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Ghafouri-Fard S, Khoshbakht T, Hussen BM, Taheri M, Samadian M. A review on the role of MCM3AP-AS1 in the carcinogenesis and tumor progression. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:225. [PMID: 35790972 PMCID: PMC9258118 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02644-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Minichromosome Maintenance Complex Component 3 Associated Protein Antisense 1 (MCM3AP-AS1) is an RNA gene located on 21q22.3. The sense transcript from this locus has dual roles in the pathogenesis of solid tumors and hematological malignancies. MCM3AP-AS1 has been shown to sequester miR-194-5p, miR-876-5p, miR-543-3p, miR-28-5p, miR-93, miR-545, miR-599, miR‐193a‐5p, miR-363-5p, miR-204-5p, miR-211-5p, miR-15a, miR-708-5p, miR-138, miR-138-5p, miR-34a, miR-211, miR‐340‐5p, miR-148a, miR-195-5p and miR-126. Some cancer-related signaling pathway, namely PTEN/AKT, PI3K/AKT and ERK1/2 are influenced by this lncRNA. Cell line studies, animal studies and clinical studies have consistently reported oncogenic role of MCM3AP-AS1 in different tissues except for cervical cancer in which this lncRNA has tumor suppressor role. In the current manuscript, we collected evidence from these three sources of evidence to review the impact of MCM3AP-AS1 in the carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tayyebeh Khoshbakht
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bashdar Mahmud Hussen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Kurdistan Region, Erbil, Iraq.,Center of Research and Strategic Studies, Lebanese French University, Kurdistan Region, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany. .,Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Samadian
- Skull Base Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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2
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Ma T, Wu FH, Wu HX, Fa Q, Chen Y. Long Non-Coding RNA MCM3AP-AS1: A Crucial Role in Human Malignancies. Pathol Oncol Res 2022; 28:1610194. [PMID: 35783356 PMCID: PMC9243217 DOI: 10.3389/pore.2022.1610194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of cancer continues to grow and is one of the leading causes of death in the world. Long noncoding RNAs (LncRNAs) is a group of RNA transcripts greater than 200 nucleotides in length, and although it cannot encode proteins, it can regulate different biological functions by controlling gene expression, transcription factors, etc. LncRNA micro-chromosome maintenance protein 3-associated protein antisense RNA 1 (MCM3AP-AS1) is involved in RNA processing and cell cycle-related functions, and MCM3AP-AS1 is dysregulated in expression in various types of cancers. This biomarker is involved in many processes related to carcinogens, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, and migration. In this review, we summarize the roles of MCM3AP-AS1 in different human cancers and its biological functions with a view to providing ideas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ma
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Fa-Hong Wu
- Department of General Surgery Hepatic-Biliary-Pancreatic Institute, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hong-Xia Wu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qiong Fa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The 940th Hospital of the People’s Liberation Army Joint Service Support Force, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yan Chen,
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3
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Tomczyk-Socha M, Kręcicka J, Misiuk-Hojło M, Turno-Kręcicka A. MicroRNA Expression in Pseudoexfoliation Syndrome with the Use of Next-Generation Sequencing. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13040582. [PMID: 35456388 PMCID: PMC9031982 DOI: 10.3390/genes13040582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX) is a clinically important and biologically intriguing systemic disorder of the extracellular matrix. PEX etiopathogenesis was proved to be connected to multiple genes and other factors. However, the exact etiopathogenesis remains unknown. The aim of this study was to analyze miR expression in PEX using next-generation sequencing. An attempt was made to find the most commonly occurring miR in PEX, to evaluate miR that may have an essential role in the etiology of PEX syndrome. In addition, the correlation between the selected miRs’ expressions and age was investigated. Anterior lens capsules were obtained during cataract surgery. Next-generation sequencing was conducted on Illumina MiSeq. The average age was 68.2 years (with standard deviation +/− 6.92 years). Ten miRs with the highest level of expression represent approx. 95% of all readings. Four miRs with statistically significant differences in expression between groups have been distinguished: miR-671-3p, miR374a-5p, miR-1307-5p and miR-708-5p. The relationship between the most frequent miRs’ expressions and age has been evaluated and no correlation has been detected. In view of the above, it seems reasonable to examine the influence of miR on the biogenesis of PEX. Further studies on miR-671-3p, miR-374a-5p, miR-1307-5p and miR-708-5p expression in PEX are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Tomczyk-Socha
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland; (M.M.-H.); (A.T.-K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-71-736-43-00; Fax: +48-71-736-43-09
| | - Julia Kręcicka
- Department and Clinic of Ophthalmology, Wroclaw University Hospital, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Marta Misiuk-Hojło
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland; (M.M.-H.); (A.T.-K.)
| | - Anna Turno-Kręcicka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland; (M.M.-H.); (A.T.-K.)
