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Petry S, Breuil MF, Duquesne F. Surveillance of Contagious Equine Metritis: Results of the First 5-Year Period of French Proficiency Tests for Taylorella equigenitalis Detection by Real-Time PCR. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 126:104248. [PMID: 36796741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Contagious equine metritis (CEM) detection by PCR is recognized by the European Union according to Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 846/2014, and real-time PCR is now recommended by the World Organisation for Animal Health Terrestrial Manual at the same level as the culture method. The present study highlights the creation of an efficient network of approved laboratories in France in 2017 for CEM detection by real-time PCR. The network currently consists of 20 laboratories. A first proficiency test (PT) was organized by the national reference laboratory for CEM in 2017 to evaluate the performance of the early network, followed by annual proficiency tests organized for ongoing periodic assessment of network performance. Results of the 5 PTs organized from 2017 to 2021 are presented, during which 5 real-time PCRs and 3 DNA extraction methods were used. Overall, 99.20% of the qualitative data corresponded to expected results and the R-squared of global DNA amplification calculated for each PT varied from 0.728 to 0.899. DNA extraction is also an important step in the analytical process, and results were more favorable with direct lysis compared to column extraction. Focusing on the most commonly used PCR (PCR 1: 86.4% of results) showed lowest cycle threshold values with direct lysis compared to column and magnetic bead extractions, and with magnetic bead extraction compared to column extraction, but neither of these differences were statistically significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Petry
- ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Physiopathology and Epidemiology of Equine Diseases Unit, Goustranville, France.
| | - Marie-France Breuil
- ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Physiopathology and Epidemiology of Equine Diseases Unit, Goustranville, France
| | - Fabien Duquesne
- ANSES, Laboratory for Animal Health, Physiopathology and Epidemiology of Equine Diseases Unit, Goustranville, France
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Pottier M, Castagnet S, Gravey F, Leduc G, Sévin C, Petry S, Giard JC, Le Hello S, Léon A. Antimicrobial Resistance and Genetic Diversity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strains Isolated from Equine and Other Veterinary Samples. Pathogens 2022; 12:64. [PMID: 36678412 PMCID: PMC9867525 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the leading causes of healthcare-associated infections in humans. This bacterium is less represented in veterinary medicine, despite causing difficult-to-treat infections due to its capacity to acquire antimicrobial resistance, produce biofilms, and persist in the environment, along with its limited number of veterinary antibiotic therapies. Here, we explored susceptibility profiles to antibiotics and to didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC), a quaternary ammonium widely used as a disinfectant, in 168 P. aeruginosa strains isolated from animals, mainly Equidae. A genomic study was performed on 41 of these strains to determine their serotype, sequence type (ST), relatedness, and resistome. Overall, 7.7% of animal strains were resistant to carbapenems, 10.1% presented a multidrug-resistant (MDR) profile, and 11.3% showed decreased susceptibility (DS) to DDAC. Genomic analyses revealed that the study population was diverse, and 4.9% were ST235, which is considered the most relevant human high-risk clone worldwide. This study found P. aeruginosa populations with carbapenem resistance, multidrug resistance, and DS to DDAC in equine and canine isolates. These strains, which are not susceptible to antibiotics used in veterinary and human medicine, warrant close the setting up of a clone monitoring, based on that already in place in human medicine, in a one-health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Pottier
- Research Department, LABÉO, 14053 Caen, France
- Inserm UMR 1311, Dynamicure, Normandie University, UNICAEN, UNIROUEN, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Sophie Castagnet
- Research Department, LABÉO, 14053 Caen, France
- Inserm UMR 1311, Dynamicure, Normandie University, UNICAEN, UNIROUEN, 14000 Caen, France
| | - François Gravey
- Inserm UMR 1311, Dynamicure, Normandie University, UNICAEN, UNIROUEN, 14000 Caen, France
- CHU de Caen, Service de Microbiologie, Avenue de la Côte de Nacre, 14033 Caen, France
| | - Guillaume Leduc
- CHU de Caen, Service de Microbiologie, Avenue de la Côte de Nacre, 14033 Caen, France
| | - Corinne Sévin
- Anses, Normandy Laboratory for Animal Health, Physiopathology and Epidemiology of Equine Diseases Unit, 14430 Goustranville, France
| | - Sandrine Petry
- Anses, Normandy Laboratory for Animal Health, Physiopathology and Epidemiology of Equine Diseases Unit, 14430 Goustranville, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Giard
- Inserm UMR 1311, Dynamicure, Normandie University, UNICAEN, UNIROUEN, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Simon Le Hello
- Inserm UMR 1311, Dynamicure, Normandie University, UNICAEN, UNIROUEN, 14000 Caen, France
- CHU de Caen, Service de Microbiologie, Avenue de la Côte de Nacre, 14033 Caen, France
- CHU de Caen, Service d’Hygiène Hospitalière, Avenue de la Côte de Nacre, 14033 Caen, France
| | - Albertine Léon
- Research Department, LABÉO, 14053 Caen, France
- Inserm UMR 1311, Dynamicure, Normandie University, UNICAEN, UNIROUEN, 14000 Caen, France
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Development and Application of a Multiplex Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for the Simultaneous Detection of Bacterial Aetiologic Agents Associated With Equine Venereal Diseases. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 105:103721. [PMID: 34607681 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Venereal diseases caused by bacteria are important to the equine industry due to economic losses caused by decline of conception rate in breeding horses. Therefore, identification of infected animals as well as the implementation of appropriate managerial procedures based on accurate diagnosis is critical. In this study, two types of multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction with high sensitivity and specificity were developed for the simultaneous detection and differentiation of five commonly associated bacterial pathogens of venereal diseases in horses, consisting of Taylorella equigenitalis, Taylorella asinigenitalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Streptococcus zooepidemicus. The assay was applied to samples collected as part of the surveillance of T.equigenitalis infection in South Korea. Swab samples collected from horses in 2015 were tested. T. equigenitalis and K. pneumoniae was detected in 21 (21.0%) and two (2.0%) samples, respectively. No samples were positive for T. asinigenitalis, P. aeruginosa, and S. zooepidemicus. Application of this assay to an existing surveillance program has allowed for an enhanced surveillance for a wider range of venereal diseases of equine to be implemented in South Korea.
