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Demographic and behavioural risk factors associated with reduced susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to first-line antimicrobials in South African men with gonococcal urethral discharge. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:e0038921. [PMID: 34339277 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00389-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the predominant cause of male urethral discharge in South Africa, and escalating prevalence of gonococcal antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major health concern, both in-country and globally. We analysed the demographic, behavioural and clinical characteristics of 685 men presenting with gonococcal urethral discharge to sentinel surveillance clinics over a three-year period (2017 - 2019), to determine the burden of factors that are known to be associated with N. gonorrhoeae AMR to first-line therapy (defined as Group 1 isolates exhibiting resistance or reduced susceptibility to extended-spectrum cephalosporins or azithromycin). Among 685 men with gonococcal urethral discharge, median age was 28 years (IQR 24-32). Only two men (2/632; 0.3%) self-identified as homosexual; however, on further enquiry, another 16 (2%) confirmed that they had sex with men only. Almost 30% practised oral sex, and were at risk for pharyngeal gonococcal infection. In univariate analysis, male circumcision (OR 0.69; 95%CI 0.49-0.99), and recent sex outside the country (OR 1.83; 95%CI 1.21-2.76) were significantly associated with having a Category 1 N. gonorrhoeae isolate. In a multivariable model, only sex outside South Africa increased the odds of being infected with a decreased susceptible/resistant N. gonorrhoeae isolate (aOR 1.64; 95%CI 1.05-2.55). These findings warrant the intensification of N. gonorrhoeae AMR surveillance among recently-arrived migrant and overseas traveler populations, as well as the inclusion of extragenital specimens for N. gonorrhoeae AMR surveillance purposes.
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Findlater L, Mohammed H, Gobin M, Fifer H, Ross J, Geffen Obregon O, Turner KME. Developing a model to predict individualised treatment for gonorrhoea: a modelling study. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e042893. [PMID: 34172543 PMCID: PMC8237724 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a tool predicting individualised treatment for gonorrhoea, enabling treatment with previously recommended antibiotics, to reduce use of last-line treatment ceftriaxone. DESIGN A modelling study. SETTING England and Wales. PARTICIPANTS Individuals accessing sentinel health services. INTERVENTION Developing an Excel model which uses participants' demographic, behavioural and clinical characteristics to predict susceptibility to legacy antibiotics. Model parameters were calculated using data for 2015-2017 from the Gonococcal Resistance to Antimicrobials Surveillance Programme. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Estimated number of doses of ceftriaxone saved, and number of people delayed effective treatment, by model use in clinical practice. Model outputs are the predicted risk of resistance to ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, penicillin and cefixime, in groups of individuals with different combinations of characteristics (gender, sexual orientation, number of recent sexual partners, age, ethnicity), and a treatment recommendation. RESULTS Between 2015 and 2017, 8013 isolates were collected: 64% from men who have sex with men, 18% from heterosexual men and 18% from women. Across participant subgroups, stratified by all predictors, resistance prevalence was high for ciprofloxacin (range: 11%-51%) and penicillin (range: 6%-33%). Resistance prevalence for azithromycin and cefixime ranged from 0% to 13% and for ceftriaxone it was 0%. Simulating model use, 88% of individuals could be given cefixime and 10% azithromycin, saving 97% of ceftriaxone doses, with 1% of individuals delayed effective treatment. CONCLUSIONS Using demographic and behavioural characteristics, we could not reliably identify a participant subset in which ciprofloxacin or penicillin would be effective. Cefixime resistance was almost universally low; however, substituting ceftriaxone for near-uniform treatment with cefixime risks re-emergence of resistance to cefixime and ceftriaxone. Several subgroups had low azithromycin resistance, but widespread azithromycin monotherapy risks resistance at population level. However, this dataset had limitations; further exploration of individual characteristics to predict resistance to a wider range of legacy antibiotics may still be appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Findlater
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Maya Gobin
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Bristol, UK
| | - Helen Fifer
- Reference Microbiology, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Jonathan Ross
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Katy M E Turner
