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Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in the Proximal Metacarpal Region of 359 Horses and Proximal Metatarsal Region of 64 Horses Acquired Under Standing Sedation. J Equine Vet Sci 2020; 94:103268. [PMID: 33077090 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2020.103268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Standing magnetic resonance (MR) images of proximal metacarpal/metatarsal regions are increasingly being acquired. This study aimed at describing ranges of abnormalities detected in sport/racehorses, using retrospective evaluation of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reports from horses with lameness isolated to proximal metacarpal/metatarsal regions with images acquired standing. It was hypothesized that MRI features are different between metacarpal and metatarsal regions and between horses doing different sports. Reports from 359 forelimbs and 64 hindlimbs were included. Palmar/plantar metacarpal/metatarsal bone injury and suspensory desmopathy, which often occurred concurrently, were most frequently reported. Third metacarpal abnormalities were more likely at palmar/medial locations, including cortical (86.4%) and trabecular (38.2%) pathology with frequent thickening, irregularity, and periosteal/endosteal abnormalities. Fluid signal was reported in cortical (38.7%) and trabecular (22.6%) bone. Medial intermetacarpal articulation abnormalities were more frequently reported (52.5%) than lateral. Suspensory ligament pathology was reported in 83.8% forelimbs, frequently with cortical (74.1%) or trabecular (32.9%) pathology. Tarsal-joint abnormalities were significantly more likely than carpal-joint abnormalities. Third metatarsal cortical (57.8%) and trabecular (20.3%) pathology was most frequently plantar, but significantly more likely to be dorsal than forelimbs. Metatarsal fluid signal was significantly less likely than metacarpal. Lateral intermetatarsal articulation pathology (23.4%) was more frequent than medial; medial was significantly more likely in forelimbs. Suspensory ligament abnormalities were reported in 64.1% hindlimbs, 39.1% having concurrent cortical pathology. Metacarpal fluid signal was significantly more likely in endurance/racehorses than dressage/show jumping horses. Dressage was overrepresented in hindlimb suspensory origin pathology. These findings indicate different pathology patterns between forelimb/hindlimb and between different sports and may be useful for MRI interpretation.
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Wulster KB. Diagnosis of Skeletal Injury in the Sport Horse. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2018; 34:193-213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Barrett MF, Selberg KT, Johnson SA, Hersman J, Frisbie DD. High field magnetic resonance imaging contributes to diagnosis of equine distal tarsus and proximal metatarsus lesions: 103 horses. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2018; 59:587-596. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Myra F. Barrett
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO 80523
| | - Kurt T. Selberg
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO 80523
| | - Sherry A. Johnson
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO 80523
| | | | - David D. Frisbie
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO 80523
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Dyson S, Blunden A, Murray R. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING, GROSS POSTMORTEM, AND HISTOLOGICAL FINDINGS FOR SOFT TISSUES OF THE PLANTAR ASPECT OF THE TARSUS AND PROXIMAL METATARSAL REGION IN NON-LAME HORSES. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2016; 58:216-227. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sue Dyson
- Centre for Equine Studies; Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park; Kentford, Newmarket Suffolk CB8 7UU UK
| | - Anthony Blunden
- Centre for Preventative Medicine; Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park; Kentford, Newmarket Suffolk CB8 7UU UK
| | - Rachel Murray
- Centre for Equine Studies; Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park; Kentford, Newmarket Suffolk CB8 7UU UK
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Tranquille CA, Murray RC, Parkin TDH. Can we use subchondral bone thickness on high‐field magnetic resonance images to identify Thoroughbred racehorses at risk of catastrophic lateral condylar fracture? Equine Vet J 2016; 49:167-171. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.12574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. A. Tranquille
- Centre for Equine Studies Animal Health Trust Newmarket Suffolk UK
| | - R. C. Murray
- Centre for Equine Studies Animal Health Trust Newmarket Suffolk UK
| | - T. D. H. Parkin
- School of Veterinary Medicine College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences Weiper's Centre Equine Hospital University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