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Léon A, Versmisse Y, Despois L, Castagnet S, Gracieux P, Blanchard B. Validation of an Easy Handling Sample Preparation and Triplex Real Time PCR for Rapid Detection of T. equigenitalis and Other Organisms Associated with Endometritis in Mares. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 94:103241. [PMID: 33077078 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Isolation and identification of Taylorella equigenitalis, the causative agent of contagious equine metritis, by bacteriology is laborious and does not permit differentiation from the other member of the genus, Taylorella asinigenitalis. Moreover, other organisms such as Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa can also cause endometritis in mares and warrant diagnostic detection. Our objectives were to develop a rapid preparation method for field swab samples and to validate this protocol using new multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (rtPCR) detection tools for identification of these four pathogens. The complete analytical process from sample preparation to PCR analysis was then evaluated against bacteriology, the World Organisation for Health's (OIE) gold standard method for T. equigenitalis and commonly used for the other three pathogens. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of this method, which used direct lysis and a multiplex rtPCR, were 100% and >92%, respectively. This study provided a simple-to-use method for prebreeding screening of mares and stallions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albertine Léon
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, Caen, France; Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, U2RM, Caen, France.
| | | | | | - Sophie Castagnet
- LABÉO Frank Duncombe, Caen, France; Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, U2RM, Caen, France
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Diagnostic and epidemiologic analysis of the 2008-2010 investigation of a multi-year outbreak of contagious equine metritis in the United States. Prev Vet Med 2011; 101:219-28. [PMID: 21715032 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Contagious equine metritis (CEM) is a highly contagious venereal disease of horses caused by Taylorella equigenitalis. During testing for semen export purposes, a stallion in Kentucky was found to be T. equigenitalis culture positive in December of 2008. This finding triggered an extensive regulatory investigation to search for additional positive horses, determine the extent of the outbreak, identify the potential source of the outbreak, and ultimately return the United States to CEM-free status. The investigation included over 1000 horses located in 48 states. Diagnostic testing found a total of 22 stallions, 1 gelding and 5 mares culture positive for T. equigenitalis. Epidemiologic analysis indicated that all of the positive horses were linked to a single common source, most likely a Fjord stallion imported into the United States in 2000. The T. equigenitalis strain subsequently spread to other stallions via undetermined indirect mechanisms at shared breeding facilities, and to mares via artificial insemination and live breeding. This CEM outbreak and investigation represent the largest ever in the United States based on the number of exposed horses tested and their geographic distribution.
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Tazumi A, Hirayama J, Hayashi K, Petry S, Moore JE, Millar BC, Matsuda M. Development of a new molecular detection method for Taylorella equigenitalis. J Basic Microbiol 2011; 51:336-42. [PMID: 21298689 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201000309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
On PCR amplification of the intervening sequences (IVSs) in the central (helix 45) region within 23S rRNA gene sequences with T. equigenitalis (n = 34), as well as T. asinigenitalis (n = 35) and Bordetella (n = 11) isolates by using the primer pair of f-/r-23STis2, approximately 0.8 kb of the amplicons were generated, sequenced and analyzed. One IVS of approximately 70 bp in length was identified in all the Taylorella organisms but not Bordetella. PCR amplification was further developed for the convenient and rapid molecular detection of T. equigenitalis organisms with the IVS in the helix 45 region within the 23S rRNA genes as target by using the primer pairs (f-IVSde/r-23de). Thus, these results clearly demonstrated that PCR amplification with the primer pair (f-IVSde/r-23de) can be reliable in order to differentiate the T. equigenitalis isolates from both the T. asinigenitalis and Bordetella organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Tazumi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Environmental Health Sciences, Azabu University, Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku Sagamihara, Japan
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Matsuda M, Moore JE. Recent advances in molecular epidemiology and detection of Taylorella equigenitalis associated with contagious equine metritis (CEM). Vet Microbiol 2003; 97:111-22. [PMID: 14637043 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2003.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the present review article, recent molecular advances relating to studies with Taylorella equigenitalis, as well as the recently described second species of the genus Taylorella, namely Taylorella asinigenitalis, have been described. Molecular genotyping of T. equigenitalis strains by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) after digestion with the suitable restriction enzyme(s) enabled the effective discrimination of strains, thus allowing the examination of the scientific mechanism(s) for its occurrence and transmission of contagious equine metritis (CEM). Alternatively, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and nucleotide sequencing of the 16S ribosomal DNA sequence and/or the other species specific sequence(s) as targets were confirmed to be effective for identification of T. equigenitalis. These new analytical methods at the genomic DNA level also enabled the discrimination of the newly discovered donkey-related T. asinigenitalis from T. equigenitalis, and moreover, the performance of phylogenetic analysis of genus Taylorella organisms with other closely related genera. Furthermore, detailed analysis of the genes responsible for CEM within the T. equigenitalis genome would be useful to help elucidate the pathogenic virulence and transmission mechanisms associated with the important equine pathogen associated with CEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoo Matsuda
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, School of Environmental Health Sciences, Azabu University, Fuchinobe 1-17-71, Sagamihara 229-8501, Japan.
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