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Clifton S, Bolt H, Mohammed H, Town K, Furegato M, Cole M, Campbell O, Fifer H, Hughes G. Prevalence of and factors associated with MDR Neisseria gonorrhoeae in England and Wales between 2004 and 2015: analysis of annual cross-sectional surveillance surveys. J Antimicrob Chemother 2019; 73:923-932. [PMID: 29394396 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkx520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To describe trends in prevalence, susceptibility profile and risk factors for MDR Neisseria gonorrhoeae (MDR-NG) in England and Wales. Methods Isolates from 16 242 gonorrhoea episodes at sexual health clinics within the Gonococcal Resistance to Antimicrobials Surveillance Programme (GRASP) underwent antimicrobial susceptibility testing. MDR-NG was defined as resistance to ceftriaxone, cefixime or azithromycin, plus at least two of penicillin, ciprofloxacin and spectinomycin. Trends in resistance are presented for 2004-15; prevalence and logistic regression analyses for MDR-NG cover the period of the most recent treatment guideline (ceftriaxone plus azithromycin), 2011-15. Results Between 2004 and 2015, the proportion of N. gonorrhoeae isolates fully susceptible to all antimicrobial classes fell from 80% to 46%, with the proportion resistant to multiple (two or more) classes increasing from 7.3% to 17.5%. In 2011-15, 3.5% of isolates were MDR-NG, most of which were resistant to cefixime (100% in 2011, decreasing to 36.9% in 2015) and/or azithromycin (4.2% in 2011, increasing to 84.3% in 2015). After excluding azithromycin-resistant isolates, modal azithromycin MICs were higher in MDR versus non-MDR isolates (0.5 versus 0.125 mg/L), with similar results for ceftriaxone (modal MICs 0.03 versus ≤0.002 mg/L). After adjustment for confounders, MDR-NG was more common among isolates from heterosexual men, although absolute differences in prevalence were small [4.6% versus 3.3% (MSM) and 2.5% (women)]. Conclusions N. gonorrhoeae is becoming less susceptible to available antimicrobials. Since 2011, a minority of isolates were MDR-NG; however, MICs of azithromycin or ceftriaxone (first-line therapies) for many of these were elevated. These findings highlight the importance of continued antimicrobial stewardship for gonorrhoea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soazig Clifton
- Centre for Sexual Health and HIV Research, University College London, Mortimer Market Centre, London WC1E 6JB, UK
| | - Hikaru Bolt
- Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Hamish Mohammed
- Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Katy Town
- Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | | | - Michelle Cole
- Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Oona Campbell
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Helen Fifer
- Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Gwenda Hughes
- Public Health England, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK
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Kenyon CR. Association between intensity of STI screening and development of antimicrobial resistance in N. gonorrhoeae in 12 cities in the USA: An ecological study. F1000Res 2018; 7:1237. [PMID: 30443344 PMCID: PMC6213784 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.15569.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we assessed if there was a city-level association between sexually transmitted infection (STI) screening intensity in men who have sex with men and antimicrobial sensitivity in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the United States, 2007 to 2013. We found positive associations between STI screening intensity and increases in minimum inhibitory concentrations for certain antimicrobials. Not all positive associations were statistically significant and the associations found to be statistically significant varied between the different analyses. Further studies are therefore required to assess if there is a causal relationship between the intensity of STI screening in MSM and gonococcal resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris R. Kenyon
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, 2000, Belgium
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Kenyon CR. Association between intensity of STI screening and development of antimicrobial resistance in N. gonorrhoeae in 12 cities in the USA: An ecological study. F1000Res 2018; 7:1237. [PMID: 30443344 PMCID: PMC6213784 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.15569.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we assessed if there was a city-level association between sexually transmitted infection (STI) screening intensity in men who have sex with men and antimicrobial sensitivity in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the United States, 2007 to 2013. We found positive associations between STI screening intensity and increases in minimum inhibitory concentrations for cefixime and azithromycin, but not ceftriaxone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris R. Kenyon
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, 2000, Belgium
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Kenyon CR. Association between intensity of STI screening and development of antimicrobial resistance in N. gonorrhoeae in 12 cities in the USA: An ecological study. F1000Res 2018; 7:1237. [PMID: 30443344 PMCID: PMC6213784 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.15569.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we assessed if there was a city-level association between sexually transmitted infection (STI) screening intensity in men who have sex with men and antimicrobial sensitivity in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the United States, 2007 to 2013. We found positive associations between STI screening intensity and increases in minimum inhibitory concentrations for cefixime and azithromycin, but not ceftriaxone when using change in city geometric mean N. gonorrhoeae MIC between 2005 and 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris R. Kenyon
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, 2000, Belgium
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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7
