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Sargazi S, Hajinezhad MR, Barani M, Rahdar A, Shahraki S, Karimi P, Cucchiarini M, Khatami M, Pandey S. Synthesis, characterization, toxicity and morphology assessments of newly prepared microemulsion systems for delivery of valproic acid. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Mohideen K, Sudhakar U, Balakrishnan T, Almasri MA, Al-Ahmari MM, Al Dira HS, Suhluli M, Dubey A, Mujoo S, Khurshid Z, Raj AT, Patil S. Malondialdehyde, an Oxidative Stress Marker in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2021; 43:1019-1035. [PMID: 34563041 PMCID: PMC8929159 DOI: 10.3390/cimb43020072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To qualitative and quantitatively review published literature assessing the oxidative stress marker malondialdehyde (MDA) in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Methodology: Pubmed (MeSH), Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, Willey Online Library, Cochrane, and Cross Reference were searched for studies assessing MDA levels in OSCC samples. Results: From the 1008 articles identified, 849 were excluded based on title and abstract screening due to duplication and irrelevance to the topic of interest. Full-text assessment of the remaining 159 articles led to the inclusion of only 46 articles that satisfied the selection criteria. Of these, only 26 studies had data compatible for quantitative analysis. The MDA levels in OSCC groups are significantly increased (p < 0.00001) in plasma, serum, and saliva samples in the majority of the studies evaluated. In contrast, MDA levels in OSCC tissue samples are significantly attenuated (p < 0.00001) compared to healthy controls, supported by fewer studies. Conclusions: The augmented MDA levels in plasma, serum, and saliva samples of the OSCC reflect the heightened oxidative stress level accurately. Further studies are required to understand the attenuated MDA levels in the tissue samples of OSCC. Correlation analysis between MDA levels with established clinicopathological prognostic markers could aid in formulating oxidative stress-based prognostication and treatment planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijah Mohideen
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Sathyabama Dental College and Hospital, Chennai 600119, India; (K.M.); (T.B.)
| | - Uma Sudhakar
- Department of Periodontics and Implantology, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Thai Moogambigai Dental College and Hospital, Chennai 600095, India;
| | - Thayumanavan Balakrishnan
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Sathyabama Dental College and Hospital, Chennai 600119, India; (K.M.); (T.B.)
| | - Mazen A. Almasri
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Manea Musa Al-Ahmari
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia;
| | | | - Malath Suhluli
- Dental School, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Alok Dubey
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sheetal Mujoo
- Division of Oral Medicine & Radiology College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Zohaib Khurshid
- Department of Prosthodontics and Dental Implantology, College of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
| | - A. Thirumal Raj
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sri Venkateswara Dental College and Hospital, Chennai 600130, India;
| | - Shankargouda Patil
- Division of Oral Pathology, Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
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Banerjee S, Mukherjee S, Mitra S, Singhal P. Comparative Evaluation of Mitochondrial Antioxidants in Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders. Kurume Med J 2020; 66:15-27. [PMID: 32378537 DOI: 10.2739/kurumemedj.ms661009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Various endogenous mitochondria-associated antioxidants protect mitochondria from oxidative stresses such as Superoxide Dismutase 2 (SOD2), Catalase, Glutaredoxin 2 (GLRX2), educed Glutathione (GSH), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx), and Thioredoxin 2 (TXN2). They protect mitochondria from Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Excess ROS causes mitochondrial DNA damage and respiratory chain dysfunction leading to carcinogenesis. In an earlier study we found complex alterations of mitochondrial antioxidants in different stages of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Here, we profiled mitochondrial antioxidants in different oral potentially malignant disorders such as oral leukoplakia (OL), oral lichen planus (OLP), and oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF). Mitochondria was prepared from oral tissues from OL, OLP, and OSMF patients. Biochemical assays and immunoblotting were performed to investigate expression of various mitochondrial antioxidants. Catalase was expressed as Control> OL > OSMF > OLP. GLRX 2 was expressed as OLP> OL >Control >OSMF. GPX1 and GPX4 were expressed as Control >OSMF> OLP > OL. GSH increased in OL and OSMP, but decreased in OLP. SOD2 was expressed as Control >OSMF> OLP > OL. PRX3 was expressed as OL > OLP > OSMF > Control. TXN2 expression was nearly the same in all groups except OL, which showed elevated expression. We conclude that endogenous mitochondria-associated antioxidants show different levels of expressions in various oral potentially malignant disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumita Banerjee
