. Investigating the Effects of Fertilized Egg Yolk Extract on Myoblast Proliferation and Differentiation. Regen Eng Transl Med 2020; 6:125-137. [DOI: 10.1007/s40883-019-00137-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) structures within skeletal muscle play an important, but under-appreciated, role in muscle development, function and adaptation. Each individual muscle is surrounded by epimysial connective tissue and within the muscle there are two distinct extracellular matrix (ECM) structures, the perimysium and endomysium. Together, these three ECM structures make up the intramuscular connective tissue (IMCT). There are large variations in the amount and composition of IMCT between functionally different muscles. Although IMCT acts as a scaffold for muscle fiber development and growth and acts as a carrier for blood vessels and nerves to the muscle cells, the variability in IMCT between different muscles points to a role in the variations in active and passive mechanical properties of muscles. Some traditional measures of the contribution of endomysial IMCT to passive muscle elasticity relied upon tensile measurements on single fiber preparations. These types of measurements may now be thought to be missing the important point that endomysial IMCT networks within a muscle fascicle coordinate forces and displacements between adjacent muscle cells by shear and that active contractile forces can be transmitted by this route (myofascial force transmission). The amount and geometry of the perimysial ECM network separating muscle fascicles varies more between different muscle than does the amount of endomysium. While there is some evidence for myofascial force transmission between fascicles via the perimysium, the variations in this ECM network appears to be linked to the amount of shear displacements between fascicles that must necessarily occur when the whole muscle contracts and changes shape. Fast growth of muscle by fiber hypertrophy is not always associated with a high turnover of ECM components, but slower rates of growth and muscle wasting may be associated with IMCT remodeling. A hypothesis arising from this observation is that the level of cell signaling via shear between integrin and dystroglycan linkages on the surface of the muscle cells and the overlying endomysium may be the controlling factor for IMCT turnover, although this idea is yet to be tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter P Purslow
- Centro de Investigacion Veterinaria de Tandil, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Tandil, Argentina
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Outhouse AC, Helm ET, Patterson BM, Dekkers JCM, Rauw WM, Schwartz KJ, Gabler NK, Huff-Lonergan E, Lonergan SM. Effect of a dual enteric and respiratory pathogen challenge on swine growth, efficiency, carcass composition, and pork quality1. J Anim Sci 2020; 97:4710-4720. [PMID: 31634906 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the influence of a dual respiratory and enteric pathogen challenge on growth performance, carcass composition, and pork quality of high and low feed efficient pigs. Pigs divergently selected for low and high residual feed intake (RFI, ~68 kg) from the 11th generation of Iowa State University RFI project were used to represent high and low feed efficiency. To elicit a dual pathogen challenge, half of the pigs (n = 12/line) were inoculated with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mh) and Lawsonia intracellularis (MhLI) on days post-inoculation (dpi) 0. Pigs in a separate room of the barn were not inoculated and used as controls (n = 12/RFI line). Pigs were weighed and feed intake was recorded to calculate ADG, ADFI, and G:F for the acclimation period (period 1: dpi -21 to 0), during peak infection (period 2: dpi 0 to 42), and during the remaining growth period to reach market weight (period 3: dpi 42 to harvest). At ~125 kg, pigs were harvested using standard commercial procedures. Carcasses were evaluated for composition (weight, fat free lean, loin eye area, 10th rib fat depth) and meat quality (pH decline, temperature decline, Hunter L, a, and b, subjective color and marbling, star probe, drip loss, cook loss, proximate composition, and desmin degradation). Challenged pigs had lesser ADFI than controls during period 2 (P < 0.05), but had greater ADG and G:F during period 3 (P < 0.05). Selection for feed efficiency did not result in a differential response to MhLI (P > 0.05). Loin chops from the less feed efficient, high RFI pigs, had greater drip loss, greater cook loss, lesser moisture content, greater Hunter L values, and greater Hunter b values (P < 0.05) than loin chops from low RFI pigs. Infection status did not significantly affect carcass composition or pork quality traits (P > 0.05). These results indicate that a MhLI challenge early in growth did not significantly affect ultimate carcass composition or meat quality traits. Selection for greater feed efficiency in pigs did not affect their response to pathogenic challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emma T Helm
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | | | | | | | - Kent J Schwartz
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
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Rey A, Menoyo D, Segura J, López-Bote C, Calvo L. Combination of dietary glycaemic index and fasting time prior to slaughter as strategy to modify quality of pork. Meat Sci 2020; 161:108013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2019.108013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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17
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Chen H, Liu Y, Li H, Fang Z, Lin Y, Xu S, Li J, Feng B, Wu D, Che L. Nutritional effects pre-weaning on growth performance, carcass traits and meat quality of pigs. Anim Prod Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/an18368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of nutritional restriction during the suckling period on growth performance, carcass traits and meat quality of fattening pigs. A one-way experimental design was used. In total, 24 male pigs of normal birthweight (1.54 ± 0.05 kg) were randomly allocated at 7 days of age to three groups: control, fed ad libitum; 30% nutritional restriction (Re30%); and 60% nutritional restriction (Re60%). The Re30% and Re60% groups showed decreased average daily gain, average daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio from Day 7 to Day 28. After Day 28, differences in these parameters were observed only in the Re60% group relative to the control. With regard to hormone levels, the Re60% group showed decreased serum concentration of insulin-like growth factor-1 at Day 28 and increased serum concentration of growth hormone at Day 147. Furthermore, the Re60% group had decreased carcass weight, ham weight and dressing percentage, and increased carcass lean percentage relative to the control, as well as lower cross-sectional area and myofibre diameter of muscle. The Re60% group had lower levels of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) IIx and MyHC IIb mRNA and a higher percentage of MyHC I and MyHC IIa mRNA in longissimus dorsi muscle than the Re30% group. In conclusion, nutritional restriction during the suckling period decreased weaning weight, with post-weaning growth performance, carcass traits and myofibre type affected in the Re60% group rather than Re30% group.