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4
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Tayefeh-Gholami S, Ghanbari M, Aghazadeh A, Rajabi A, Saber A, Hussen BM, Farsad-Akhtar N, Safaralizadeh R. Prognostic Value of LncRNA KRT18P55 in Patients with Intestinal Type of Gastric Cancer. J Gastrointest Cancer 2021; 53:1014-1019. [PMID: 34766250 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-021-00744-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Gastric cancer (GC) is a heterogeneous disease, and this heterogeneity significantly affects survival and treatment outcomes. Identification of molecular biomarkers specific for early-stage GC can help clinicians to choose more precise and effective treatment approaches. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have the potential to be used as biomarkers because of their tissue specificity, stability, and availability in body fluids. In this study, we aimed to investigate changes in the expression levels of lncRNA KRT18P55 and to assess its biomarker potentials in patients with GC. METHODS Tumor and non-tumor marginal tissues were collected from 102 patients at Noor-Nejat Hospital (Tabriz, Iran). RNA was isolated, and quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed to assess KRT18P55 expression levels in tumor and non-tumor tissue samples. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to evaluate potentials of KRT18P55 as a prognostic biomarker in GC. SPSS and GraphPad Prism software were used for data analysis. RESULTS We found that KRT18P55 is significantly overexpressed in tumor as compared to non-tumor tissues (p < 0.0001). We found a significant association between KRT18P55 overexpression and intestinal GC subtype (p < 0.0001), lymph node metastasis (p = 0.013), and Helicobacter pylori infection (p = 0.033). Based on the ROC analysis, KRT18P55 showed a sensitivity and specificity of 53.92% and 77.45%, respectively. CONCLUSION Overexpression of KRT18P55 in gastric tumors is suggestive of its oncogenic role in GC. In addition, KRT18P55 may be used as a potential prognosis biomarker and therapeutic target in intestinal GC subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Tayefeh-Gholami
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ghanbari
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Aida Aghazadeh
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Rajabi
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Saber
- Zimagene Medical Genetics Laboratory, Avicenna St, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Bashdar Mahmud Hussen
- Department of Pharmacognocy, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Nader Farsad-Akhtar
- Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Safaralizadeh
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
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Yu X, Zheng Q, Zhang Q, Zhang S, He Y, Guo W. MCM3AP-AS1: An Indispensable Cancer-Related LncRNA. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:752718. [PMID: 34692706 PMCID: PMC8529123 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.752718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a class of RNA molecules with transcripts longer than 200 nucleotides that have no protein-coding ability. MCM3AP-AS1, a novel lncRNA, is aberrantly expressed in human cancers. It is significantly associated with many clinical characteristics, such as tumor size, tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage, and pathological grade. Additionally, it considerably promotes or suppresses tumor progression by controlling the biological functions of cells. MCM3AP-AS1 is a promising biomarker for cancer diagnosis, prognosis evaluation, and treatment. In this review, we briefly summarized the published studies on the expression, biological function, and regulatory mechanisms of MCM3AP-AS1. We also discussed the clinical applications of MCM3AP-AS1 as a biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation of Henan Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Open and Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation at Henan Universities, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ Transplantation, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qingyuan Zheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation of Henan Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Open and Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation at Henan Universities, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ Transplantation, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qiyao Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation of Henan Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Open and Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation at Henan Universities, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ Transplantation, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuijun Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation of Henan Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Open and Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation at Henan Universities, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ Transplantation, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuting He
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation of Henan Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Open and Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation at Henan Universities, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ Transplantation, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wenzhi Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation of Henan Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Open and Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery and Digestive Organ Transplantation at Henan Universities, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ Transplantation, Zhengzhou, China
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6
