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Conrado FO, Beatty SSK. Fluid Analysis in the Equine Patient: Cerebrospinal, Synovial, and Peritoneal Fluids. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2021; 36:S0749-0739(21)00002-X. [PMID: 33618950 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluid analysis is an important part of the diagnostic work-up of equine patients presenting with disorders of the nervous system, musculoskeletal system, and abdominal cavity. Proper specimen handling and processing are paramount for complete and accurate interpretation of fluid samples. Normal cerebrospinal fluid is a low-cellularity, low-protein fluid requiring specific sample handling to ensure accurate results. Joint and abdominal fluid analyses are completed in practice or submitted for analysis to a reference laboratory. This article discusses fluid sample handling and processing considerations for the equine practitioner and reviews cytologic evaluation of normal and abnormal cerebrospinal, synovial, and peritoneal fluid samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco O Conrado
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, 200 Westboro Road, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA.
| | - Sarah S K Beatty
- Clinical Pathology, Department of Comparative, Diagnostic & Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 Southwest 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
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Corda E, Vilar Saavedra P, Berghoff N, Smedley RC, Thomas JS. Neoplastic melanocytic pleural effusion in a Portuguese water dog. Vet Clin Pathol 2020; 49:652-654. [PMID: 33617052 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A 9-year-old castrated male Portuguese water dog was presented following incomplete excision of a malignant melanoma at the left lip commissure by the referring veterinarian. Physical examination was otherwise unremarkable. The patient was staged using thoracic radiographs, abdominal ultrasound, and fine-needle aspirates of the mandibular lymph nodes and spleen. Given the absence of any definitive evidence of metastasis, the malignant melanoma was surgically completely removed. The dog then received four melanoma vaccine doses as an adjuvant therapy and remained clinically healthy for more than 3 months after the last immunization. However, 232 days after the initial discovery of the lip mass, the dog was euthanized due to deterioration and a poor prognosis based on the presence of lung metastases and neoplastic melanocytic pleural effusion. The latter has been rarely reported in dogs, despite the high prevalence of oral malignant melanomas and the tendency of these tumors to metastasize to the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Corda
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Paulo Vilar Saavedra
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Nora Berghoff
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Rebecca C Smedley
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jennifer S Thomas
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Conrado FO, Iapoce N, Batista-Linhares M, Lopez S, Matthews MH, McKinney CA, Rothacker C. Circulating melanin-containing cells and neutrophils with phagocytized melanin granules in a horse with disseminated melanoma. Vet Clin Pathol 2020; 49:624-631. [PMID: 33155313 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An 18-year-old, grey, Thoroughbred Cross gelding was referred to the Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University following a 3-week history of low-grade fever of unknown origin, distal limb swelling, and weight loss. Clinical examination identified a few black, round, smooth nodules along the ventral aspect of the proximal tail. Transabdominal ultrasound showed a markedly enlarged heterogenous spleen, hyperechoic liver nodules, and evidence of peritonitis with fibrin deposition. A mature neutrophilia was noted on complete blood count with variable numbers of phagocytized granules within neutrophils. The granules did not stain with Perl's Prussian blue, and were intensely positive when stained with Fontana-Mason, consistent with melanin. On necropsy, the spleen occupied approximately one-third of the abdominal cavity and was diffusely firm with abundant black pigment on cut section. The medullary space of the 18th thoracic vertebra was also diffusely blackened. The splenic, mediastinal, and tracheobronchial lymph nodes were five times the normal size and diffusely pigmented. The final anatomic diagnosis was disseminated malignant melanoma with extensive splenic involvement and hemolymphatic and vascular neoplastic dissemination. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first full report to identify circulating neutrophils containing phagocytized melanin granules, which confirmed an antemortem diagnosis of disseminated melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco O Conrado
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas Iapoce
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Mainity Batista-Linhares
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Sharleen Lopez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Morgan H Matthews
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Caroline A McKinney
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
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Albanese V, Newton JC, Waguespack RW. Malignant melanoma of the third eyelid in a horse. EQUINE VET EDUC 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Albanese
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Auburn University; Auburn Alabama USA
| | - J. C. Newton
- Department of Pathobiology; College of Veterinary Medicine; Auburn University; Auburn Alabama USA
| | - R. W. Waguespack
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Auburn University; Auburn Alabama USA
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Moore JS, Shaw C, Shaw E, Buechner-Maxwell V, Scarratt WK, Crisman M, Furr M, Robertson J. Melanoma in horses: Current perspectives. EQUINE VET EDUC 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2011.00368.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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SASAKI N, MINAMI T, YAMADA K, SATOH M, INOKUMA H, KOBAYASHI Y, FURUOKA H, YAMADA H. MDCT Images of the Head of a Horse with Malignant Melanoma. J Equine Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1294/jes.18.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki SASAKI
- Departments of Clinical Veterinary Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
| | - Takuto MINAMI
- Departments of Clinical Veterinary Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
| | - Kazutaka YAMADA
- Departments of Clinical Veterinary Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
| | - Motoyoshi SATOH
- Departments of Clinical Veterinary Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
| | - Hisashi INOKUMA
- Departments of Clinical Veterinary Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
| | - Yoshiyasu KOBAYASHI
- Departments of Pathological Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
| | - Hidefumi FURUOKA
- Departments of Pathological Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
| | - Haruo YAMADA
- Departments of Clinical Veterinary Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine
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Abstract
Melanoma is a devastating disease frequently encountered within both veterinary and human medicine. Molecular changes linked with neoplastic transformation of melanocytes include mutations in genes that encode proteins intrinsic to the regulatory pathways of two tumor suppressor proteins (retinoblastoma protein and p53), proto-oncogene mutation to oncogenes, altered expression of epithelial cadherin and CD44 adhesion molecules, and upregulation of angiogenic factors and other growth factors. Histologic evaluation of the primary mass is the most common means of diagnosis, with cytology used more frequently to document metastasis. Melanoma's highly variable histologic and cytologic patterns can make diagnosis by either method problematic. Adherent epithelioid morphology, including signet ring forms, and nonadherent round and spindle forms are recognized, with pigmentation an inconsistent finding. The site of the tumor, the thickness of the primary tumor or depth of invasion, and the number of mitotic figures per high-power field or per millimeter are used histologically to predict biologic behavior, whereas site and degree of pleomorphism are typically used for cytologic preparations. Diagnosis of amelanotic melanoma can be aided by ancillary diagnostic techniques. Tumor cells are usually positive for vimentin, S100, neuron-specific enolase, and Melan-A, and negative for cytokeratin. Melan-A as a positive marker is not as sensitive as the others are but is likely more specific. Monoclonal antibodies to human melanosome-specific antigens 1 and 5 cross-react with canine antigens for a combined sensitivity rate of 83%. Mouse monoclonal antibody IBF9 specifically recognizes canine melanoma antigen and also has good sensitivity. Serologic markers, including cytokines, cell adhesion molecules, and melanoma-inhibitory activity, are being investigated as potential sentinels of melanoma. Currently, there is no single diagnostic technique capable of differentiating benign from malignant melanocytic neoplasms or predicting survival time.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Smith
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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