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dental College, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences
| | | | - Sanjib Mitra
- Department of Oral Pathology, Burdwan Dental College and Hospital
| | - Pallav Singhal
- AL-FALAH School of Medical Sciences and Research Center, AL- Falah University
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Agrawal S, Fox J, Thyagarajan B, Fox JH. Brain mitochondrial iron accumulates in Huntington's disease, mediates mitochondrial dysfunction, and can be removed pharmacologically. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 120:317-329. [PMID: 29625173 PMCID: PMC5940499 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial bioenergetic dysfunction is involved in neurodegeneration in Huntington's disease (HD). Iron is critical for normal mitochondrial bioenergetics but can also contribute to pathogenic oxidation. The accumulation of iron in the brain occurs in mouse models and in human HD. Yet the role of mitochondria-related iron dysregulation as a contributor to bioenergetic pathophysiology in HD is unclear. We demonstrate here that human HD and mouse model HD (12-week R6/2 and 12-month YAC128) brains accumulated mitochondrial iron and showed increased expression of iron uptake protein mitoferrin 2 and decreased iron-sulfur cluster synthesis protein frataxin. Mitochondria-enriched fractions from mouse HD brains had deficits in membrane potential and oxygen uptake and increased lipid peroxidation. In addition, the membrane-permeable iron-selective chelator deferiprone (1 μM) rescued these effects ex-vivo, whereas hydrophilic iron and copper chelators did not. A 10-day oral deferiprone treatment in 9-week R6/2 HD mice indicated that deferiprone removed mitochondrial iron, restored mitochondrial potentials, decreased lipid peroxidation, and improved motor endurance. Neonatal iron supplementation potentiates neurodegeneration in mouse models of HD by unknown mechanisms. We found that neonatal iron supplementation increased brain mitochondrial iron accumulation and potentiated markers of mitochondrial dysfunction in HD mice. Therefore, bi-directional manipulation of mitochondrial iron can potentiate and protect against markers of mouse HD. Our findings thus demonstrate the significance of iron as a mediator of mitochondrial dysfunction and injury in mouse models of human HD and suggest that targeting the iron-mitochondrial pathway may be protective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Agrawal
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82070, United States
| | - Julia Fox
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82070, United States
| | | | - Jonathan H Fox
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82070, United States.
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Banerjee S, Mukherjee S, Mitra S, Singhal P. Altered expression of mitochondrial antioxidants in oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Sci 2017; 59:439-446. [DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.16-0655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumita Banerjee
- Department of Oral Pathology, Dental College, Regional Institute of Medical Sciences
| | | | - Sanjib Mitra
- Department of Oral Pathology, Burdwan Dental College and Hospital
| | - Pallav Singhal
- Department of Oral Pathology, Sarjug Dental College and Mata R. Devi Hospital
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Saffron suppresses oxidative stress in DMBA-induced skin carcinoma: A histopathological study. Acta Histochem 2010; 112:317-27. [PMID: 19328523 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2009.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2008] [Revised: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cancer chemoprevention is the use of natural, synthetic or biological substances to reverse or prevent the development of cancer. Saffron is a naturally derived plant product that acts as an antispasmodic, diaphoretic, carminative, emmenagogic and sedative. Our aim in this study was to investigate the chemopreventive effect of aqueous saffron on chemically induced skin carcinogenesis using a histopathological approach. Mice were divided into five groups: carcinogen control (CC), normal control (NC) and saffron-treated Groups A, B and C. Groups A, B, C and CC mice received three topical applications of 7,12 dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) followed by croton oil on shaven dorsal skin for 8 weeks. NC mice received topical skin applications of the vehicle, acetone, only. Saffron infusion was fed orally to three groups of mice either before (Group A) or after (Group C) or both before and after (Group B) DMBA applications. The activities of antioxidant enzymes glutathione-S transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in liver tissue samples taken at 0, 6, 10 and 12 weeks from all groups were assessed. Standard histological examination of skin demonstrated a beneficial action of saffron in mice where saffron treatments were given both before and after the induction of skin carcinogenesis. Saffron ingestion inhibited the formation of skin papillomas in animals and simultaneously reduced their size. In conclusion, saffron inhibits DMBA-induced skin carcinoma in mice when treated early. This may be due, at least in part, to the induction of cellular defense systems.