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Gorissen BMC, Wolschrijn CF, van Vilsteren AAM, van Rietbergen B, van Weeren PR. Trabecular bone of precocials at birth; Are they prepared to run for the wolf(f)? J Morphol 2016; 277:948-56. [PMID: 27098190 PMCID: PMC5111789 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Bone is a dynamic tissue adapting to loading according to “Wolff's law of bone adaptation.” During very early life, however, such a mechanism may not be adequate enough to adapt to the dramatic change in environmental challenges in precocial species. Their neonates are required to stand and walk within hours after birth, in contrast to altricial animals that have much more time to adapt from the intrauterine environment to the outside world. In this study, trabecular bone parameters of the talus and sagittal ridge of the tibia from stillborn but full‐term precocials (calves and foals) were analyzed by micro‐CT imaging in order to identify possible anticipatory mechanisms to loading. Calculated average bone volume fraction in the Shetland pony (49–74%) was significantly higher compared to Warmblood foals (28–51%). Bovine trabecular bone was characterized by a low average bone volume fraction (22–28%), however, more directional anisotropy was found. It is concluded that anticipatory strategies in skeletal development exist in precocial species, which differ per species and are most likely related to anatomical differences in joint geometry and related loading patterns. The underlying regulatory mechanisms are still unknown, but they may be based on a genetic blueprint for the development of bone. More knowledge, both about a possible blueprint and its regulation, will be helpful in understanding developmental bone and joint diseases. J. Morphol. 277:948–956, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben M C Gorissen
- Department of Pathobiology, Anatomy and Physiology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia F Wolschrijn
- Department of Pathobiology, Anatomy and Physiology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk A M van Vilsteren
- Department of Animal Sciences, Human and Animal Physiology Division, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bert van Rietbergen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Orthopedic Biomechanics Division, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - P René van Weeren
- Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Skelly-Smith E, Ireland J, Dyson S. The centrodistal joint interosseous ligament region in the tarsus of the horse: Normal appearance, abnormalities and possible association with other tarsal lesions, including osteoarthritis. Equine Vet J 2015; 48:457-65. [PMID: 25959439 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY There have been no detailed descriptions of the radiological appearance of the centrodistal joint interosseous ligament region in horses with and without distal tarsal joint pain. OBJECTIVES To describe the normal radiological appearance of the centrodistal joint interosseous ligament region; to determine the prevalence of mineralisation or ossification of the interosseous ligament; and to describe radiological abnormalities surrounding the interosseous space and concurrent radiological abnormalities in the tarsus. The association between interosseous ligament region abnormalities and radiological evidence of osteoarthritis of the centrodistal joint was assessed. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective study. METHODS Case records and radiographs of all horses/ponies (n = 700) that underwent radiographic examination of one/both tarsi over 7 years were reviewed. Case history, height, bodyweight and cause(s) of lameness were recorded. Factors associated with abnormalities of the centrodistal interosseous ligament region were assessed using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS The normal interosseous space was an oval or circular-shaped radiolucent area bordered proximally and distally by a rim of bone of uniform opacity and thickness, which varied in thickness among animals. Abnormalities of the interosseous ligament region of the lame(r) limb were evident in 121/700 (17.3%; 95% confidence interval 14.5-20.1%) animals. Increasing bodyweight was associated with decreased odds of interosseous ligament region abnormalities. Forty-seven animals (6.7%; 95% confidence interval 4.9-8.6%) had radiological evidence of osteoarthritis of the centrodistal joint. A greater proportion of animals with interosseous ligament region abnormalities (36.4%) had radiological evidence of osteoarthritis of the centrodistal joint, compared to those with normal interosseous ligament regions (0.5%; P<0.001). Interosseous ligament region abnormalities and osteoarthritis of the centrodistal joint were not necessarily associated with distal tarsal joint pain. CONCLUSIONS There is an association between abnormalities of the centrodistal joint interosseous ligament region and osteoarthritis. Radiological evidence of abnormalities of the centrodistal intertarsal ligament region alone or in association with osteoarthritis may be present asymptomatically.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Skelly-Smith