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Kenyon CR. Association between intensity of STI screening and development of antimicrobial resistance in N. gonorrhoeae in 12 cities in the USA: An ecological study. F1000Res 2018; 7:1237. [PMID: 30443344 PMCID: PMC6213784 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.15569.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we assessed if there was a city-level association between sexually transmitted infection (STI) screening intensity in men who have sex with men and antimicrobial sensitivity in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the United States, 2007 to 2013. We found positive associations between STI screening intensity and increases in minimum inhibitory concentrations for cefixime and azithromycin, but not ceftriaxone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris R. Kenyon
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, 2000, Belgium
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Kenyon CR, De Baetselier I, Crucitti T. Does gonorrhoea screening intensity play a role in the early selection of antimicrobial resistance in men who have sex with men (MSM)? A comparative study of Belgium and the United Kingdom. F1000Res 2018; 7:569. [PMID: 30364212 PMCID: PMC6192441 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.14869.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: It is unclear why antimicrobial resistance in Neisseriagonorrhoeae in the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States has tended to first appear in men who have sex with men (MSM). We hypothesize that increased exposure to antimicrobials from intensive STI screening programmes plays a role. Methods: We assess if there is a difference in the distribution of azithromycin, cefixime and ceftriaxone minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) between MSM and women in the United Kingdom (UK) where 70% of MSM report STI screening in the past year vs. Belgium where 9% report STI screening in the past year. Our hypothesis is that MICs of the MSM should be higher than those of the women in the UK but not Belgium. Data for the MICs were taken from the Gonococcal Resistance to Antimicrobials Surveillance Programme (GRASP) in the UK in 2010/2011 and 2014 and a similar national surveillance programme in Belgium in 2013/2014 (the first most complete available data). We used the Mann-Whitney test to compare the MIC distributions between MSM and women within each country Results: In the UK the MICs for all three antimicrobials were significantly higher in MSM than women at both time points (P all <0.0005). In Belgium only the MIC distribution for azithromycin was higher in MSM (P<0.0005). Conclusion: The findings for cefixime and ceftriaxone, but not azithromycin are compatible with our hypothesis that screening-intensity could contribute to the emergence of AMR. Numerous other interpretations of our results are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris R. Kenyon
- HIV/STI Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Irith De Baetselier
- HIV/STI Reference Laboratory, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tania Crucitti
- HIV/STI Reference Laboratory, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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Kenyon CR, De Baetselier I, Crucitti T. Does gonorrhoea screening intensity play a role in the early selection of antimicrobial resistance in men who have sex with men (MSM)? A comparative study of Belgium and the United Kingdom. F1000Res 2018; 7:569. [PMID: 30364212 PMCID: PMC6192441 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.14869.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: It is unclear why antimicrobial resistance in Neisseriagonorrhoeae in the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States has tended to first appear in men who have sex with men (MSM). We hypothesize that increased exposure to antimicrobials from intensive STI screening programmes plays a role. Methods: We assess if there is a difference in the distribution of azithromycin, cefixime and ceftriaxone minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) between MSM and women in the United Kingdom (UK) where 70% of MSM report STI screening in the past year vs. Belgium where 9% report STI screening in the past year. Our hypothesis is that MICs of the MSM should be higher than those of the women in the UK but not Belgium. Data for the MICs were taken from the Gonococcal Resistance to Antimicrobials Surveillance Programme (GRASP) in the UK in 2010/2011 and 2014 and a similar national surveillance programme in Belgium in 2013/2014 (the first most complete available data). We used the Mann-Whitney test to compare the MIC distributions between MSM and women within each country Results: In the UK the MICs for all three antimicrobials were significantly higher in MSM than women at both time points (P all <0.0005). In Belgium only the MIC distribution for azithromycin was higher in MSM (P<0.0005). Conclusion: The findings for cefixime and ceftriaxone, but not azithromycin are compatible with our hypothesis that screening-intensity could contribute to the emergence of AMR. Numerous other interpretations of our results are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris R. Kenyon
- HIV/STI Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Irith De Baetselier
- HIV/STI Reference Laboratory, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tania Crucitti
- HIV/STI Reference Laboratory, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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10
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Abraha M, Egli-Gany D, Low N. Epidemiological, behavioural, and clinical factors associated with antimicrobial-resistant gonorrhoea: a review. F1000Res 2018; 7:400. [PMID: 29636908 PMCID: PMC5871945 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.13600.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial-resistant
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a global public health problem in the 21st century.
