|
1
|
Kountouras J, Gialamprinou D, Kotronis G, Papaefthymiou A, Economidou E, Soteriades ES, Vardaka E, Chatzopoulos D, Tzitiridou-Chatzopoulou M, Papazoglou DD, Doulberis M. Ofeleein i mi Vlaptin-Volume II: Immunity Following Infection or mRNA Vaccination, Drug Therapies and Non-Pharmacological Management at Post-Two Years SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2022; 58:309. [PMID: 35208631 PMCID: PMC8874934 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58020309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The persistence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has triggered research into limiting transmission, morbidity and mortality, thus warranting a comprehensive approach to guide balanced healthcare policies with respect to people's physical and mental health. The mainstay priority during COVID-19 is to achieve widespread immunity, which could be established through natural contact or vaccination. Deep knowledge of the immune response combined with recent specific data indicates the potential inferiority of induced immunity against infection. Moreover, the prevention of transmission has been founded on general non-pharmacological measures of protection, albeit debate exists considering their efficacy and, among other issues, their socio-psychological burden. The second line of defense is engaged after infection and is supported by a plethora of studied agents, such as antibiotics, steroids and non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs, antiviral medications and other biological agents that have been proposed, though variability in terms of benefits and adverse events has not allowed distinct solutions, albeit certain treatments might have a role in prevention and/or treatment of the disease. This narrative review summarizes the existing literature on the advantages and weaknesses of current COVID-19 management measures, thus underlining the necessity of acting based on the classical principle of "ofeleein i mi vlaptin", that is, to help or not to harm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jannis Kountouras
- Second Medical Clinic, School of Medicine, Ippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54652 Thessaloniki, Central Macedonia, Greece; (A.P.); (E.V.); (D.C.); (M.T.-C.); (M.D.)
| | - Dimitra Gialamprinou
- Second Neonatal Department and NICU, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 56403 Thessaloniki, Central Macedonia, Greece;
| | - Georgios Kotronis
- Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital Aghios Pavlos of Thessaloniki, 55134 Thessaloniki, Central Macedonia, Greece;
| | - Apostolis Papaefthymiou
- Second Medical Clinic, School of Medicine, Ippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54652 Thessaloniki, Central Macedonia, Greece; (A.P.); (E.V.); (D.C.); (M.T.-C.); (M.D.)
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Larisa, Mezourlo, 41110 Larisa, Thessaly, Greece
| | - Eleftheria Economidou
- School of Economics and Management, Healthcare Management Program, Open University of Cyprus, Nicosia 12794, Cyprus; (E.E.); (E.S.S.)
| | - Elpidoforos S. Soteriades
- School of Economics and Management, Healthcare Management Program, Open University of Cyprus, Nicosia 12794, Cyprus; (E.E.); (E.S.S.)
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology (EOME), Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elisabeth Vardaka
- Second Medical Clinic, School of Medicine, Ippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54652 Thessaloniki, Central Macedonia, Greece; (A.P.); (E.V.); (D.C.); (M.T.-C.); (M.D.)
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Central Macedonia, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Chatzopoulos
- Second Medical Clinic, School of Medicine, Ippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54652 Thessaloniki, Central Macedonia, Greece; (A.P.); (E.V.); (D.C.); (M.T.-C.); (M.D.)
| | - Maria Tzitiridou-Chatzopoulou
- Second Medical Clinic, School of Medicine, Ippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54652 Thessaloniki, Central Macedonia, Greece; (A.P.); (E.V.); (D.C.); (M.T.-C.); (M.D.)
- Midwifery Department, School of Healthcare Sciences, University of West Macedonia, Koila, 50100 Kozani, Central Macedonia, Greece
| | - Dimitrios David Papazoglou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Michael Doulberis
- Second Medical Clinic, School of Medicine, Ippokration Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54652 Thessaloniki, Central Macedonia, Greece; (A.P.); (E.V.); (D.C.); (M.T.-C.); (M.D.)
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University Department, Kantonsspital Aarau, 5001 Aarau, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|