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Marzok MA, El-Khodery SA. Comparative antinociceptive and sedative effects of epidural romifidine and detomidine in buffalo ( Bubalus bubalis). Vet Rec 2017; 181:20. [PMID: 28386033 DOI: 10.1136/vr.103911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
In this study, comparative antinociceptive and sedative effects of epidural administration of romifidine and detomidine in buffalo were evaluated. Eighteen healthy adult buffalo, allocated randomly in three groups (two experimental and one control; n=6) received either 50 μg/kg of romifidine or detomidine diluted in sterile saline (0.9 per cent) to a final volume of 20 ml, or an equivalent volume of sterile saline epidurally. Antinociception, sedation and ataxia parameters were recorded immediately after drug administration. Epidural romifidine and detomidine produced mild to deep sedation and complete antinociception of the perineum, inguinal area and flank, and extended distally to the coronary band of the hindlimbs and cranially to the chest area. Times to onset of antinociception and sedation were significantly shorter with romifidine than with detomidine. The antinociceptive and sedative effects were significantly longer with romifidine than with detomidine. Romifidine or detomidine could be used to provide a reliable, long-lasting and cost-effective method for achieving epidural anaesthesia for standing surgical procedures in buffalo. Romifidine induces a longer antinociceptive effect and a more rapid onset than detomidine. Consequently, epidural romifidine may offer better therapeutic benefits in the management of acute postoperative pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Marzok
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - S A El-Khodery
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
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Hammond KJ, Jones AK, Humphries DJ, Crompton LA, Reynolds CK. Effects of diet forage source and neutral detergent fiber content on milk production of dairy cattle and methane emissions determined using GreenFeed and respiration chamber techniques. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:7904-7917. [PMID: 27522422 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Strategies to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from dairy cattle are unlikely to be adopted if production or profitability is reduced. The primary objective of this study was to examine the effects of high maize silage (MS) versus high grass silage (GS) diets, without or with added neutral detergent fiber (NDF) on milk production and methane emission of dairy cattle, using GreenFeed (GF) or respiration chamber (RC) techniques for methane emission measurements. Experiment 1 was 12wk in duration with a randomized block continuous design and 40 Holstein cows (74d in milk) in free-stall housing, assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments (n=10 per treatment), according to calving date, parity, and milk yield. Milk production and dry matter intake (DMI) were measured daily, and milk composition measured weekly, with methane yield (g/kg of DMI) estimated using a GF unit (wk 10 to 12). Experiment 2 was a 4×4 Latin square design with 5-wk periods and 4 dairy cows (114d in milk) fed the same 4 dietary treatments as in experiment 1. Measurements of DMI, milk production, and milk composition occurred in wk 4, and DMI, milk production, and methane yield were measured for 2d in RC during wk 5. Dietary treatments for both experiments were fed as total mixed rations offered ad libitum and containing 500g of silage/kg of dry matter composed (DM basis) of either 75:25 MS:GS (MS) or 25:75 MS:GS (GS), without or with added NDF from chopped straw and soy hulls (+47g of NDF/kg of dry matter). In both experiments, compared with high GS, cows fed high MS had a higher DMI, greater milk production, and lower methane yield (24% lower in experiment 1 using GF and 8% lower in experiment 2 using RC). Added NDF increased (or tended to increase) methane yield for high MS, but not high GS diets. In the separate experiments, the GF and RC methods detected similar dietary treatment effects on methane emission (expressed as g/d and g/kg of DMI), although the magnitude of the differences varied between experiments. Overall methane emission and yield were 448g/d and 20.9g/kg of DMI for experiment 1 using GF and 458g/d and 23.8g/kg of DMI for experiment 2 using RC, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Hammond
- Sustainable Agriculture and Food Systems Research Division, Centre for Dairy Research, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, PO Box 237, Earley Gate, Reading, RG6 6AR, UK
| | - A K Jones
- Sustainable Agriculture and Food Systems Research Division, Centre for Dairy Research, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, PO Box 237, Earley Gate, Reading, RG6 6AR, UK
| | - D J Humphries
- Sustainable Agriculture and Food Systems Research Division, Centre for Dairy Research, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, PO Box 237, Earley Gate, Reading, RG6 6AR, UK
| | - L A Crompton
- Sustainable Agriculture and Food Systems Research Division, Centre for Dairy Research, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, PO Box 237, Earley Gate, Reading, RG6 6AR, UK
| | - C K Reynolds
- Sustainable Agriculture and Food Systems Research Division, Centre for Dairy Research, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, PO Box 237, Earley Gate, Reading, RG6 6AR, UK.