N. gonorrhoeae has developed resistance to all classes of antibiotics used for empirical treatment, and clinical treatment failure caused by extensively resistant strains has been reported. Identifying specific factors associated with an increased risk of antimicrobial-resistant
N. gonorrhoeae might help to develop strategies to improve antimicrobial stewardship. In this review, we describe the findings of 24 studies, published between 1989 and 2017, that examined epidemiological, behavioural, and clinical factors and their associations with a range of antimicrobial agents used to treat gonorrhoea. Antimicrobial-resistant
N. gonorrhoeae is more common in older than younger adults and in men who have sex with men compared with heterosexual men and women. Antimicrobial-resistant
N. gonorrhoeae is less common in some black minority and Aboriginal ethnic groups than in the majority white population in high-income countries. The factors associated with antimicrobial-resistant gonorrhoea are not necessarily those associated with a higher risk of gonorrhoea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Million Abraha
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Finkenhubelweg 11, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dianne Egli-Gany
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Finkenhubelweg 11, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Low
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Finkenhubelweg 11, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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11
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Wind CM, Schim van der Loeff MF, van Dam AP, de Vries HJ, van der Helm JJ. Trends in antimicrobial susceptibility for azithromycin and ceftriaxone in Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, between 2012 and 2015. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 22:30431. [PMID: 28079519 PMCID: PMC5388096 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2017.22.1.30431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to azithromycin and ceftriaxone has been increasing in the past years. This is of concern since the combination of these antimicrobials is recommended as the first-line treatment option in most guidelines. To analyse trends in antimicrobial resistance, we retrospectively selected all consultations with a positive N. gonorrhoeae culture at the sexually transmitted infection clinic, Amsterdam, the Netherlands, from January 2012 through September 2015. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for azithromycin and ceftriaxone were analysed per year, and determinants associated with decreased susceptibility to azithromycin (MIC > 0.25 mg/L) or ceftriaxone (MIC > 0.032 mg/L) were assessed. Between 2012 and 2015 azithromycin resistance (MIC > 0.5 mg/L) was around 1.2%, the percentage of isolates with intermediate MICs (> 0.25 and ≤ 0.5 mg/L) increased from 3.7% in 2012, to 8.6% in 2015. Determinants associated with decreased azithromycin susceptibility were, for men who have sex with men (MSM), infections diagnosed in the year 2014, two infected sites, and HIV status (HIV; associated with less decreased susceptibility); for heterosexuals this was having ≥ 10 sex partners (in previous six months). Although no ceftriaxone resistance (MIC > 0.125 mg/L) was observed during the study period, the proportion of isolates with decreased ceftriaxone susceptibility increased from 3.6% in 2012, to 8.4% in 2015. Determinants associated with decreased ceftriaxone susceptibility were, for MSM, infections diagnosed in 2014, and pharyngeal infections; and for heterosexuals, infections diagnosed in 2014 or 2015, being of female sex, and having ≥ 10 sex partners. Continued decrease of azithromycin and ceftriaxone susceptibility will threaten future treatment of gonorrhoea. Therefore, new treatment strategies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolien M Wind
- STI Outpatient Clinic, Department of Infectious Diseases Public Health Service Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Dermatology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten F Schim van der Loeff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alje P van Dam
- Public Health Laboratory, Public Health Service Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Onze Lieve Vrouwe Gasthuis General Hospital, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henry Jc de Vries
- STI Outpatient Clinic, Department of Infectious Diseases Public Health Service Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Dermatology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jannie J van der Helm