- Centre for Equine Studies, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK
| | - J Ireland
- Centre for Equine Studies, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK
| | - S Dyson
- Centre for Equine Studies, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK
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Relationship between the shape of the central and third tarsal bones and the presence of tarsal osteoarthritis. Vet J 2015; 204:94-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lameness Associated with Mineralization of the Central Tarsal Bone and a Small Osseous Cyst-Like Lesion in Two Sport Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Tranquille CA, Parkin TDH, Murray RC. Magnetic resonance imaging-detected adaptation and pathology in the distal condyles of the third metacarpus, associated with lateral condylar fracture in Thoroughbred racehorses. Equine Vet J 2012; 44:699-706. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00535.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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LAMAS LP, EDMONDS J, HODGE W, ZAMORA-VERA L, BURFORD J, COOMER R, MUNROE G. Use of ethanol in the treatment of distal tarsal joint osteoarthritis: 24 cases. Equine Vet J 2011; 44:399-403. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00512.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Biggi M, Zani DD, De Zani D, Di Giancamillo M. Magnetic resonance imaging findings of bone marrow lesions in the equine distal tarsus. EQUINE VET EDUC 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3292.2011.00288.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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FAIRBURN A, DYSON S, MURRAY R. Clinical significance of osseous spurs on the dorsoproximal aspect of the third metatarsal bone. Equine Vet J 2010; 42:591-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00097.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gough MR, Thibaud D, Smith RKW. Tiludronate infusion in the treatment of bone spavin: a double blind placebo-controlled trial. Equine Vet J 2010; 42:381-7. [PMID: 20636772 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00120.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Tiludronate regulates bone remodelling through a decrease of the resorptive process and should therefore ameliorate the remodelling processes active in osteoarthritis of the distal tarsal joints ('bone spavin') and alleviate pain associated with abnormal bone lysis. OBJECTIVE To confirm the efficacy of tiludronate, administered as a single infusion at a dose of 1 mg/kg bwt, in the treatment of bone spavin in the horse. METHODS A double blind placebo controlled trial on 108 clinical cases of bone spavin was undertaken. The lameness score of the lamest limb was assessed following distal tarsal analgesia of the contralateral limb and followed-up using the same procedure throughout the study. Bone spavin in the lamest limb was confirmed by distal tarsal analgesia and radiography. Horses were treated at Day 0 and reassessed 60 days later after controlled exercise. A second nonblinded treatment was given to unresponsive horses and all horses were re-examined at Day 120. Exercise levels were recorded at each examination. RESULTS Eighty-seven horses completed the trial as per the protocol. The tiludronate horses were significantly less lame than the placebo horses (P = 0.0318). Horses treated at Day 60 with tiludronate showed further improvement in lameness at Day 120 (P = 0.0096 and P = 0.0034 for horses treated with tiludronate and placebo at Day 0, respectively). The only significant difference in radiographic findings between tiludronate and placebo was for presence of periarticular osteophytes (P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS Tiludronate treatment is proven to be effective in bone spavin in horses in association with a controlled exercise programme. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Tiludronate in combination with controlled exercise offers an alternate medical treatment for bone spavin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Gough
- CEVA Animal Health, 90 The Broadway, Chesham, Bucks, UK
