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Beck PA, Hall JO. Vitamin and Trace Element Nutrition of Stocker Cattle on Small Grain and Winter Annual Pastures. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2023; 39:491-504. [PMID: 37422426 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2023.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This article reviews the trace mineral and macro mineral content of small grain forages and the potential role in the health of cattle grazing the forages. Reasons for the variability of trace mineral content in small grain forages are discussed, as well as the role of antagonists, such as sulfur and molybdenum, in creating trace mineral deficiencies. The sampling of cattle for the determination of trace mineral statues is described, including which samples to collect for analysis, as well as sample handling. The authors offer a useful discussion on the vitamin content of small grain forages, and conclude that vitamin supplementation is not necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Beck
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, 4343 South Highway 23, Wellsville, UT 84339, USA.
| | - Jeffery O Hall
- Huvepharma Inc., 525 Westpark Drive, Suite 230, Peachtree City, GA 30269, USA
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Crook TS, Beck PA, Gadberry S, Sims MB, Stewart CB, Shelton C, Koltes J, Kegley EB, Powell J, McLean DJ, Chapman JD. Influence of an immune-modulatory feed supplement on performance and immune function of beef cows and calves preweaning. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5798905. [PMID: 32144425 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to positively alter immune and stress response with nutritional compounds is of great interest and importance to the beef industry. There is a proprietary product (OmniGen-AF [OG]; Phibro Animal Health, Quincy, IL) reported to have performance-enhancing benefits by altering animal response to stress and immune challenges. The objective of this 2-yr research project was to study the effect of supplementing OG to beef cows and their calves on breeding and growth performance. One hundred and twelve multiparous beef cows and 48 primiparous cows were randomly assigned to treatment in year 1; control (CON, no OG; n = 56 multiparous and 24 primiparous) or treatment (OG fed at 8.8 g/100 kg body weight [BW]; n = 56 multiparous and 24 primiparous). Multiparous cows (mean ± SD = 6.4 ± 0.4 yr; BW = 589 ± 9.2 kg; body condition score [BCS] 6.2 ± 0.07) were used in both years of the experiment and primiparous cows (mean ± SD = 2.1 ± 0.04 yr of age, weighed 400 ± 7.5 kg, and BSC of 5.6 ± 0.06) were only used in the first year of the experiment. CON and OG supplements were offered over two production cycles beginning in December approximately 60 d prior to projected calving through pre-breeding in May of each year. Calves from treatment cows were offered treatments in a creep supplement limited to a daily rate of 1% as-fed of BW prorated for 3-d/wk feeding from mid-July through weaning with OG offered at 8.8 g/100 kg BW. Primiparous cow's BW, BCS, and calf performance were not affected by treatment (P ≥ 0.15) in year 1. BW of multiparous OG cows tended (P = 0.10) to be heavier at weaning in year 1 and was greater (P = 0.05) at the onset of the experiment in year 2. Body condition of OG cows was greater (P ≤ 0.02) at weaning in both years 1 and 2, as well as at the onset of the experiment in year 2. Calves fed OG from the mature cows gained more (P = 0.05) BW during the creep feeding period than CON. Core body temperatures of OG heifers measured during the late summer with intravaginal temperature data loggers tended (P ≤ 0.10) to be less at 1400 and 1700 hours and were less (P = 0.05) at 1800 hours than CON heifers. Feeding OG did not result in changes (P = 0.25) in serum titer response to the BVD virus of calves during year 2. The results of the current experiment indicate feeding OG to beef cows and calves can result in improvement in BCS of cows, enhance weight gain of calves preweaning, and reduce heat loads in heifer calves during the late summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler S Crook
- Department of Animal Science, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR
| | - Paul A Beck
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK
| | - Shane Gadberry
- Department of Animal Science, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture Cooperative Extension Service, Little Rock, AR
| | - Michael B Sims
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK
| | - C Brandon Stewart
- University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture Southwest Research & Extension Center, Hope, AR
| | - Cody Shelton
- University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture Southwest Research & Extension Center, Hope, AR
| | - James Koltes
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA
| | - Elizabeth B Kegley
- Department of Animal Science, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR
| | - Jeremy Powell
- Department of Animal Science, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR