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Oksbjerg N, Krogh U, Jensen JA, Møller HS, Ramaekers P, Rasmussen MK, Therkildsen M, Theil PK. Supplementation of sows with L-Arginine during gestating and lactation affects muscle traits of offspring related with postnatal growth and meat quality: From conception to consumption. Meat Sci 2019; 152:58-64. [PMID: 30807928 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of dietary inclusion of 25 g/day of L-Arginine (n = 7) or iso‑nitrogenous amounts of alanine (n = 6) from d 30 of gestation to d 28 of lactation of sows on performance, muscle traits and meat quality in offspring. From each litter, heaviest and smallest littermate of both sexes were reared from d 28 and slaughtered at d 140 in accordance with a 23factorial design. A response to L-Arginine were obtained on small females where L-Arginine increased birth weight, however this effect disappeared at weaning. L-Arginine increased daily gain by 7% and increased the cross-sectional area of the M. semitendinosus in small females by 14%, suggesting an increased lean ratio. Mechanistic studies showed firstly, that small female littermates had increased number of muscle fibres (myogenesis) after L-Arginine treatment (11%) and secondly increased total DNA (12%) as a consequence of satellite cell proliferation. Traits describing tenderness seem to be affected by L-Arginine but further studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Oksbjerg
- Aarhus University, Department of Food Science, AU-Foulum, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Uffe Krogh
- Aarhus University, Department of Animal Science, AU-Foulum, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Jens A Jensen
- Aarhus University, Department of Food Science, AU-Foulum, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Hanne S Møller
- Aarhus University, Department of Food Science, AU-Foulum, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | | | - Martin Krøyer Rasmussen
- Aarhus University, Department of Food Science, AU-Foulum, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Margrethe Therkildsen
- Aarhus University, Department of Food Science, AU-Foulum, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark.
| | - Peter K Theil
- Aarhus University, Department of Animal Science, AU-Foulum, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
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Purslow PP. Contribution of collagen and connective tissue to cooked meat toughness; some paradigms reviewed. Meat Sci 2018; 144:127-134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2018.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ballester M, Amills M, González-Rodríguez O, Cardoso TF, Pascual M, González-Prendes R, Panella-Riera N, Díaz I, Tibau J, Quintanilla R. Role of AMPK signalling pathway during compensatory growth in pigs. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:682. [PMID: 30223793 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5071-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The molecular basis of compensatory growth in monogastric animals has not yet been fully explored. Herewith, in this study we aim to determine changes in the pig skeletal muscle transcriptome profile during compensatory growth following a feed restriction period. A RNA-Seq experiment was performed with a total of 24 females belonging to a Duroc commercial line. Half of the animals received either a restricted (RE) or ad libitum (AL) diet during the first fattening period (60–125 d of age). After that, all gilts were fed ad libitum for a further ~30 d until the age of ~155 d, when animals were slaughtered and samples of gluteus medius muscle were harvested to perform RNA-Seq analyses and intramuscular fat content determination. Results During the period following food restriction, RE animals re-fed ad libitum displayed compensatory growth, showed better feed conversion rate and tended to deposit more subcutaneous fat than AL fed animals. Animals were slaughtered in the phase of accelerated growth, when RE animals had not completely compensated the performance of AL group, showing lower live and carcass weights. At intramuscular level, RE gilts showed a higher content of polyunsaturated fatty acids during the compensatory growth phase. The comparison of RE and AL expression profiles allowed the identification of 86 (ǀlog2Fold-Changeǀ > 1, padj < 0.05) differentially expressed (DE) genes. A functional categorization of these DE genes identified AMPK Signaling as the most significantly enriched canonical pathway. This kinase plays a key role in the maintenance of energy homeostasis as well as in the activation of autophagy. Among the DE genes identified as components of AMPK Signaling pathway, five out of six genes were downregulated in RE pigs. Conclusions Animals re-fed after a restriction period exhibited a less oxidative metabolic profile and catabolic processes in muscle than animals fed ad libitum. The downregulation of autophagy observed in the skeletal muscle of pigs undergoing compensatory growth may constitute a mechanism to increase muscle mass thus ensuring an accelerated growth rate. These results reveal that the downregulation of AMPK Signaling plays an important role in compensatory growth in pigs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-5071-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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21
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Akit H, Collins C, Fahri F, Hung A, D'Souza D, Leury B, Dunshea F. Dietary lecithin improves feed efficiency without impacting meat quality in immunocastrated male pigs and gilts fed a summer ration containing added fat. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 4:203-209. [PMID: 30140760 PMCID: PMC6103466 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sex and dietary lecithin on growth performance, meat quality, muscle collagen content and gene expression of key genes involved in collagen synthesis in finisher pigs. A total of 256 pigs (Large White × Landrace) were allotted to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement involving sex (gilt or immunocastrated [IC] male) and dietary treatment (0 or 5 g/kg of dietary lecithin). All diets were formulated to contain 4.6% tallow with relatively high total fat of 6.3%. After 5 weeks of dietary treatment, pigs were slaughtered and Longissimus dorsi muscle was obtained for evaluation of meat quality and collagen content. Rectus abdominis muscle was analysed for gene expression of key genes involved in collagen synthesis namely, type I (α1) procollagen (COL1A1), type III (α1) procollagen (COL3A1), α-subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylase (P4H), lysyl oxidase and metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1). The results showed that lecithin improved feed efficiency of all pigs (P < 0.05) but it had no effect on feed intake, average daily gain and dressing percentage (P > 0.05). Lecithin also had no effect on meat compression, shear force, collagen content and gene expression (P > 0.05). Immunocastrated male had higher growth rate and increased COL1A1 expression than gilts. However, sex had no effect on fat depth at the P2 site (65 mm from the midline over the last rib), collagen content and expression of other genes (P > 0.05). In conclusion, lecithin improved feed efficiency in finishing pigs without impacting pork quality. Thus, inclusion of lecithin in diets containing high amount of tallow during the summer period could be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henny Akit