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Farnworth MJ, Barrett LA, Adams NJ, Beausoleil NJ, Weidgraaf K, Hekman M, Chambers JP, Thomas DG, Waran NK, Stafford KJ. Assessment of a carbon dioxide laser for the measurement of thermal nociceptive thresholds following intramuscular administration of analgesic drugs in pain-free female cats. Vet Anaesth Analg 2015; 42:638-47. [DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Pre-test habituation improves the reliability of a handheld test of mechanical nociceptive threshold in dairy cows. Res Vet Sci 2015; 102:189-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Pressure algometry and thermal sensitivity for assessing pain sensitivity and effects of flunixin meglumine and sodium salicylate in a transient lameness model in sows. Livest Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2013.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Tadich N, Tejeda C, Bastias S, Rosenfeld C, Green LE. Nociceptive threshold, blood constituents and physiological values in 213 cows with locomotion scores ranging from normal to severely lame. Vet J 2013; 197:401-5. [PMID: 23499542 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate associations between mechanical nociceptive threshold, blood constituents, physiological measurements and locomotion score (LS) in dairy cattle with a range of LS from 1 (normal) to 5 (severely lame). The study used 213 Friesian/Friesian cross dairy cows from 12 farms. There were 40-50 cows each with LS 1-4 and 22 cows with LS 5. Each cow was restrained and her temperature and respiratory and cardiac rates were measured. Nociceptive threshold, plasma concentrations of haptoglobin, β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HB), cortisol, glucose, lactate, creatinine kinase activity, packed cell volume and white blood cell counts were determined. Mixed effect models were used to investigate associations between the variables measured and LS. Parity and stage of lactation were forced into all analyses and the model fit was checked by investigation of residuals. After accounting for parity and stage of lactation, nociceptive threshold was significantly lower in cattle with LS 3-5 compared with LS 1 in a dose response manner, indicating increasing hyperalgesia with increasing LS. Haptoglobin concentration was raised in all cattle with LS>1, demonstrating an inflammatory response with all levels of lameness. Cortisol and glucose concentrations were lower and β-HB concentrations higher in cows with LS 2 compared with cows with other scores, possibly signifying metabolic challenge. Heart and respiratory rate and rectal temperature were significantly higher only in cows with LS 5, suggesting that these measurements were insensitive measures of pain or stress. It was concluded that hyperalgesia increases with increasing severity of lameness and that nociceptive pressure and haptoglobin were sensitive measures of pain from lameness.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Tadich
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University Austral of Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia, Chile.
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Behavioral Responses of Cattle to Pain and Implications for Diagnosis, Management, and Animal Welfare. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2013; 29:47-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2012.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Di Giminiani P, Petersen LJ, Herskin MS. Nociceptive responses to thermal and mechanical stimulations in awake pigs. Eur J Pain 2012; 17:638-48. [PMID: 23042703 DOI: 10.1002/j.1532-2149.2012.00228.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine skin exhibits a high degree of homology to human skin, and the pig has recently been used as a cutaneous pain model. However, before the full potential of this novel in vivo cutaneous pain model can be achieved, several methodological aspects related to the management of awake animal studies in a large species require further examination. This manuscript describes the initial development of a porcine model of cutaneous nociception and focuses on interactions between the sensory modality, body size and the anatomical location of the stimulation site. METHODS Pigs of different body sizes (30 and 60 kg) were exposed to thermal (CO2 laser) and mechanical (pressure application measurement device) stimulations to the flank and the hind legs in a balanced order. The median response latency and the type of behavioural response were recorded. RESULTS Small pigs exhibited significantly lower pain thresholds (shorter latency to response) than large pigs to thermal and mechanical stimulations. Stimulations at the two anatomical locations elicited very distinct sets of behavioural responses, with different levels of sensitivity between the flank and the hind legs. Furthermore, small animals exhibited lower levels of individual variability between single stimulations. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that this experimental approach may be valuable for use in studies that focus on porcine cutaneous nociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Di Giminiani
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark.
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Leslie KE, Petersson-Wolfe CS. Assessment and Management of Pain in Dairy Cows with Clinical Mastitis. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2012; 28:289-305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Effects of percutaneous needle liver biopsy on dairy cow behaviour. Res Vet Sci 2012; 93:1248-54. [PMID: 22542802 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In cattle, percutaneous needle liver biopsy is used for scientific examination of liver metabolism. The impact of the biopsy procedure is, however, poorly investigated. Our aim was to examine the behaviour of dairy cows during and after liver biopsy. Data were collected from 18 dry cows. Percutaneous needle liver biopsies (after administration of local anaesthesia (2% Procaine)) and blood samples were taken during restraining. During the control treatment, animals were restrained and blood sampled. During the biopsy procedure, cows showed increased restlessness (P=0.008), frequency of head shaking (P=0.016), and decreased rumination (P=0.064). After biopsies, tail pressing (P=0.016) and time spent perching (P=0.058) increased. Time spent upright (P=0.10) and number of leg movements (P=0.033) increased during the night as compared to controls. Thus, liver biopsy induced behavioural changes for up to 19 h--and particularly for behaviour previously associated with pain. Even though the exact welfare impact of percutaneous needle liver biopsies in cows is not known, and the magnitude of the behavioural changes was limited, pain always has negative effects on animal welfare. Therefore, if the present biopsy procedure--involving several biopsy passes--is to be used, improvement of the anaesthetic protocol as well as the inclusion of analgesics should be considered.
