Expression and clinical significance of long-non-coding RNA GHET1 in pancreatic cancer

LncRNA GHET1 and LncRNA ZXF2 as New Biomarkers in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Relation to Clinicopathological Variables

Background: The utilization of molecular techniques in detecting cancer has resulted in an improved prediction of outcomes. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a prevalent illness that is frequently detected in its late stages. Therefore, finding molecular biomarkers that lead to the early detection of OSCC is of great importance. Objectives: This study aimed at evaluating the expression levels of long non-coding RNA (LncRNA) gastric carcinoma highly expressed transcript 1 (GHET1) and lncRNA ZXF2 in OSCC patients and their relationship with clinical pathology variables due to biomarker discovery and early diagnosis of OSCC. Methods: Tissue sampling was performed after selecting 30 OSCC patients and 30 healthy individuals from Emam-Khomeini Hospital, Tehran, Iran. Then, RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis were performed from these samples, using the relevant kits and their quantity and quality were measured, using nanodrop and agarose gel electrophoresis, respectively. For molecular biomarker identification and validation, real-time PCR (RT-PCR) was utilized to assess the expression of lncRNA GHET1 and lncRNA ZXF2. Data analysis was done, using GraphPad prism V.8 software. Results: The results showed that the expressions of both lncRNA GHET1 and lncRNA ZXF2 in OSCC tumor tissue increased compared to normal tissue (P < 0.0001). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis indicated that lncRNA GHET1 and lncRNA ZXF2 have the capability to be employed as biomarkers for OSCC detection. However, no significant relationship was observed between lncRNA GHET1 and lncRNA ZXF2 expressions with clinicopathological variables such as tumor stage and grade as well as patients' age. Conclusions: LncRNA GHET1 and lncRNA ZXF2 have the potential to be used as biomarkers in the early detection of OSCC and evaluating their expression in clinical settings are recommended. The use of these biomarkers in the early detection of OSCC can prevent the high mortality rate of OSCC patients. In the current study, the important role of the studied lncRNAs in OSCC diagnosis was shown. However, further studies are needed to confirm this.

Long noncoding RNAs: role and contribution in pancreatic cancer

Noncoding RNAs are proclaimed to be expressed in various cancer types and one such type is found to be pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The long noncoding RNAs (LncRNAs) affect the migration, invasion, and growth of tumor cells by playing important roles in the process of epigenesis, post-transcription, and transcriptional regulation along with the maintenance of apoptosis and cell cycle. It is quite subtle whether the alterations in lncRNAs would impact PDAC progression and development. This review throws a spotlight on the lncRNAs associated with tumor functions: MALAT-1, HOTAIR, HOXA13, H19, LINC01559, LINC00460, SNHG14, SNHG16, DLX6-AS1, MSC-AS1, ABHD11-AS1, DUXAP8, DANCR, XIST, DLEU2, etc. are upregulated lncRNAs whereas GAS5, HMlincRNA717, MIAT, LINC01111, lncRNA KCNK15-AS1, etc. are downregulated lncRNAs inhibiting the invasion and progression of PDAC. These data provided helps in the assessment of lncRNAs in the development, metastasis, and occurrence of PDAC and also play a vital role in the evolution of biomarkers and therapeutic agents for the treatment of PDAC.

Prognostic significance of LncRNA GHET1 expression in various cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Dysregulated expression of long non-coding RNA gastric carcinoma high expressed transcript 1 (lncRNA GHET1) has been observed in several cancers, however, definite conclusion on the prognostic value of lncRNA GHET1 expression in human cancers has not been determined. The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the prognostic significance of lncRNA GHET1 expression in cancers.

METHODS

PubMed, Web of Science and Embase were comprehensively searched for relevant studies. Meta-analyses of overall survival (OS) and clinicopathological features were conducted.

RESULTS

Ten studies were finally analyzed in the present study. High lncRNA GHET1 expression was associated with shorter OS than low lncRNA GHET1 expression in cancers (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.59, 95% CI = 1.93-3.47, P<0.01). Online cross-validation using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data observed similar results (HR = 1.10, P<0.05). When compared with low lncRNA GHET1 expression, high lncRNA GHET1 expression was related to larger tumor size (P<0.01), worse differentiation (P<0.01), earlier distant metastasis (P=0.02), earlier lymph node metastasis (P<0.01) and more advanced clinical stage (P<0.01).

CONCLUSION

High lncRNA GHET1 expression is associated with worse cancer prognosis and can serve as a promising prognostic factor of human cancers.