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | | | - Fahri Fahri
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Alex Hung
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Darryl D'Souza
- Australian Pork Ltd., Level 2, 2 Brisbane Avenue, Barton Capital Territory, 2600, Australia
| | - Brian Leury
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Frank Dunshea
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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Aaslyng MD, Jensen H, Karlsson AH. The gender background of texture attributes of pork loin. Meat Sci 2018; 136:79-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2017.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Barbosa E, Bridi A, Novais A, Santos R, Frederico G, Alves J, Barata C, Santos E, Silva C. Use of ractopamine during compensatory gain of finishing pigs on carcass and meat performance and quality. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-9460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of compensatory gain associated with the use of 10ppm ractopamine after a period of feed restriction in finishing pigs on performance, carcass and meat quality. Twenty castrated males and 20 females, at 110 days of age and 66.137±6.13kg live weight, were submitted to four treatments using a 2 x 2 factorial design (fed ad libitum or with 20% restriction between 0(21 days of age and fed with or without 10ppm ractopamine for 22(42 days of experimentation), with 10 replicates (animals). There was no interaction between the factors for any of the evaluated parameters. Animals treated with ractopamine presented better weight gain (1.083 versus 1.259kg), feed conversion (2.910 versus 2.577), warm and cold carcass weight (86.08 versus 89.00 and 83.46 versus 87.20kg, respectively), loin depth (63.02 versus 68.40mm), loin eye area (41.43 versus 46.59mm2) and muscle fiber diameter (27.48 versus 35.85μm). Animals submitted to feed restriction followed by ad libitum feed presented compensatory gain without losses to carcass and meat characteristics, but with a reduction in the ethereal extract (2.19 versus 1.64%) and lower water loss due to thawing in the meat (11.35 versus 9.42%). The effects of compensatory gain after food restriction and ractopamine are independent of the parameters evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- E.M.J. Barbosa
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Brazil; Instituto Federal do Maranhão, Brazil
| | - A.M. Bridi
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - J.B. Alves
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Brazil
| | | | | | - C.A. Silva
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Brazil
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Aaslyng MD, Meinert L. Meat flavour in pork and beef – From animal to meal. Meat Sci 2017; 132:112-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Moore K, Mullan B, Dunshea F. Boar taint, meat quality and fail rate in entire male pigs and male pigs immunized against gonadotrophin releasing factor as related to body weight and feeding regime. Meat Sci 2017; 125:95-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2016.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Arkfeld EK, Wilson KB, Overholt MF, Harsh BN, Lowell JE, Hogan EK, Klehm BJ, Bohrer BM, Kroscher KA, Peterson BC, Stites CR, Mohrhauser DA, King DA, Wheeler TL, Dilger AC, Shackelford SD, Boler DD. Effects of marketing group on the quality of fresh and cured hams sourced from a commercial processing facility. J Anim Sci 2017; 94:5144-5154. [PMID: 28046148 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016-0884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective was: 1) to characterize the effect of marketing group on fresh and cured ham quality, and 2) to determine which fresh ham traits correlated to cured ham quality traits. Pigs raised in 8 barns representing 2 seasons (hot and cold) and 2 production focuses (lean and quality) were used. Three groups were marketed from each barn. A total of 7,684 carcasses were used for data collection at the abattoir. Every tenth carcass was noted as a select carcass for in-depth ham quality analyses. Leg primal weight and instrumental color were measured on 100% of the population. On the select 10% of the population, hams were fabricated into sub-primal pieces, and 3-piece hams were manufactured to evaluate cured ham quality and processing yield. Data were analyzed as a split-plot design in the MIXED procedure of SAS with production focus as the whole-plot factor, and marketing group as the split-plot factor. Pearson correlation coefficients between fresh and cured ham traits were computed. There were no differences ( ≥ 0.15) in instrumental color or ultimate pH ( ≥ 0.14) among fresh ham muscles from any marketing group. The only exception was the semimembranosus of marketing group 2 was lighter than marketing group 1 ( = 0.03) and the dark portion of the semitendinosus muscle from group 1 was lighter than from group 3 ( = 0.01). There were no differences ( ≥ 0.33) in ultimate pH of fresh ham muscles between production focuses, but several muscles from quality focus pigs were lighter in color than ham muscles from lean focus pigs. The lack of differences in fresh ham quality lead to few differences in cured ham quality. Cured hams from the quality focus pigs had greater lipid content ( < 0.01) than hams from lean focus pigs. Cured lightness values of hams from marketing group 1 and 2 were 1.52 units lighter than hams from marketing group 3 ( 0.01). Overall, marketing group did not impact ham quality. Fresh ham quality was not strongly related to cured ham quality. Some correlations were present between fresh and cured ham traits, but those relationships were likely not strong enough to be used as a sorting tool for fresh hams to generate high quality cured hams.
