1
|
Zhang Z, Xiao K, Wang S, Ansari AR, Niu X, Yang W, Lu M, Yang Z, Rehman ZU, Zou W, Bei W, Song H. Visfatin is a multifaceted molecule that exerts regulation effects on inflammation and apoptosis in RAW264.7 cells and mice immune organs. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1018973. [PMID: 36532047 PMCID: PMC9753570 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1018973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Visfatin, a multifunctional adipocytokine, is particularly important in the regulation of apoptosis and inflammation through an unidentified mechanism. Clarifying the control mechanisms of visfatin on inflammation and apoptosis in RAW264.7 cells and mice immunological organs was the goal of the current investigation. In order to create a pathophysiological model, the RAW264.7 cells were stimulated with 200 ng/mL visfatin and 20 μg/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS), either separately or combined. The effects of exogenous visfatin on inflammation and apoptosis in RAW264.7 cells were investigated by flow cytometry assay, RNA-seq analysis and fluorescence quantitative PCR. According to the findings, exogenous visfatin exhibits dual effects on inflammation by modulating the expression of IL-1α, TNFRSF1B, and LIF as well as taking part in various signaling pathways, including the MAPK and Rap1 signaling pathways. By controlling the expression levels of Bcl2l1, Bcl2a1a, and Fas and primarily participating in the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and Hippo signaling pathway, exogenous visfatin can inhibit apoptosis in RAW264.7 cells. The visfatin inhibitor FK866 was used to further confirm the effects of visfatin on inflammation and apoptosis in mice immune organs. Subsequently, mice spleen and thymus were collected. It is interesting to note that in LPS-treated mice, suppression of endogenous visfatin might worsen the immune system's inflammatory response and even result in rapid mortality. Additionally, endogenous visfatin promotes the apoptosis in mice immune organs by regulating the expression levels of Bcl2l1, Fas, Caspase 3, Bcl2a1a, and Bax. Together, these results imply that visfatin is a multifaceted molecule that regulates inflammation and apoptosis in RAW264.7 cells and mice immunological organs by taking part in a variety of biological processes and regulating the amounts of associated cytokines expression. Our findings offer additional understandings of how visfatin affects apoptosis and inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhewei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ke Xiao
- The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute of Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Abdur Rahman Ansari
- Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Jhang University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Xiaoyu Niu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenjie Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengqi Lu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Animal Health Supervision Institute of Taihe County, Fuyang, China
| | - Zia ur Rehman
- College of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Weihua Zou
- Wuhan Keqian Biology Company Limited, Wuhan, China
| | - Weicheng Bei
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Song
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China,*Correspondence: Hui Song,
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hwang SJ, Song YS, Lee HJ. Phaseolin Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in RAW 264.7 Cells and Zebrafish. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9040420. [PMID: 33924583 PMCID: PMC8069760 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Kushen (Radix Sophorae flavescentis) is used to treat ulcerative colitis, tumors, and pruritus. Recently, phaseolin, formononetin, matrine, luteolin, and quercetin, through a network pharmacology approach, were tentatively identified as five bioactive constituents responsible for the anti-inflammatory effects of S. flavescentis. However, the role of phaseolin (one of the primary components of S. flavescentis) in the direct regulation of inflammation and inflammatory processes is not well known. In this study, the beneficial role of phaseolin against inflammation was explored in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation models of RAW 264.7 macrophages and zebrafish larvae. Phaseolin inhibited LPS-mediated production of nitric oxide (NO) and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), without affecting cell viability. In addition, phaseolin suppressed pro-inflammatory mediators such as cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, phaseolin reduced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity as well as macrophage adhesion in vitro and the recruitment of leukocytes in vivo by downregulating Ninjurin 1 (Ninj1), an adhesion molecule. Finally, phaseolin inhibited the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB). In view of the above, our results suggest that phaseolin could be a potential therapeutic candidate for the management of inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hyo-Jong Lee
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-290-7731; Fax: +82-50-4363-2221