Clinicopathological and Prognostic Value of Gastric Carcinoma Highly Expressed Transcript 1 in Cancer: A Meta-Analysis

Background

Long noncoding RNA gastric cancer highly expressed transcript 1 (lncRNA GHET1) is often reported to be abnormally expressed in multiple cancers, but the situation is different in different cancers. Therefore, a meta-analysis is necessary to clarify the value of lncRNA GHET1 as a prognostic indicator in cancer.

Methods

Relevant research studies on lncRNA GHET1 and cancer were retrieved from three electronic literature databases of Web of Science, PubMed, and OVID. Meanwhile, hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to explore the relationship between lncRNA GHET1 expression and survival of cancer patients. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs were calculated to assess the association of lncRNA GHET1 expression with pathological parameters of cancer patients.

Results

The meta-analysis included a total of 11 studies involving 714 cancer patients. The pooled HR suggests that high lncRNA GHET1 expression is associated with poor overall survival. In addition, high expression of lncRNA GHET1 was found to be associated with larger tumor size, poor histological grade, high tumor stage, lymph node metastasis, and distant metastasis.

Conclusions

High lncRNA GHET1 expression can predict poor survival and pathological parameters. And lncRNA GHET1 could serve as a new indicator in multiple cancers.

LncRNA BANCR Promotes Pancreatic Cancer Tumorigenesis via Modulating MiR-195-5p/Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway

Long noncoding BRAF-activated noncoding RNA has been reported to be tightly associated with tumorigenesis and development in various types of cancers. However, the expression, biological function, and modulatory mechanism of BRAF-activated noncoding RNA in pancreatic cancer remained unclear. In the present work, we explored the carcinogenic activity and underlying mechanism of BRAF-activated noncoding RNA on pancreatic cancer in vitro. We identified that BRAF-activated noncoding RNA was upregulated in pancreatic cancer tissues and cell lines, and BRAF-activated noncoding RNA was related to tumor metastasis and stage. BRAF-activated noncoding RNA reinforces proliferation, invasion, and migration in PANC-1 and SW1990 cells. Moreover, miR-195-5p was downregulated in both PC tissues and cell lines. Our results based on luciferase reporter, RIP-Ago2 and qRT-PCR assays, showed that miR-195-5p was a direct target of BRAF-activated noncoding RNA. Furthermore, miR-195-5p inhibitor abrogated the effects of short-interfering BRAF-activated noncoding RNA on PANC-1 and SW1990 cell growth and invasion in vitro. We further identified that BRAF-activated noncoding RNA played a vital role in activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway by sponging miR-195-5p. Collectively, our study showed that BRAF-activated noncoding RNA promotes pancreatic cancer tumorigenesis through miR-195-5p/Wnt/β-catenin axis may serve as a potential target for diagnostics and therapeutics in pancreatic cancer.

Prognostic value of long non-coding RNA GHET1 in cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background

A number of studies have demonstrated the critical role of long non-coding RNA gastric cancer high expressed transcript 1 (GHET1) in many cancers. This meta-analysis provides an evidence-based evaluation of the prognostic role of GHET1 in cancer.

Materials and methods

Literature searches were conducted in several databases including Medline, Cochrane, EMBASE, CNKI, and Wanfang. The pooled odds ratio (OR) and hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to evaluate the role of GHET1 in cancer. The study protocol was registered at PROSPERO (ID: CRD42018111252).

Results

Sixteen studies, containing 1315 patients, were analyzed in this meta-analysis. The pooled results indicated that GHET1 overexpression was significantly associated with poor overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) in cancer. Moreover, up-regulation of GHET1 expression predicted larger tumor size, positive lymph node metastasis, positive distant metastasis, and advanced TNM (tumor-node-metastases) stage in human cancers.

Conclusion

There is a significant correlation between up-regulation of GHET1 and both poor prognosis and advanced clinicopathological cancer characteristics. GHET1 may be a potential prognostic predictor for human cancers.

The Value of lncRNA GHET1 as a Prognostic Factor for Survival of Chinese Cancer Outcome: A Meta-Analysis

Aim

There is increasing evidence that high expression levels of the gastric carcinoma highly expressed transcript 1 (GHET1), a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), are associated with cancer prognosis and may be used as a valuable biomarker for cancer patients. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to analyze existing data to reveal potential clinical applications of GHET1 for cancer prognosis and tumor progression. All of these studies included in this meta-analysis were collected through a variety of retrieval strategies; and the enrolled articles were qualified via the meta-analysis of enrolled studies in epidemiology (MOOSE) and the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) checklists.

