Reevaluating Golgi fragmentation and its implications in wound repair

The Golgi Apparatus (GA) is pivotal in vesicle sorting and protein modifications within cells. Traditionally, the GA has been described as a perinuclear organelle consisting of stacked cisternae forming a ribbon-like structure. Changes in the stacked structure or the canonical perinuclear localization of the GA have been referred to as "GA fragmentation", a term widely employed in the literature to describe changes in GA morphology and distribution. However, the precise meaning and function of GA fragmentation remain intricate. This review aims to demystify this enigmatic phenomenon, dissecting the diverse morphological changes observed and their potential contributions to cellular wound repair and regeneration. Through a comprehensive analysis of current research, we hope to pave the way for future advancements in GA research and their important role in physiological and pathological conditions.

Unraveling the Multifaceted Role of the Golgi Apparatus: Insights into Neuronal Plasticity, Development, Neurogenesis, Alzheimer's Disease, and SARS-CoV-2 Interactions

This article critically evaluates the multifunctional role of the Golgi apparatus within neurological paradigms. We succinctly highlight its influence on neuronal plasticity, development, and the vital trafficking and sorting mechanisms for proteins and lipids. The discourse further navigates to its regulatory prominence in neurogenesis and its implications in Alzheimer's Disease pathogenesis. The emerging nexus between the Golgi apparatus and SARS-CoV-2 underscores its potential in viral replication processes. This consolidation accentuates the Golgi apparatus's centrality in neurobiology and its intersections with both neurodegenerative and viral pathologies. In essence, understanding the Golgi's multifaceted functions harbors profound implications for future therapeutic innovations in neurological and viral afflictions.

Exosomes from microRNA-126 overexpressing mesenchymal stem cells promote angiogenesis by targeting the PIK3R2-mediated PI3K/Akt signalling pathway

microRNA-126 (miR-126), an endothelial-specific miRNA, is associated with vascular homeostasis and angiogenesis. However, the efficiency of miR-126-based treatment is partially compromised due to the low efficiency of miRNA delivery in vivo. Lately, exosomes have emerged as a natural tool for therapeutic molecule delivery. Herein, we investigated whether exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) can be utilized to deliver miR-126 to promote angiogenesis. Exosomes were isolated from BMMSCs overexpressed with miR-126 (Exo-miR-126) by ultracentrifugation. In vitro study, Exo-miR-126 treatment promoted the proliferation, migration and angiogenesis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Furthermore, the gene/protein expression of angiogenesis-related vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiotensin-1 (Ang-1) were up-regulated after incubation with Exo-miR-126. Additionally, the expression level of phosphoinositol-3 kinase regulatory subunit 2 (PIK3R2) showed an inverse correlation with miR-126 in HUVECs. Particularly, the Exo-miR-126 treatment contributed to enhanced angiogenesis of HUVECs by targeting PIK3R2 to activate the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway. Similarly, Exo-miR-126 administration profoundly increased the number of newly formed capillaries in wound sites and accelerated the wound healing in vivo. The results demonstrate that exosomes derived from BMMSCs combined with miR-126 may be a promising strategy to promote angiogenesis.