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Silva LH, Paulino PV, Assis GJ, Assis DE, Estrada MM, Silva MC, Silva JC, Martins TS, Valadares Filho SC, Paulino MF, Chizzotti ML. Effect of post-weaning growth rate on carcass traits and meat quality of Nellore cattle. Meat Sci 2017; 123:192-197. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Telles FG, Luna SPL, Teixeira G, Berto DA. Long-term weight gain and economic impact in pigs castrated under local anaesthesia. Vet Anim Sci 2016; 1-2:36-39. [PMID: 32734022 PMCID: PMC7386683 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Castration is a controversial practice in swine production because in some countries is still performed without anaesthesia, and therefore causes intense suffering and stress to animals. This study investigated the effect of pre-surgical administration of local anaesthesia (LA) on the growth performance of piglets until the end of the growth phase (102 days). Piglets aged 3 to 5 days were selected in pairs of similar weights and same age. They were originated from 22 litters. The groups were randomly assigned to one of two treatments. Castration was performed with (LA; n = 45) or without (NLA; n = 45) intra-testicular administration of 0.5 mL of 2% lidocaine plus adrenaline per testicle, administered by an automatic repeating vaccinator. Castration was performed 10 min later. Average daily weight gain and economic impact were evaluated between the intervals before castration until 21 (weaning phase), before castration until 60 (end of the initial nursery phase) and before castration until 102 (growth phase) days of age. Average daily weight gain data were analyzed by comparing the average daily weight gain between the weaning phase, 60 and 102 days of age versus the initial weight (pre-castration). At the end of the growing phase, animals treated with LA showed greater weight gain than animals castrated without anaesthesia. LA also showed improved cost:benefit ratio and theore might provide greater economic benefit under the conditions used in this study. Our findings have proved that castration with LA improves long-term weight gain of piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- F G Telles
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Unesp - Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - S P L Luna
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Unesp - Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - G Teixeira
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Unesp - Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - D A Berto
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Unesp - Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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Calvo L, Toldrá F, Aristoy M, López-bote C, Rey A. Effect of dietary organic selenium on muscle proteolytic activity and water-holding capacity in pork. Meat Sci 2016; 121:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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30
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Therkildsen M, Riis B, Karlsson A, Kristensen L, Ertbjerg P, Purslow PP, Dall Aaslyng M, Oksbjerg N. Compensatory growth response in pigs, muscle protein turn-over and meat texture: effects of restriction/realimentation period. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002; 75:367-77. [DOI: 10.1017/s1357729800053145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe present experiment was designed to evaluate the effect of different time spans of ad libitum feeding of pigs prior to slaughter after a period of restricted feeding on performance and texture characteristics of the meat. Te n litters of five pigs (Duroc ✕ Landrace ✕ Large White crosses) were allocated to five feeding treatments (AA, R28A42, R43A27, R52A18 and R60A10) at the age of 70 days. AA-pigs were given ad libitum a concentrate diet from day 70 to slaughter at day 140 (approx. 100 kg live weight). R28A42, R43A27, R52A18 and R60A10 pigs were given food at a restricted level (0·6 of ad libitum) for 28, 43, 52 and 60 days, respectively, followed by ad libitum feeding for 42, 27, 18 and 10 days, respectively, until slaughter at day 140. All pigs that had been given food at a restricted level for a period (R28A42, R43A27, R52A18 and R60A10) showed a compensatory growth response in the subsequent ad libitum period. However, only pigs on ad libitum for a minimum of 27 days prior to slaughter (R28A42 and R43A27) had carcass weights and muscle mass similar to that of the control pigs (AA) at slaughter. The restricted feeding increased meat proportion, whereas the feeding strategies had no effect on technological meat quality traits (pH24, drip loss and CIE-colour traits: L*, a* and b*). During compensatory growth, protein turn-over was increased and positively related to the length of the ad libitum period as indicated by the concentration of elongation factor-2 (eEF-2) (P < 0·10), the activity of µ-calpain (P < 0·01) and the myofibrillar fragmentation index (MFI) 1 day post mortem in m. longissimus dorsi (P < 0·08) and the solubility of collagen (P < 0·01). Although not significant, the shear force at day 1 followed the same pattern of improvement as the MFI. The concentration of eEF-2 increased at a faster rate following transition to ad libitum feeding than did the activity of µ-calpain. This suggests that muscle protein synthesis increases at a faster rate after change to ad libitum feeding and reaches the same level as in the control pigs (AA) before muscle protein degradation. This time lag between the increase in protein synthesis and degradation could explain the compensatory growth response and it also suggests that in order to use the compensatory growth mechanism to improve tenderness, the optimal time of slaughter may not coincide with the period of highest growth rates, but may occur at a later stage, when muscle protein degradation is maximal. For pigs slaughtered at 100 kg live weight, we expect muscle protein degradation to be maximal some time beyond 42 days of ad libitum feeding prior to slaughter.