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Leanne Dillard S, Hancock DW, Harmon DD, Kimberly Mullenix M, Beck PA, Soder KJ. Animal performance and environmental efficiency of cool- and warm-season annual grazing systems. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:3491-3502. [PMID: 29566219 PMCID: PMC6095286 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Annual forage crops can provide short-term grazing between crop rotations or can be interseeded into perennial pastures to increase forage quality and productivity. They also provide an opportunity to increase the economic and environmental sustainability of grazing systems. Cool-season annual forage crops provide high-quality, abundant forage biomass when forage availability from perennial forage species is lacking, reducing the need for stored feeds during the winter months. For example, ADG of 1.5 kg have been reported using small grains alone and in mixtures with annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) while maintaining an average stocking rate of 3.5 animals/ha. No-till (NT) establishment has been shown to be as effective as conventional tillage for establishing small grain pastures. Stocker performance during the fall was not affected by tillage treatment, but during the spring grazeout, BW gain per hectare was 8% greater in NT pastures. An in vitro study showed that daily production of CH4 was 84% lower, respectively, in turnip (Brassica rapa L.) and rapeseed (B. napus L.) diets compared with annual ryegrass. Warm-season annuals are frequently used during the summer forage slump when perennial pasture growth and quality are reduced. Research has shown that brown mid-rib sorghum × sudangrass (BMR SSG; Sorghum bicolor L. × S. arundinaceous Desv.) and pearl millet (PM; Pennisteum glaucum L.R. Br.) with crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.) tended to have greater ADG (0.98 kg) than sorghum × sudangrass or peal millet alone (0.85 kg). However, non-BMR and BMR SSG tended to have greater gains per hectare than PM or PM + crabgrass (246, 226, 181, and 188 kg/ha, respectively). Feeding of brown mid-rib sorghum × sudangrass reduced daily production of CH4 and CH4 per gram of NDF fed by 66% and 50%, respectively, compared with a perennial cool-season forage in continuous culture. Cool- and warm-season annual pastures not only provide increased animal gains, but also increase soil cover and in vitro data suggest that annual forages (i.e., brassicas and warm-season annual grasses) decrease enteric CH4 emissions. Establishment method, grazing management, and weather conditions all play important roles in the productivity and environmental impact of these systems. A more complete life cycle analysis is needed to better characterize how management and climatic conditions impact the long-term economic and environmental sustainability of grazing annuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dennis W Hancock
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Deidre D Harmon
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Waynesville, NC
| | | | - Paul A Beck
- Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Hope, AR
| | - Kathy J Soder
- USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Pasture Systems and Watershed Management Research Unit, University Park, PA
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Richeson JT, Beck PA, Hughes HD, Hubbell DS, Gadberry MS, Kegley EB, Powell JG, Prouty FL. Effect of growth implant regimen on health, performance, and immunity of high-risk, newly received stocker cattle. J Anim Sci 2016; 93:4089-97. [PMID: 26440188 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth implant efficacy may be affected when administered to nutritionally stressed calves, whereas the procedure may alter health or the humoral immune response to respiratory vaccination. The study objective was to determine the effect of different administration times (d 0, 14, or 28) of a growth implant containing 200 mg progesterone and 20 mg estradiol benzoate on health, performance, and metabolic and immunologic variables in high-risk, newly received beef calves used in a 120-d receiving/grazing stocker system. Crossbred bull and steer calves ( = 203) were weighed (initial BW = 203 ± 2.7 kg), stratified by castrate status on arrival, and randomly assigned to experimental treatments consisting of 1) negative control (no growth implant administered), 2) growth implant administered on d 0, 3) growth implant administered on d 14, and 4) growth implant administered on d 28. There were no differences ( ≥ 0.16) in BW or ADG during the 42-d receiving period. However, ADG during the subsequent grazing period and overall was greater ( ≤ 0.01) for implanted calves versus the negative control. Growth implant timing did not affect the rate of clinical bovine respiratory disease morbidity ( = 0.52; 94% morbidity overall) or bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1a antibody titer concentration ( = 0.61). Indicative of an overall negative energy balance on arrival, NEFA decreased sharply subsequent to d 0 (day effect, < 0.001), but was not affected ( = 0.47) by the timing of growth implantation. Blood urea N concentrations increased transiently (day effect, < 0.001); however, no treatment effect was observed ( = 0.72). Therefore, under conditions of this study, the timing of growth implant administration did not affect growth implant efficacy, health, or metabolic or immunologic variables in newly received, high-risk beef stocker calves. Overall, our observations suggest that there is not a clear benefit to delaying growth implantation and that a growth implant does not affect health or vaccine response in newly received beef calves.