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Yao XM, Chen H, Li Y. Protective effect of bicyclol on liver injury induced by hepatic warm ischemia/reperfusion in rats. Hepatol Res 2009; 39:833-42. [PMID: 19473433 DOI: 10.1111/j.1872-034x.2009.00504.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM Bicyclol is a synthetic anti-hepatitis drug with anti-oxidative property. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of bicyclol on hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and related mechanisms. METHODS Rats were subjected to 90 min of hepatic ischemia followed by reperfusion for 1, 3, 6 and 24 h. Three doses of bicyclol were orally administered before ischemia. Liver injury was evaluated by biochemical and histopathological examinations. Liver malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), nitric oxide (NO), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) contents, and plasma endotoxin levels were spectrophotometrically measured. The expressions of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines were detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Liver intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) was examined by immunohistochemistry, and the expressions of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB, inhibitor of NF-kappaB (IkappaB) and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) were determined by western blot. RESULTS Bicyclol significantly inhibited the elevations of serum alanine aminotransferase, total bilirubin and plasma endotoxin levels, alleviated the formation of liver MDA and nitrite/nitrate, restored impaired antioxidant SOD, attenuated hepatic necrosis and neutrophil infiltration, and also improved the 7-day survival in I/R rats. Additionally, bicyclol markedly downregulated the overexpression of ICAM-1, modulated the expression of inflammatory/anti-inflammatory cytokines and inhibited the expression of NF-kappaB and TLR4 in I/R rats. CONCLUSION Bicyclol had a remarkable protective effect on hepatic I/R injury, which was partially due to inhibiting the expression of TLR4 and NF-kappaB via its ability to attenuate oxidative stress and endotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Min Yao
- Department of New Drug Development, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Effects of bicyclol on liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in rats. Dig Dis Sci 2009; 54:774-81. [PMID: 19219550 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-009-0715-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Bicyclol is a synthetic antihepatitis drug with antioxidative property. The present study was performed to investigate the effect of bicyclol on liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in rats. Bicyclol (300 mg/kg) was given to rats subjected to 70% hepatectomy three times before operation. At 6, 24, and 48 h after resection, samples were collected for the measurement of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total bilirubin (TBil), hepatic glycogen, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione (GSH). Moreover, liver regeneration rate, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) labeling, proliferation index, and histopathological examination were evaluated at 48 h after hepatectomy. As a result, bicyclol significantly increased regeneration rate, mitotic index (MI), PCNA labeling index, and proliferation index in PH rats. Additionally, bicyclol remarkably inhibited the elevation of serum ALT and TBil levels, alleviated the formation of liver MDA, restored impaired antioxidant SOD and GSH, increased hepatic glycogen content, and also attenuated hepatic vacuolar degeneration. These results suggested that bicyclol had a beneficial effect on liver regenerative capacity of the remnant liver tissue after hepatectomy, probably due to its antioxidative property.
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Das I, Saha T. Effect of garlic on lipid peroxidation and antioxidation enzymes in DMBA-induced skin carcinoma. Nutrition 2008; 25:459-71. [PMID: 19084378 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2008.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2008] [Revised: 10/01/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Naturally occurring phytochemicals display an active cancer preventive strategy to inhibit, delay, or reverse human carcinogenesis. Studies have indicated that certain daily-consumed dietary phytochemicals have cancer protective effects mediated by carcinogens. Lipid peroxide plays a detrimental role in all cancers including skin carcinogenesis. Garlic, a phytochemical, has acquired a special position in the folklore of many cultures as a formidable prophylactic and therapeutic medicinal agent. In this report, we pursue the chemopreventive effect of aqueous garlic on skin carcinogenesis. METHODS "Swiss albino mice" were divided into five groups depending on the combination of skin cancer-inducing 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene and garlic treatments. Histology of the affected skin and biochemical assays for lipid peroxide, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione-S-transferase, and glutathione peroxidase were performed to demonstrate the effect of garlic in mice. Immunoblotting was performed with cyclo-oxygenase-2, p53, and caspase-3 to demonstrate expressions of the respective proteins in skin lysates. RESULTS Garlic extracts inhibited the oxidative modification of lipids, thus protecting cells from injury by the oxidized molecules. The best chemopreventive action of garlic was observed in mice in which garlic treatment was performed before and after the induction of skin carcinogenesis. Garlic ingestion delayed formation of skin papillomas in animals and simultaneously decreased the size and number of papillomas, which was also reflected in the skin histology of the mice treated. CONCLUSION The protective effects against skin cancer elicited by garlic in mice are believed to be due at least in part to the induction cellular defense systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ila Das