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Latorre ME, Lifschitz AL, Purslow PP. New recommendations for measuring collagen solubility. Meat Sci 2016; 118:78-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Geldenhuys G, Muller N, Hoffman LC. The influence of post-mortem conditioning on the tenderness of Egyptian goose (Alopochen aegyptiacus) breast meat (M. pectoralis major). J Sci Food Agric 2016; 96:1828-1835. [PMID: 26183427 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Egyptian goose breast meat has been found to be very tough compared to the meat of other well-known fowl species. In attempting to clarify the toughness of the meat, the physical and biochemical changes during post-mortem conditioning (14 days) was investigated. RESULTS Although there was increased cathepsin (B, B & L and H) activity, together with a decrease (P ≤ 0.05) in myofibrillar fragmentation lengths (32-25 µm) with conditioning, no change (decline) in shear force values was observed. The higher (P ≤ 0.05) shear force of the male breast portions may be linked to the higher (P ≤ 0.05) concentrations of total and insoluble collagen. CONCLUSIONS No significant change (decline) in shear force values was observed. Conditioning of Egyptian goose meat as a means of improving the overall toughness cannot therefore not be proposed. The higher shear force and lower sensory tenderness of the male breast portions, as previously observed, may be linked to higher concentrations of total and insoluble collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Geldenhuys
- Department of Animal Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, (Stellenbosch), 7602, South Africa
- Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, (Stellenbosch), 7602, South Africa
| | - Nina Muller
- Department of Food Science, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, (Stellenbosch), 7602, South Africa
| | - Louwrens C Hoffman
- Department of Animal Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, (Stellenbosch), 7602, South Africa
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Nebendahl C, Görs S, Albrecht E, Krüger R, Martens K, Giller K, Hammon HM, Rimbach G, Metges CC. Early postnatal feed restriction reduces liver connective tissue levels and affects H3K9 acetylation state of regulated genes associated with protein metabolism in low birth weight pigs. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 29:41-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2015.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Shafey TM, Mahmoud AH, Hussein ES, Suliman G. The Performance and Characteristics of Carcass and Breast Meat of Broiler Chickens Fed Diets Containing Flaxseed Meal. Italian Journal of Animal Science 2016. [DOI: 10.4081/ijas.2014.3514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Addah W, Dzewu RRK, Alenyorege B. Effects of dietary restriction followed by high dietary energy or protein on compensatory growth of Ashanti Black × Large White crossbred weaner pigs. Trop Anim Health Prod 2016; 48:145-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-015-0936-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Miao ZG, Zhang LP, Fu X, Yang QY, Zhu MJ, Dodson MV, Du M. Invited review: mesenchymal progenitor cells in intramuscular connective tissue development. Animal 2016; 10:75-81. [PMID: 26350682 DOI: 10.1017/S1751731115001834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The abundance and cross-linking of intramuscular connective tissue contributes to the background toughness of meat, and is thus undesirable. Connective tissue is mainly synthesized by intramuscular fibroblasts. Myocytes, adipocytes and fibroblasts are derived from a common pool of progenitor cells during the early embryonic development. It appears that multipotent mesenchymal stem cells first diverge into either myogenic or non-myogenic lineages; non-myogenic mesenchymal progenitors then develop into the stromal-vascular fraction of skeletal muscle wherein adipocytes, fibroblasts and derived mesenchymal progenitors reside. Because non-myogenic mesenchymal progenitors mainly undergo adipogenic or fibrogenic differentiation during muscle development, strengthening progenitor proliferation enhances the potential for both intramuscular adipogenesis and fibrogenesis, leading to the elevation of both marbling and connective tissue content in the resulting meat product. Furthermore, given the bipotent developmental potential of progenitor cells, enhancing their conversion to adipogenesis reduces fibrogenesis, which likely results in the overall improvement of marbling (more intramuscular adipocytes) and tenderness (less connective tissue) of meat. Fibrogenesis is mainly regulated by the transforming growth factor (TGF) β signaling pathway and its regulatory cascade. In addition, extracellular matrix, a part of the intramuscular connective tissue, provides a niche environment for regulating myogenic differentiation of satellite cells and muscle growth. Despite rapid progress, many questions remain in the role of extracellular matrix on muscle development, and factors determining the early differentiation of myogenic, adipogenic and fibrogenic cells, which warrant further studies.
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Zhao JX, Liu XD, Zhang JX, Y W, Li HQ. Effect of different dietary energy on collagen accumulation in skeletal muscle of ram lambs1. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:4200-10. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Alvarenga AL, Sousa RV, Parreira GG, Chiarini-Garcia H, Almeida FR. Fatty acid profile, oxidative stability of pork lipids and meat quality indicators are not affected by birth weight. Animal 2014; 8:660-6. [PMID: 24636827 DOI: 10.1017/S1751731114000093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether fatty acid (FA) profile, oxidative stability of lipids and other meat quality traits differed between high (HW: 1.8 to 2.2 kg) and low (LW: 0.8 to 1.2 kg) birth weight piglets. Forty new-born male pigs (n=20 HW, n=20 LW) were reared in separate pens until the finishing period, when they were slaughtered at 150 days of age, and pH and temperature were measured in the carcass. Afterwards, the Longissimus dorsi muscle was excised from the carcass, and samples were collected for subsequent meat quality analyses (thaw loss, cooking loss, shear force, chemical analysis and sensory analysis for tenderness). Birth weight had minor impacts on meat quality traits, which were limited to higher shear force in the LW group (P<0.01). Chemical components (moisture, protein, fat, ash), cholesterol levels and lipid oxidation (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances) were not affected by birth weight (P>0.05). FA profile and the amount of saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids were similar, but HW pigs had higher atherogenic index than their LW counterparts (P<0.01). Notwithstanding the higher shear force presented by the lower birth weight pigs, in the sensory test, the panelists did not detect any differences in the tenderness of pork from HW and LW animals. Therefore, our results suggest that low birth weight has minimal impact on meat quality.