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Zhou M, Bian Z, Liu B, Zhang Y, Cao Y, Cui K, Sun S, Li J, Zhang J, Wang X, Li C, Yao S, Yin Y, Fei B, Huang Z. Long noncoding RNA MCM3AP-AS1 enhances cell proliferation and metastasis in colorectal cancer by regulating miR-193a-5p/SENP1. Cancer Med 2021; 10:2470-2481. [PMID: 33686713 PMCID: PMC7982620 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.3830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidences have shown that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play key roles in many diseases, including cancer. Several studies reported that MCM3AP antisense RNA 1 (MCM3AP-AS1) was associated with the tumorigenesis and progression. However, the specific function and mechanism of MCM3AP-AS1 in colorectal cancer (CRC) have not been fully understood. METHODS The expression of MCM3AP-AS1 was detected by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) in CRC tissues and matched noncancerous tissues (NCTs). CCK-8 assay, colony formation assay, transwell assay, xenograft and lung metastasis mouse models were used to examine the tumor-promoting function of MCM3AP-AS1 in vitro and in vivo. The binding relationship between MCM3AP-AS1, miR-193a-5p and sentrin-specific peptidase 1 (SENP1) were screened and identified by databases, RT-qPCR, dual luciferase reporter assay and western blot. RESULTS In the present study, we got that the expression of MCM3AP-AS1 was higher in CRC tissues than in paired NCTs, and increased MCM3AP-AS1 expression was associated with adverse outcomes in CRC patients. Functional experiments in vitro revealed that silencing of MCM3AP-AS1 could inhibit the proliferation, colony formation, migratory, and invasive abilities of CRC cells. The mouse models of xenograft and lung metastasis further confirmed that in vivo silencing MCM3AP-AS1 could significantly inhibit the growth and metastasis of CRC. Further mechanism studies indicated that MCM3AP-AS1 could sponge miR-193a-5p and inhibit the activity of it. What is more, SENP1 was proved to be a novel target of miR-193a-5p and could be upregulated by MCM3AP-AS1. At last, we observed that SENP1 overexpression in CRC tissues was closely related to unfavorable prognosis. CONCLUSION Taken together, we identified in CRC the MCM3AP-AS1/miR-193a-5p/SENP1 regulatory axis, which affords a therapeutic possibility for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.,Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.,Cancer Epigenetics Program, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zehua Bian
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.,Cancer Epigenetics Program, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bingxin Liu
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.,Cancer Epigenetics Program, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yulin Cao
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.,Cancer Epigenetics Program, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kaisa Cui
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.,Cancer Epigenetics Program, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shengbai Sun
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.,Cancer Epigenetics Program, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiuming Li
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.,Cancer Epigenetics Program, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.,Cancer Epigenetics Program, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Cancer Epigenetics Program, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chaoqun Li
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.,Cancer Epigenetics Program, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Surui Yao
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.,Cancer Epigenetics Program, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuan Yin
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.,Cancer Epigenetics Program, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bojian Fei
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhaohui Huang
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.,Cancer Epigenetics Program, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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Chen N, Wang Z, Yang X, Geng D, Fu J, Zhang Y. Integrated analysis of competing endogenous RNA in esophageal carcinoma. J Gastrointest Oncol 2021; 12:11-27. [PMID: 33708421 DOI: 10.21037/jgo-20-615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Competing endogenous RNA (CeRNA) network plays important roles in the development and progression of multiple human cancers. Increasing attention has been paid to CeRNA in esophageal carcinoma (ESCA). Methods We explored The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and then analyzed the RNAs of 142 samples to obtain long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), micro RNAs (miRNAs), and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) with different expression trends alongside the progress of ESCA. A series test of cluster (STC) analysis was carried out to identify a set of unique model expression tendencies. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis were used to validate the function of key genes that were obtained from the STC analysis. Results Through our analysis, 272 lncRNAs, 87 miRNAs, and 692 mRNAs showed upward expression or downward expression trends, and these molecules were tightly involved in cell cycle, pathways in cancer, metabolic processes, and protein phosphorylation, among others. Ultimately, we constructed a CeRNA network containing a total of 71 lncRNAs, 56 miRNAs, and 125 mRNAs. The overall survival (OS) was analyzed using univariate Cox regression analysis to clarify the relationship between these key molecules from the CeRNA network and the prognosis of ESCA patients. Through survival analysis, we finally screened out two lncRNAs (DLEU2, RP11-890B15.3), three miRNAs (miR-26b-3p, miR-92a-3p, miR-324-5p), and one mRNA (SIK2) as crucial prognostic factors for ESCA. Conclusions The novel CeRNA network that we constructed will provide new novel prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for patients with ESCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanzheng Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Nursing Department, Xi'an Chest Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaomei Yang
- Hospital 521 of China's Ordnance Industry Group, Xi'an, China
| | - Donghong Geng
- School of Continuing Education of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Junke Fu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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