- Departments of Cancer Chemoprevention and Cancer Detection and Screening, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, India
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Sugawara H, Tobise K, Onodera S. Absence of antioxidant effects of nifedipine and diltiazem on myocardial membrane lipid peroxidation in contrast with those of nisoldipine and propranolol. Biochem Pharmacol 1994; 47:887-92. [PMID: 8135864 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(94)90489-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Both the production of active oxygen species and cellular damage due to concurrent lipid peroxidation are believed to be important factors in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases and the ageing process. Since cardiovascular drugs are often administered over a long term, it might be advantageous if they reduced lipid peroxidation. There have been conflicting reports concerning the antiperoxidant effect of nifedipine. Therefore, we investigated whether nifedipine could inhibit lipid peroxidation in a nonenzymatic active oxygen-generating system, utilizing rat crude myocardial membranes, and compared its effect with those of propranolol, nisoldipine, and diltiazem. Nifedipine and diltiazem had no inhibitory effects on the lipid peroxidation of myocardial membranes. In contrast, nisoldipine and propranolol had a concentration-dependent antiperoxidant effect, with IC50 values of 28.2 and 50.1 microM, respectively. In addition, nisoldipine appeared to possess dual antiperoxidant mechanisms, involving both preventive and chain-breaking properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sugawara
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Asahikawa Medical College, Japan
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Sakanashi T, Sako S, Nozuhara A, Adachi K, Okamoto T, Koga Y, Toshima H. Vitamin E deficiency has a pathological role in myocytolysis in cardiomyopathic Syrian hamster (BIO14.6). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1991; 181:145-50. [PMID: 1958182 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(05)81393-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This study revealed the occurrence of vitamin E deficiency in the myocardium of 60-day-old Syrian cardiomyopathic hamsters (BIO14.6), and that this deficiency might be related to the increase in lipid peroxide. Vitamin E administration for ten days effectively restored creatininekinase activity and decreased the lipid peroxide content in the myocardium, returning these to normal control levels (F1b). These results indicate that vitamin E deficiency, possibly combined with oxidative stress in the early cardiomyopathic stage plays an important role in initiating the pathogenesis of myocardial lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sakanashi
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
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Nishi J, Ogura R, Sugiyama M, Hidaka T, Kohno M. Involvement of active oxygen in lipid peroxide radical reaction of epidermal homogenate following ultraviolet light exposure. J Invest Dermatol 1991; 97:115-9. [PMID: 1647419 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12478534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate the radical mechanism of lipid peroxidation induced by ultraviolet light (UV) irradiation, an electron spin resonance (ESR) study was made on epidermal homogenate prepared from albino rat skin. The exposure of the homogenate to UV light resulted in an increase in lipid peroxide content, which was proportional to the time of UV exposure. Using ESR spin trapping (dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide, DMPO), the DMPO spin adduct spectrum of lipid radicals (L.) was measured following UV exposure (DMPO-L.:aN = 15.5 G, aH = 22.7 G), as was the spectrum of DMPO-hydroxyl radical (DMPO-OH, aN = aH = 15.5 G). In the presence of superoxide dismutase, the DMPO spin adduct spectrum of lipid radicals was found to be reduced remarkably. Therefore, it was shown that the generation of the lipid radicals partially involves superoxide anion radicals, in addition to hydroxyl radicals. In the ESR free-radical experiment, an ESR signal appeared at g = 2.0064 when the ESR tube filled with homogenate was exposed to UV light at -150 degrees C. The temperature-dependent change in the ESR free radical signal of homogenate exposed to UV light was observed at temperatures varying from -150 degrees C to room temperature. By using degassed samples, it was confirmed that oxygen is involved in the formation of the lipid peroxide radicals (LOO.) from the lipid radicals (L.).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Nishi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Japan
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Ogura R, Sugiyama M, Sakanashi T, Suematsu T, Hidaka T, Morikawa F, Kon Y. Membrane responses of B-16 melanoma cells to single exposure to ultraviolet light. Arch Dermatol Res 1989; 280:481-6. [PMID: 2537609 DOI: 10.1007/bf00427661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Electron spin resonance spectroscopy using the spin probe (5-, 12- and 16-deoxylstearic acid) was employed to analyze the changes in membrane fluidity in B-16 melanoma cells following UV-B exposure. The UV exposure resulted in the immediate accumulation of lipid peroxide, being accompanied by a change in membrane fluidity. The 12-DSA is the most sensitive to the changes in membrane organization caused by UV light. Na+,K+-ATPase activity was regulated by a change in membrane fluidity. Following UV exposure, the release of the prelabeled arachidonic acid from the cells was observed immediately. Ca2+-dependent calmodulin-dependent phospholipase A2-like activity was involved in the UV-stimulated arachidonic acid release from phospholipid.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ogura
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Japan
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