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Watanabe G, Kobayashi H, Shibata M, Kubota M, Kadowaki M, Fujimura S. Regulation of free glutamate content in meat by dietary lysine in broilers. Anim Sci J 2014; 86:435-42. [PMID: 25491790 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of taste is important for improving meat quality and glutamate (Glu) is one of the important taste-active components in meat. Here, the effects of dietary lysine (Lys) content on taste-active components in meat, especially free Glu, were investigated. Fourteen-day-old broiler chicks (Gallus gallus) were fed on diets containing 100% or 150% of the recommended Lys content for 10 days. Concentrations of free amino acids in plasma, muscle and liver were measured. The levels of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) for enzymes related to Glu metabolism were determined in muscle and liver. The concentration of muscle metabolites was also determined. The free Glu content in muscle of chicks fed the Lys150% diet was increased by 44.0% compared with that in chicks fed the Lys100% diet (P < 0.01). The mRNA level of lysine α-ketoglutarate reductase, which is involved in Lys degradation and Glu production, was significantly increased (P < 0.05) in the Lys150% group. Metabolome analysis showed that the Lys degradation products, muscular saccharopine, pipecolic acid and α-aminoadipic acid, were increased in the Lys150% group. Our results suggest that free Glu content in muscle is regulated by Lys degradation. These results suggest that a short-term feeding of high-Lys diet could improve the taste of meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genya Watanabe
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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Kamatara K, Mpairwe D, Christensen M, Eskildsen C, Mutetikka D, Muyonga J, Mushi D, Omagor S, Nantongo Z, Madsen J. Influence of age and method of carcass suspension on meat quality attributes of pure bred Ankole bulls. Livest Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2014.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter P. Purslow
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1 Canada;
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Pierzchala M, Hoekman AJW, Urbanski P, Kruijt L, Kristensen L, Young JF, Oksbjerg N, Goluch D, te Pas MFW. Validation of biomarkers for loin meat quality (M. longissimus) of pigs. J Anim Breed Genet 2014; 131:258-70. [PMID: 24506540 DOI: 10.1111/jbg.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to validate previously reported associations between microarray gene expression levels and pork quality traits using real-time PCR. Meat samples and meat quality data from 100 pigs were collected from a different pig breed to the one tested by microarray (Large White versus Pietrain) and a different country of origin (Denmark versus Germany). Ten genes (CARP, MB, CSRP3, TNNC1, VAPB, TNNI1, HSPB1, TNNT1, TIMP-1, RAD-like) were chosen from the original microarray study on the basis of the association between gene expression levels and the meat quality traits meat %, back fat, pH24, drip loss %, colour a*, colour b*, colour L*, WB-SF, SFA, MUFA, PUFA. Real-time PCR detection methods were developed for validation of all ten genes, confirming association with drip loss (two of two genes), ultimate pH (three of four genes), a* (redness) (two of six genes) and L*(lightness) (two of four genes). Furthermore, several new correlations for MUFA and PUFA were established due to additional meat quality trait information on fatty acid composition not available for the microarray study. Regression studies showed that the maximum explanation of the phenotypic variance of the meat quality traits was 50% for the ultimate pH trait using these ten genes only. Additional studies showed that the gene expression of several of the genes was correlated with each other. We conclude that the genes initially selected from the microarray study were robust, explaining variances of the genes for the meat quality traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pierzchala
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Centre, Wageningen UR Livestock Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands; Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Science, Jastrzebiec, Poland
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Krueger R, Derno M, Goers S, Metzler-Zebeli BU, Nuernberg G, Martens K, Pfuhl R, Nebendahl C, Zeyner A, Hammon HM, Metges CC. Higher body fatness in intrauterine growth retarded juvenile pigs is associated with lower fat and higher carbohydrate oxidation during ad libitum and restricted feeding. Eur J Nutr 2014; 53:583-97. [PMID: 23907209 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-013-0567-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Purpose
A thrifty energy metabolism has been suggested in intrauterine growth restricted (IUGR) offspring. We characterized energy metabolism and substrate oxidation patterns in IUGR pigs in response to food restriction (FR) and refeeding (RFD). Methods Female pigs with low (L; 1.1 kg; n = 20) or normal birth weight (N; 1.5 kg; n = 24) were fed ad libitum after weaning. Half of L and N pigs were food restricted (R; LR, NR) from days 80 to 100 (57 % of ad libitum) and refeed from days 101 to 131, while the remaining pigs were fed ad libitum (control, C). Using indirect calorimetry, carbohydrate and fat oxidation (COX, FOX), energy expenditure (EE) and balance (EB), resting metabolic rate (RMR) [all related to kg body weight0.62 (BW)] and RQ were determined at 4 days before (day 76) and after (day 83) beginning of FR, 4 days before (day 97) and after (day 104) end of FR and 25 days after beginning of RFD (day 125). Body fat and muscle weights were determined at day 131. Results In spite of higher relative food intake (FI), BW was lower in L pigs. In L pigs, physical activity was lower at age 76 and 83 days compared to N pigs. IUGR did not