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Park JW, Kim OH, Lee SC, Kim KH, Hong HE, Seo H, Choi HJ, Kim SJ. Serum level of visfatin can reflect the severity of inflammation in patients with acute cholecystitis. Ann Surg Treat Res 2020; 99:26-36. [PMID: 32676479 PMCID: PMC7332317 DOI: 10.4174/astr.2020.99.1.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Visfatin is a key cytokine released from the pe ripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) as well as adipose tissue, and it is involved in immune response as well as inflammation. In this study, we investigated whether the serum visfatin level could be a prognostic factor for predicting the severity of inflammation in patients with acute cholecystitis. Methods We examined the blood samples and gallbladder specimens from patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy for either acute (n = 18) or chronic cholecystitis (n = 18). We determined the visfatin levels of these samples using various procedures such as real-time polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. Results The patients with acute cholecystitis exhibited higher mRNA expression of visfatin in PBMCs, higher serum levels of visfatin, and increased protein expression of visfatin in the gallbladder specimens than in patients with chronic cholecystitis. In the in vitro model of acute cholecystitis, the mRNA expression of visfatin showed the fastest increase among the other pro-inflammatory mediators studied, including interleukin (IL)-10, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-6, intracellular adhesion molecule-1, and ascular cell adhesion molecule-1. Inhibition of visfatin using siRNA abrogated the inhibitory effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the expression of ABCG1 in GBECs, suggesting that visfatin is significantly involved in the LPS-driven suppression of ABCG1. Conclusion Taken together, we concluded that visfatin is a pro-inflammatory mediators that is upregulated during acute cholecystitis and is expected to be increased within a short time after inflammation. Therefore, measuring the serum level of visfatin would be helpful in predicting the inflammatory severity in the patients with acute cholecystitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Woo Park
- Department of Surgery, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ok-Hee Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Catholic Central Laboratory of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Chul Lee
- Department of Surgery, Daejeon St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Catholic Central Laboratory of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kee-Hwan Kim
- Catholic Central Laboratory of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Surgery, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ha-Eun Hong
- Department of Surgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Catholic Central Laboratory of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Haeyeon Seo
- Department of Surgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Catholic Central Laboratory of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Joong Choi
- Department of Surgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Say-June Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Catholic Central Laboratory of Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bose S, Banerjee S, Mondal A, Chakraborty U, Pumarol J, Croley CR, Bishayee A. Targeting the JAK/STAT Signaling Pathway Using Phytocompounds for Cancer Prevention and Therapy. Cells 2020; 9:E1451. [PMID: 32545187 PMCID: PMC7348822 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a prevalent cause of mortality around the world. Aberrated activation of Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway promotes tumorigenesis. Natural agents, including phytochemicals, exhibit potent anticancer activities via various mechanisms. However, the therapeutic potency of phytoconstituents as inhibitors of JAK/STAT signaling against cancer has only come into focus in recent days. The current review highlights phytochemicals that can suppress the JAK/STAT pathway in order to impede cancer cell growth. Various databases, such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, SpringerLink, Scopus, and Google Scholar, were searched using relevant keywords. Once the authors were in agreement regarding the suitability of a study, a full-length form of the relevant article was obtained, and the information was gathered and cited. All the complete articles that were incorporated after the literature collection rejection criteria were applied were perused in-depth and material was extracted based on the importance, relevance, and advancement of the apprehending of the JAK/STAT pathway and their relation to phytochemicals. Based on the critical and comprehensive analysis of literature presented in this review, phytochemicals from diverse plant origins exert therapeutic and cancer preventive effects, at least in part, through regulation of the JAK/STAT pathway. Nevertheless, more preclinical and clinical research is necessary to completely comprehend the capability of modulating JAK/STAT signaling to achieve efficient cancer control and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sankhadip Bose
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Bengal School of Technology, Chuchura 712 102, India;
| | - Sabyasachi Banerjee
- Department of Phytochemistry, Gupta College of Technological Sciences, Asansol 713 301, India; (S.B.); (U.C.)