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Rasmussen DB, Fogsgaard K, Røntved CM, Klaas IC, Herskin MS. Changes in thermal nociceptive responses in dairy cows following experimentally induced Escherichia coli mastitis. Acta Vet Scand 2011; 53:32. [PMID: 21592395 PMCID: PMC3114774 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-53-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mastitis is a high incidence disease in dairy cows. The acute stage is considered painful and inflammation can lead to hyperalgesia and thereby contribute to decreased welfare. The aim of this study was to examine changes in nociceptive responses toward cutaneous nociceptive laser stimulation (NLS) in dairy cows with experimentally induced Escherichia coli mastitis, and correlate behavioral changes in nociceptive responses to clinical and paraclinical variables. METHODS Seven Danish Holstein-Friesian cows were kept in tie-stalls, where the E. coli associated mastitis was induced and laser stimulations were conducted. Measurements of rectal temperature, somatic cell counts, white blood cell counts and E. coli counts were conducted. Furthermore, scores were given for anorexia, local udder inflammation and milk appearance to quantify the local and systemic disease response. In order to quantify the nociceptive threshold, behavioral responses toward cutaneous NLS applied to six skin areas at the tarsus/metatarsus and udder hind quarters were registered at evening milking on day 0 (control) and days 1, 2, 3, 6 and 10 after experimental induction of mastitis. RESULTS All clinical and paraclinical variables were affected by the induced mastitis. All cows were clinically ill on days 1 and 2. The cows responded behaviorally toward the NLS. For hind leg stimulation, the proportion of cows responding by stepping was higher on day 0 than days 3 and 6, and the frequency of leg movements after laser stimulation tended to decrease on day 1 compared to the other days. After udder stimulation, the proportion of cows responding by stepping was higher on day 1 than on all other days of testing. Significant correlations between the clinical and paraclinical variables of disease and the behavioral responses toward nociceptive stimulation were found. CONCLUSIONS Changes in behavioral responses coincide with peaks in local and systemic signs of E. coli mastitis. During the acute stage of E. coli mastitis nociceptive thermal stimulation on hind leg and mammary glands results in decreased behavioral responses toward nociceptive stimulation, which might be interpreted as hypoalgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katrine Fogsgaard
- Department of Animal Health and Bioscience, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aarhus University, PO Box 50 DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Christine M Røntved
- Department of Animal Health and Bioscience, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aarhus University, PO Box 50 DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Ilka C Klaas
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Bülowsvej 17, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Mette S Herskin
- Department of Animal Health and Bioscience, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Aarhus University, PO Box 50 DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
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Ting ST, Earley B, Veissier I, Gupta S, Crowe MA. Effects of Burdizzo castration on CO2 laser induced thermal nociception of Holstein–Friesian calves of different ages. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2010.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Herskin MS, Ladewig J, Arendt-Nielsen L. Measuring cutaneous thermal nociception in group-housed pigs using laser technique—Effects of laser power output. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2009.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Stankowich T. Tail-Flicking, Tail-Flagging, and Tail Position in Ungulates with Special Reference to Black-Tailed Deer. Ethology 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2008.01530.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Herskin MS, Munksgaard L, Andersen JB. Effects of social isolation and restraint on adrenocortical responses and hypoalgesia in loose-housed dairy cows1. J Anim Sci 2007; 85:240-7. [PMID: 17179562 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2005-346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Effects of social isolation or restraint, applied outside the home pen, on adrenocortical and nociceptive responses were examined in 28 loose-housed dairy cows. Treatments lasted 15 min and consisted of social isolation in novel surroundings or restraint by the head in a test pen. A control treatment was applied in the test pen as well. Each cow was exposed to all treatments in a balanced order, with 3 to 4 d between treatments. Compared with the control treatment, social isolation in novel surroundings led to increased plasma concentration of cortisol (P < 0.001) as well as to indications of hypoalgesia [posttreatment lack of decrease in latency to respond toward nociceptive laser stimulation, a tendency for decreased frequency of kicking in the pauses between laser stimulations (P = 0.06), and an increased proportion of leg moving (least possible active response) after treatment (P = 0.04)]. Indications of hypoalgesia were also observed after restraint (reduced kicking in response to laser stimulation, P = 0.04); however, the indications were to a lesser extent than after social isolation, and restraint treatment did not lead to increased plasma concentration of cortisol. For control and restraint treatment, an initial increase (P < 0.02) in plasma concentration of cortisol was found, suggesting effects of pretreatment factors such as handling. No correlations between adrenocortical and nociceptive responses toward social isolation were found. The results confirm earlier reports stating that nociceptive changes induced by environmental challenges can be shown in dairy cows, even when they are kept in groups and removed from the home pen during the study of stress responses. However, testing outside the home pen seemed to affect the nociceptive and adrenocortical responses, thereby suggesting that care should be taken to avoid effects of pretreatment situational factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Herskin
- Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Animal Health, Welfare and Nutrition, Research Center Foulum, PO Box 50, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark.
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