affect EE or RMR, but resulted in higher COX and lower FOX, causing greater and earlier onset of fat deposition. During FR, EE and RMR of R pigs dropped below that of C pigs, and BW gain was delayed by 30 % irrespective of birth weight. In response to FR, COX decreased and FOX increased. During FR, in LR pigs FOX was ~50 % of that in NR pigs. After 4 days, but not 25 days of RFD, EB and fat synthesis were higher in pigs previously subjected to FR, indicating early catch-up fat. In R pigs, BW and the abdominal fat proportion were lower at 131 days. Conclusions Differences in food intake and substrate oxidation pattern, but not in EE and RMR, between L and N pigs were reflected in higher body fat proportions but lower body and muscle weights in L pigs. Refeeding following FR was initially associated with increased FI, a more positive EB and a more intense stimulation of fat synthesis which did not persist after 25 days of refeeding. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00394-013-0567-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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De Palo P, Maggiolino A, Centoducati P, Tateo A. Effects of two different packaging materials on veal calf meat quality and shelf life1. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:2920-30. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- P. De Palo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, S.P. Per Casamassima, km 3, 70010 Valenzano (BA), Italy
| | - A. Maggiolino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, S.P. Per Casamassima, km 3, 70010 Valenzano (BA), Italy
| | - P. Centoducati
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, S.P. Per Casamassima, km 3, 70010 Valenzano (BA), Italy
| | - A. Tateo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, S.P. Per Casamassima, km 3, 70010 Valenzano (BA), Italy
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Kapelański W, Jankowiak H, Bocian M, Grajewska S, Dybała J, Cebulska A. The effect of the growth rate and meatiness of young gilts during rearing on the growth and development of their reproductive system. ACTA VET BRNO 2013; 82:19-24. [DOI: 10.2754/avb201382010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The effects of reproduction performance of sows may be subject to the degree of progress growth and development of their reproductive system. The aim of the study focused on the effect of the growth rate and meatiness on the potential fertility of gilts. In total, developmental stages of reproductive organs of gilts of two breeds Polish Large White (n = 100) and Polish Landrace (n = 100) were used. The animals were divided into three groups depending on their daily gains (≤ 850 g, 851 - 1000 g and > 1000 g). Feed efficiency was similar in each group, and amounted to 2.91, 2.57 and 2.34 kg/kg, respectively. Meat content in carcass demonstrated significant differences (P ≤ 0.01) between three groups for the Polish Landrace breed (61%, 61% and 59.2%, respectively). An adverse effect of a high growth rate was confirmed for uterine weight (P ≤ 0.05), vaginal and cervical length (P ≤ 0.01), total length of the uterine horns (P ≤ 0.01) and uterine capacity (P ≤ 0.01) mainly in the Polish Large White breed. Similarly to ovarian volume, ovarian weight showed significant differences (P ≤ 0.01; P ≤ 0.05), however disproportionately to the rate of growth. The most favourable properties have been demonstrated in the Polish Large White characterized by moderate growth rate (P ≤ 0.01). Research on the scope of the assessment growth and development of the reproductive system of prepubertal gilts is very limited. Thus, this study brings important data about factors affecting morphometrical characteristics of the uteri, ovaries and oviducts of gilts.
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Batorek N, Čandek-Potokar M, Bonneau M, Van Milgen J. Meta-analysis of the effect of immunocastration on production performance, reproductive organs and boar taint compounds in pigs. Animal 2012; 6:1330-8. [PMID: 23217237 DOI: 10.1017/S1751731112000146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Meta-analytical approach was used to quantitatively synthesize the effect of immunocastration on growth, carcass, meat quality, reproductive organs and boar taint compounds. Altogether, 41 papers were collected for effect size (θ) calculation and the comparisons were made with entire males (EM) and surgical castrates (SC). The data for reproductive organs and growth performance are numerous enough to draw firm conclusions. In contrast, data for carcass and meat quality are more limited. Results of meta-analysis show efficient immunocastration with the magnitude of the response being by far the largest for reproductive organs (θ = -2.8 to -5.0) and boar taint substances (θ = -2.8 and -0.8 for androstenone and skatole, respectively). However, compared with SC, the immunocastrates exhibit larger bulbourethral glands (θ = 1.3) and slightly higher concentrations of androstenone and skatole (θ = 0.1 and θ = 0.2, respectively). The impact of immunocastration is also remarkable on performance, where the main advantage of the immunocastrates is their boar-like performance until revaccination. In the period following the second vaccination, they eat much more than EM (θ = 2.1), resulting in large effect size for growth rate compared with both EM and SC (θ = 1.1 and θ = 1.4, respectively). Considering the whole fattening period, their feed conversion ratio is higher compared with EM (θ = 0.6) and much lower than that of SC (θ = -1.3), although exhibiting moderately faster growth compared with both (θ = 0.6 and θ = 0.2, respectively). With regard to carcass quality, the immunocastrates take intermediate position between EM and SC. Besides, our analysis suggests no difference in meat quality with SC and some meat quality advantages of immunocastrates over EM because of higher intramuscular fat content (θ = 0.4) and lower shear force (θ = -0.6).