| | - Arijit Mondal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Bengal College of Pharmaceutical Technology, Dubrajpur 731 123, India
| | - Utsab Chakraborty
- Department of Phytochemistry, Gupta College of Technological Sciences, Asansol 713 301, India; (S.B.); (U.C.)
| | - Joshua Pumarol
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA; (J.P.); (C.R.C.)
| | - Courtney R. Croley
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA; (J.P.); (C.R.C.)
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL 34211, USA; (J.P.); (C.R.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Taneja I, Raju KSR, Challagundla M, Raghuvanshi A, Goel A, Wahajuddin M. LC-ESI–MS/MS method for bioanalytical determination of osteogenic phytoalexin, medicarpin, and its application to preliminary pharmacokinetic studies in rats. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1001:9-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
6
|
Xiao K, Zou WH, Yang Z, Rehman ZU, Ansari AR, Yuan HR, Zhou Y, Cui L, Peng KM, Song H. The role of visfatin on the regulation of inflammation and apoptosis in the spleen of LPS-treated rats. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 359:605-618. [PMID: 25358398 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1997-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study is to determine if visfatin is involved in inflammation or apoptosis induced by LPS in rat. Forty Wistar rats were divided into four groups: saline group, LPS group, visfatin group and Visfatin + LPS co-stimulated group. Spleen samples from each group of rats were collected for study. The spleen structure was examined by histological imaging. Apoptosis was evaluated with TUNEL reaction. Caspase-3 was detected with immunohistochemistry and western blot. The apoptosis-related genes were detected by qPCR and inflammatory cytokines were tested by ELISA. Our main findings were as follows. (1) Macrophages were markedly increased in the visfatin group compared with the saline group. This finding was confirmed when spleen samples were examined with western blot using CD68 antibody. (2) Visfatin promoted the expression of CD68 and caspase-3 in rat spleen, whereas visfatin could inhibit the expression of CD68 and activated caspase-3 in spleen of LPS-induced acute inflammation. (3) Visfatin had a pro-apoptotic effect on normal rat spleen, whereas it exerted an anti-apoptotic effect during LPS-induced lymphocytes apoptosis in rat spleen. Moreover, the effect of visfatin on cell apoptosis was mediated by the mitochondrial pathway. (4) Visfatin could modulate both the anti-inflammatory cytokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines in rat spleen, such as IL-10, IL-4, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β. Taken together, we demonstrate that visfatin could participate in the inflammatory process in rat spleen by modulating the macrophages and inflammatory cytokines. Also, visfatin plays a dual role in the apoptosis in rat spleen, which is mediated by the mitochondrial pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xiao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wei-Hua Zou
- College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhi Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zia Ur Rehman
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Abdur Rahman Ansari
- College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Huai-Rui Yuan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Lu Cui
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ke-Mei Peng
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hui Song
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Medicarpin, a legume phytoalexin sensitizes myeloid leukemia cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis through the induction of DR5 and activation of the ROS-JNK-CHOP pathway. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1465. [PMID: 25321472 PMCID: PMC4237253 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor α-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a promising anticancer agent with cancer cell-selective cell death inducing effect. However, the major limitation in the usage of TRAIL as a chemotherapeutic agent is the development of TRAIL resistance in many cancer types including myeloid leukemia. In this study, we report for the first time that Medicarpin (Med), a naturally occurring phytoalexin sensitizes myeloid leukemia cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Combination of Med and TRAIL induced significantly higher apoptosis compared with that of the individual treatments of either agent alone through activation of both the extrinsic and the intrinsic cell death pathways characterized by the activation of caspases 8, 9, 3, and 7. Med treatment downregulated antiapoptotic proteins (Survivin, Bcl2, Bcl-xL, XIAP, and c-FLIP), upregulated pro-apoptotic proteins (Bax, Cytochrome C, Smac/Diablo, Bid, truncated Bid (tBid), p-eIF2α, Bip, and CHOP (CCAAT-enhancer binding protein homologous protein)), induced G2/M cell-cycle arrest, and increased the expression of the functional TRAIL receptor DR5 through activation of the ROS-JNK-CHOP pathway. Gain and loss of function studies clearly indicated that DR5 expression was critical for Med-induced TRAIL sensitization. The Med-induced TRAIL sensitization did not involve the NFkB signaling pathway or redistribution of DR5 in lipid rafts. The concomitant treatment with Med and TRAIL showed robust apoptotic effects in primary myeloid leukemia cells but had no toxic effects in primary human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). In conclusion, our results suggest that Med sensitizes myeloid leukemia cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis through the upregulation of DR5 through activation of the ROS-JNK-CHOP pathway.