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Is there a relationship between clinical presentation, diagnostic and radiographic findings and outcome in horses with osteoarthritis of the small tarsal joints? Equine Vet J 2010; 41:118-23. [DOI: 10.2746/042516408x345107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Branch MV, Murray RC, Dyson SJ, Goodship AE. Alteration of distal tarsal subchondral bone thickness pattern in horses with tarsal pain. Equine Vet J 2010; 39:101-5. [PMID: 17378437 DOI: 10.2746/042516407x166756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY Understanding of the development of pathology and source of pain in distal tarsal osteoarthritis is poorly understood. Magnetic resonance imaging is often used in the analysis of human osteoarthritis (OA) because it is sensitive to early changes. HYPOTHESIS In association with distal tarsal joint (DTJ) pain, there will be an alteration in the characteristic subchondral bone (SCB) thickness pattern of horses with no history of pain when subjected to low-level exercise. METHODS Sixteen cadaver tarsal joints were collected from 9 mature horses with a history of tarsal pain and radiographic evidence of OA; 3 cadaver tarsi were collected from 2 mature horses with a history of tarsal pain and no radiographic abnormality. Magnetic resonance images were acquired using high-resolution sagittal 3D T1 weighted spoiled gradient echo sequence. Subchondral bone thickness was measured on sagittal images at dorsal and plantar locations on the proximal and distal aspects of the central (CT) and third (T3) tarsal bones and proximal aspect of the third metatarsal bone (MT3). RESULTS In tarsi with radiographic evidence of OA medial and lateral SCB thicknesses were greater than midline on the proximal and distal aspects of CT and T3. Lateral SCB thickness was greater than medial on the proximal aspect of MT3. There was an increase in SCB thickness at the majority of sites compared with normal horses. There were too few joints in the group without radiographic changes to analyse statistically. In painful tarsi SCB thickness was greater medially than laterally at all sites. In horses without tarsal pain all lateral sites had greater SCB thickness, except the proximal aspect of CT. CONCLUSIONS There is alteration of normal SCB thickness patterns in painful tarsi. Different thickness patterns could represent different types of pathological processes. POTENTIAL CLINICAL RELEVANCE Further work is required to elucidate the pathological processes leading to OA of the DTJs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Branch
- Centre for Equine Studies, The Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, UK
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Murray RC, Branch MV, Dyson SJ, Parkin TDH, Goodship AE. How does exercise intensity and type affect equine distal tarsal subchondral bone thickness? J Appl Physiol (1985) 2007; 102:2194-200. [PMID: 17332271 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00709.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptation of osteochondral tissues is based on the strains experienced during exercise at each location within the joint. Different exercise intensities and types may induce particular site-specific strains, influencing osteochondral adaptation and potentially predisposing to injury. Our hypotheses were that patterns of equine distal tarsal subchondral bone (SCB) thickness relate to the type and intensity of exercise, and that high-intensity exercise leads to site-specific increases in thickness. SCB thickness was measured at defined dorsal and plantar locations on magnetic resonance images of cadaver tarsi collected from horses with a history of low [general purpose ( n = 20) and horse walker ( n = 6)] or high [elite competition ( n = 12), race training ( n = 15), and treadmill training ( n = 4)] exercise intensity. SCB thickness was compared between sites within each exercise group and between exercise groups. SCB thickness in elite competition and race training, but not treadmill training, was greater than low-intensity exercise. For general purpose horses, lateral SCB thickness was greater than medial throughout. Horse walker exercise led to relatively thicker lateral and medial SCB compared with the midline. Elite competition was associated with increased SCB thickness of the proximal small tarsal bones medially and the distal bones laterally. For race training and treadmill training, there were minimal differences between sites overall, although the lateral aspect was greater than medial, and medial greater than midline at a few sites for race training. In conclusion, different types of high-intensity exercise were associated with different patterns of SCB thickness across the joints from medial to lateral and proximal to distal, indicating that both exercise intensity and type of exercise affect the SCB response at any particular site within the equine distal tarsal joints.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Murray
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk CB8 7UU, United Kingdom.
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Branch MV, Murray RC, Dyson SJ, Goodship AE. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Equine Tarsus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1053/j.ctep.2006.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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