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Lebret B, Heyer A, Gondret F, Louveau I. The response of various muscle types to a restriction -re-alimentation feeding strategy in growing pigs. Animal 2007; 1:849-57. [PMID: 22444749 DOI: 10.1017/S1751731107000201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle lipid concentration is known to influence pork eating quality. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of a restriction-re-alimentation feeding strategy on intramuscular fat deposition in pigs. A total of 70 Duroc × (Large White × Landrace) pigs (castrated males and females) were used. Ten pigs were first slaughtered at 30 kg live weight (LW) to determine initial body and muscle composition. From 30 to 80 kg LW (growing period), pigs were either fed ad libitum (AL) or restricted to 70% of the ad libitum intake of AL pigs (RA). From 80 to 110 kg LW (finishing period), both AL and RA pigs were fed ad libitum. In each group, pigs were slaughtered at 80 kg (n = 10) and at 110 kg (n = 20) LW. During the growing period, the growth rate of RA pigs was reduced by 30% (P < 0.001) compared with AL pigs. During the finishing period, RA pigs had a 7% (P = 0.09) higher growth rate than AL pigs due to compensatory feed intake (+14%). Plasma insulin-like growth factor-1 concentration was lower in RA pigs at 80 kg LW, but markedly increased after re-alimentation up to the level observed in AL pigs (P < 0.001). At 80 kg, the leaner carcasses of RA pigs resulted from a more pronounced reduction in fat than in lean tissue deposition rates. Re-alimentation of RA pigs increased fat tissue deposition (+160% for females, P < 0.01) but not lean deposition in the carcass, leading to limited differences in carcass composition between RA and AL pigs at 110 kg LW. Regarding tissue deposition rates, the response to feeding strategy differs between muscles. In the m. biceps femoris (BF), restriction affected lipid (-50%, P < 0.001) and protein (-25%, P < 0.001) deposition, whereas re-alimentation increased lipid (+62%, P < 0.05) but not protein deposition rates. At market weight, the extent of the difference in BF lipid concentration between RA and AL pigs was strongly reduced, but still significant. By contrast, in the m. longissimus, restriction decreased protein but not lipid deposition, whereas neither of them was modified during re-alimentation. Therefore, an increased muscle lipid concentration at 110 kg LW could not be reached in RA pigs. Modifications of onset and/or duration of restriction and re-alimentation periods should be tested to optimise effects on muscle lipid deposition and thereby achieve improved pork quality.
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McGregor EM, Campbell CP, Miller SP, Purslow PP, Mandell IB. Effect of nutritional regimen including limit feeding and breed on growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality in beef cattle. Can J Anim Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas2011-126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
McGregor, E M., Campbell, C. P., Miller, S. P., Purslow, P. P. and Mandell, I. B. 2012. Effect of nutritional regimen including limit feeding and breed on growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality in beef cattle. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 92: 327–341. The effects of nutritional management regimen and breed on growth performance, carcass attributes, and meat quality were evaluated in 68 British (BRIT) and Continental (CONT) crossbred steers, managed on one of three nutritional regimens: (1) ad libitum access to a 77% corn diet (ALGRAIN), (2) limit feeding initially of the 77% corn diet, followed by ad libitum access to the 77% corn diet (LFGRAIN), and (3) limit feeding initially of a 90% haylage diet, followed by ad libitum access to the 77% corn diet (LFHAYL). Nutritional regimen by breed interactions (P<0.02) were present for average daily gain, dry matter intake (DMI), gain to feed, and shear force. LFHAYL regimen decreased gains to a greater extent for BRIT steers than CONT steers managed on ALGRAIN or LFGRAIN. Feed intakes were similar across nutritional regimens for CONT steers, while DMI was depressed in BRIT on LFHAYL as compared with steers started on ALGRAIN or LFGRAIN. Gain to feed was greater in BRIT cattle on LFGRAIN vs. ALGRAIN, while gain to feed was similar in CONT started on grain (ALGRAIN, LFGRAIN). Shear force was lower for beef from LFHAYL BRIT vs. beef from BRIT on ALGRAIN or LFGRAIN, while the converse was true for CONT. Limit feeding of a high-energy diet may be appropriate for cattle of British background to reduce feed input costs, while ensuring tenderness.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. M. McGregor
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - C. P. Campbell
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - S. P. Miller
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - P. P. Purslow
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - I. B. Mandell
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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Abstract
This study reviews the factors of pig production that impact the quality of dry-cured ham. When processing is standardized, the quality of the final dry-cured product is primarily determined by the quality of the meat before curing (green ham). This has been defined as the aptitude for seasoning and is determined by the green ham weight, adipose tissue quantity and quality, meat physico-chemical properties and the absence of visual defects. Various ante-mortem factors including pig age and weight, genetic type, diet, feeding strategy and slaughter conditions determine green ham properties such as the dynamics of water loss, salt intake and, as a consequence, proteolysis and lipolysis. Muscle conditions (pH, salt concentration, water content and availability, temperature) influence enzymatic activity and development of characteristic texture and flavor. Generally, hams of older and heavier pigs present better seasoning aptitude because of higher adiposity. Adiposity is also positively correlated with fat saturation, which is desired to avoid rancidity and oiliness. The fatty acid profile of tissue lipids can be manipulated by diet composition. Feeding strategy affects tissue accretion and protein turnover, thus directly impacting proteolysis. With respect to the impact of pig genotype on dry-cured ham quality, local breeds are generally considered more suitable for producing quality dry hams; however, the majority of dry-cured hams on the market today are from modern pig breeds raised in conventional systems, providing lean hams. The importance of all these factors of pig production is discussed and synthesized, with an emphasis on the main difficulties encountered in dry-cured ham production.
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Therkildsen M, Kristensen L, Kyed S, Oksbjerg N. Improving meat quality of organic pork through post mortem handling of carcasses: An innovative approach. Meat Sci 2012; 91:108-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2011.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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