Materials and Methods

The literature collection was performed by a comprehensive search through electronic databases for studies published on or before March 10, 2019. These included the Cochrane library, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Springer, Science Direct, and three Chinese databases: CNKI, Weipu, and Wanfang. Seven studies that met the specified criteria were analyzed in the present research.

Results

The combined results indicate that an elevated GHET1 expression level is significantly associated with poor overall survival (OS) (HR = 2.40, 95% CI: 1.87–3.08, p < 0.001) and tumor progression (III/IV vs. I/II: HR = 1.80, 95% CI: 1.48–2.18, p < 0.001) in multiple cancers. The elevated GHET1 expression was also associated with lymph node metastasis (LNM) (HR = 2.44, 95% CI: 1.86–3.20, p < 0.001) in Chinese cancer patients. Conclusions. The present findings indicate that an increased GHET1 expression level is associated with poor OS, tumor progression, and LNM in patients with multiple tumors and may serve as a useful prognostic biomarker in Chinese cancer patients.

Overexpression of LncRNA GHET1 predicts an unfavourable survival and clinical parameters of patients in various cancers

Recently, increasing studies have reported that long non‐coding RNA (lncRNA) gastric carcinoma highly expressed transcript 1 (GHET1) is highly expressed in variety of cancers and relevant to poor prognosis of cancer patients. Nevertheless, the results were inconsistent and the systematic analysis of lncRNA GHET1 in cancers has not been inspected. Thus, we aim to evaluate the relationship between lncRNA GHET1 expression and clinical outcomes in human cancers. We searched keywords in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrial.gov. Stata SE12.0 software was used in the quantitative meta‐analysis. Pooled hazard ratio (HR) and odds ratio with 95% confidence interval (95% Cl) were calculated to evaluate the clinical significance of lncRNA GHET1. Twelve studies totalling 761 patients with cancers were included for analysis. The pooled results of this study indicated that high lncRNA GHET1 expression level was significantly associated with poor overall survival (OS, HR = 2.30, 95% CI: 1.75‐3.02) in human cancers. The statistical significance was also detected in subgroup analysis stratified by analysis method, cancer type, sample size and follow‐up time respectively. In addition, the elevated lncRNA GHET1 expression was also significantly related to more advanced clinical stage, earlier lymph node metastasis, earlier distant metastasis and bigger tumour size. LncRNA GHET1 may serve as a promising biomarker for prognosis in Asians with cancers.

GHET1 acts as a prognostic indicator and functions as an oncogenic lncRNA in cervical cancer

Gastric carcinoma proliferation enhancing transcript 1 (GHET1) has been suggested to serve as a promising oncogenic lncRNA in various types of human cancer. However, the role of GHET1 remained unknown in cervical cancer. In our study, we found GHET1 expression was markedly elevated in cervical cancer tissue specimens and cell lines compared with adjacent normal cervical tissue specimens and human normal cervical cell line, respectively. Then, we found high expression of GHET1 is a useful biomarker to discriminate cervical cancer tissues from non-tumorous tissues, and associated with advanced clinical stage, lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis and poor histological grade in cervical cancer patients. The survival analysis showed high GHET1 expression was an independent unfavorable prognostic factor in cervical cancer patients. Knockdown of GHET1 expression markedly inhibits cervical cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. The loss-of-function study indicated knockdown of GHET1 expression markedly inhibits cervical cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. In conclusion, GHET1 acts as an oncogenic lncRNA in cervical cancer.

Silencing of the long non-coding RNA GHET1 inhibits cell proliferation and migration of renal cell carcinoma through epithelial-mesenchymal transition

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been demonstrated to serve vital roles in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) development. Gastric carcinoma high expressed transcript 1 (GHET1) regulates numerous biological processes in cancer cells. However, the biological role of GHET1 in RCC has not yet been identified. This study aimed to investigate the role of GHET1 in RCC. In the present study, the expression of GHET1 in RCC tissues and the 786-O, A498 and 293 cell lines was assessed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Cell Counting Kit-8, colony formation and cell scratch assays were used to determine the effects of GHET1 on tumorigenesis. Western blotting was performed to examine the effect of GHET1 on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in RCC cells. GHET1 expression was significantly increased in the RCC samples in comparison with adjacent tissues. High expression levels of GHET1 were associated with distant metastasis and clinical stage severity, thus, high GHET1 expression may serve as a predictor for a poor prognosis. In addition, RCC cells presented higher GHET1 mRNA and protein expression levels compared with in 293 cells. Furthermore, silencing GHET1 suppressed cell growth, weakened cell migration and inhibited EMT of RCC cells in vitro. In conclusion, the present study suggested that GHET1 may be considered a therapeutic target for the treatment or prevention of RCC.