Collapse
|
8
|
ROS-dependent antiproliferative effect of brassinin derivative homobrassinin in human colorectal cancer Caco2 cells. Molecules 2014; 19:10877-97. [PMID: 25068784 PMCID: PMC6271261 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190810877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to examine the in vitro antiproliferative effect of brassinin and its derivatives on human cancer cell lines. Among seven tested compounds, homobrassinin (K1; N-[2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl]-S-methyldithiocarbamate) exhibited the most potent activity with IC50 = 8.0 μM in human colorectal Caco2 cells and was selected for further studies. The flow cytometric analysis revealed a K1-induced increase in the G2/M phase associated with dysregulation of α-tubulin, α1-tubulin and β5-tubulin expression. These findings suggest that the inhibitory effect of K1 can be mediated via inhibition of microtubule formation. Furthermore, simultaneously with G2/M arrest, K1 also increased population of cells with sub-G1 DNA content which is considered to be a marker of apoptotic cell death. Apoptosis was also confirmed by annexin V/PI double staining, DNA fragmentation assay and chromatin condensation assay. The apoptosis was associated with the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), caspase-3 activation as well as intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Moreover, the antioxidant Trolox blocked ROS production, changes in MMP and decreased K1 cytotoxicity, which confirmed the important role of ROS in cell apoptosis. Taken together, our data demonstrate that K1 induces ROS-dependent apoptosis in Caco2 cells and provide the rationale for further in vivo anticancer investigation.
Collapse
|
9
|
Myles IA. Fast food fever: reviewing the impacts of the Western diet on immunity. Nutr J 2014; 13:61. [PMID: 24939238 PMCID: PMC4074336 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-13-61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
While numerous changes in human lifestyle constitute modern life, our diet has been gaining attention as a potential contributor to the increase in immune-mediated diseases. The Western diet is characterized by an over consumption and reduced variety of refined sugars, salt, and saturated fat. Herein our objective is to detail the mechanisms for the Western diet's impact on immune function. The manuscript reviews the impacts and mechanisms of harm for our over-indulgence in sugar, salt, and fat, as well as the data outlining the impacts of artificial sweeteners, gluten, and genetically modified foods; attention is given to revealing where the literature on the immune impacts of macronutrients is limited to either animal or in vitro models versus where human trials exist. Detailed attention is given to the dietary impact on the gut microbiome and the mechanisms by which our poor dietary choices are encoded into our gut, our genes, and are passed to our offspring. While today's modern diet may provide beneficial protection from micro- and macronutrient deficiencies, our over abundance of calories and the macronutrients that compose our diet may all lead to increased inflammation, reduced control of infection, increased rates of cancer, and increased risk for allergic and auto-inflammatory disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Myles
- Bacterial Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike Building 33, Room 2W10A, Bethesda, MD, 20892, Maryland.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cytotoxic property of ultraviolet-induced rice phytoalexins to human colon carcinoma HCT-116 cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13765-012-3238-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|