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Rankins DL, Prevatt JW. SOUTHERN SECTION INTERDISCIPLINARY BEEF CATTLE SYMPOSIUM: Forage and co-product systems for stockers in the South: Have fundamental shifts in markets changed the optimal system?1. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:503-7. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D. L. Rankins
- Department of Animal Science, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
| | - J. W. Prevatt
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
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Beck PA, Anders M, Watkins B, Gunter SA, Hubbell D, Gadberry MS. 2011 and 2012 Early Careers Achievement Awards: improving the production, environmental, and economic efficiency of the stocker cattle industry in the southeastern United States. J Anim Sci 2012; 91:2456-66. [PMID: 23243161 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Grazing forages on small-grain fields can be a profitable "second crop" for grain producers and an opportunity for cow-calf producers to retain ownership of weaned calves. The increasing costs of conventional tillage and movement of soil nutrients into surface water creates a need for more sustainable production practices to be incorporated by producers into wheat pasture production systems. Research at the Livestock and Forestry Research Station near Batesville, AR, and the Southwest Research and Extension Center near Hope, AR, has been conducted over a 9-yr span to characterize the impacts of pasture systems on forage production, animal performance, soil quality, water runoff, and the economics associated with the stocker cattle enterprises. Gains of growing cattle grazing nontoxic endophyte-infected tall fescue and small-grain forages can be increased by 80 and 150%, respectively, compared with grazing Bermuda grass or toxic endophyte-infected tall fescue. Producers grazing spring-calving cowherds can use these improved forages to accelerate stocker performance when retaining calves in the fall and improve net returns by 99% with winter annual or nontoxic tall fescue production systems compared with Bermuda grass or toxic tall fescue. Rainfall simulation of small grain pastures indicates that runoff volume and nutrient load does not differ between conventionally tilled fields and no-till fields in the spring before tillage when soil surface cover is similar. In the fall after tillage, however, conventionally tilled fields had 4 times greater runoff; hence, there was 1.9 times greater N runoff and 3.2 times greater P runoff in conventionally tilled fields compared with no-till. Total natural rainfall runoff from conventionally tilled wheat fields were 2 times greater than from no-till fields with 25 mm rainfall events yet were 4 times greater with 62-mm rainfall events. Soil analysis shows that soil aggregate content was greater in no-till compared with conventional till, indicating greater soil porosity, improved water infiltration rate, and reduced erositivity of soil. Carbon concentration in no-till soils was 50% greater than conventional tillage after 9 yr. These experiments show that production systems can be designed that maintain livestock production, increase soil quality, reduce nutrient discharge, and promote improved economic returns.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Beck
- University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Southwest Research and Extension Center, Hope 71801, USA.
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Morgan MS, Beck PA, Hess T, Hubbell DS, Gadberry MS. Effects of establishment method and fall stocking rate of wheat pasture on forage mass, forage chemical composition, and performance of growing steers1. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:3286-93. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. S. Morgan
- Department of Animal Science, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville 72701
| | - P. A. Beck
- Southwest Research and Extension Center, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Hope 71801
| | - T. Hess
- Livestock and Forestry Research Station, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Batesville 72501
| | - D. S. Hubbell
- Livestock and Forestry Research Station, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Batesville 72501
| | - M. S. Gadberry
- University of Arkansas Cooperative Extension Service, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture, Little Rock 72204
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Economic implications of replacing synthetic nitrogen with clovers in a cool-season annual pasture production system 1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.15232/s1080-7446(15)30321-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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CASE STUDY: Effects of interseeding date of cool-season annual grasses and preplant glyphosate application onto a warm-season grass sod on forage production, forage nutritive value, performance of stocker cattle, and net return1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.15232/s1080-7446(15)30502-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Myer R, Blount A, Carter J, Mackowiak C, Wright D. Influence of Pasture Planting Method and Forage Blend on Annual Cool-Season Pasture Forage Availability for Grazing by Growing Beef Cattle1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1532/s1080-7446(15)30846-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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