- STI Outpatient Clinic, Department of Infectious Diseases Public Health Service Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Comparison of Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Urogenital Neisseria gonorrhoeae Isolates Obtained From Women and Men. Sex Transm Dis 2016; 42:434-9. [PMID: 26165435 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0000000000000312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The US system for gonococcal antimicrobial susceptibility surveillance monitors trends exclusively among men with urethral infection, the population from whom the yield of gonococcal culture is highest. Little is known about the susceptibility of female urogenital isolates, and it is unclear whether gonococcal susceptibility among men who report sex exclusively with women (MSW) is representative of susceptibility among women. METHODS Using isolates collected during a recent treatment trial in 5 US cities, we performed a secondary analysis to compare antimicrobial susceptibilities of Neisseria gonorrhoeae urogenital isolates obtained from women, MSW, and men who have sex with men (MSM). Pretreatment isolates were collected from trial participants; minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined by agar dilution. Geometric mean MICs were adjusted for geographic location using general linear models. RESULTS Susceptibility data for urogenital isolates from 56 women, 252 MSW, and 170 MSM were studied. The adjusted geometric mean ceftriaxone MIC was similar among women (0.0067 μg/mL; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.0049-0.0092 μg/mL) and MSW (0.0060 μg/mL; 95% CI, 0.0053-0.0066 μg/mL). In contrast, the adjusted geometric mean ceftriaxone MIC was higher among MSM (0.0098 μg/mL; 95% CI, 0.0082-0.0119 μg/mL) than among MSW. This same pattern was observed for other antimicrobials, including cefixime and azithromycin CONCLUSIONS Ceftriaxone, cefixime, and azithromycin MICs were higher among MSM than among MSW, but were similar among women and MSW. These findings suggest that gonococcal antimicrobial susceptibility surveillance based on urethral isolates from MSW may adequately represent susceptibility of urogenital N. gonorrhoeae in women.
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Identification of demographic and behavioral risk factors for antibiotic resistant gonorrhea infections to combat the emergence of potentially untreatable infections. Sex Transm Dis 2015; 41:730-1. [PMID: 25581809 DOI: 10.1097/olq.0000000000000214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kenyon C, Osbak K. Certain attributes of the sexual ecosystem of high-risk MSM have resulted in an altered microbiome with an enhanced propensity to generate and transmit antibiotic resistance. Med Hypotheses 2014; 83:196-202. [PMID: 24857261 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Surveillance data from a number of countries have indicated that antibiotic resistance in Neisseriagonorrhoea is strongly associated with men who have sex with men (MSM). This manuscript advances the hypothesis that certain features of the MSM sexual ecosystem may be responsible for this association. It is argued that in comparison with heterosexuals, high-risk MSM (hrMSM) have a higher prevalence of oro-penile, oro-rectal and anal sex which facilitates an enhanced mixing of the pharyngeal, rectal and penile microbiomes. In addition, hrMSM have an increased number of sexual partners per unit time and an increased prevalence of sexual relationships overlapping in time. The increased flux of microbiomes between different body habitats between sexual partners, in combination with the increased connectivity of the sexual network, serve to create a novel high-risk MSM sexual ecosystem with important consequences for the genesis and spread of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kenyon
- HIV/STI Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - K Osbak
- HIV/STI Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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Variation in Adherence to the Treatment Guidelines for Neisseria gonorrhoeae by Clinical Practice Setting, California, 2009 to 2011. Sex Transm Dis 2014; 41:338-44. [DOI: 10.1097/olq.0000000000000113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Trecker MA, Waldner C, Jolly A, Liao M, Gu W, Dillon JAR. Behavioral and socioeconomic risk factors associated with probable resistance to ceftriaxone and resistance to penicillin and tetracycline in Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Shanghai. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89458. [PMID: 24586792 PMCID: PMC3929748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, incidence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection is once again the highest of the bacterial sexually transmitted infections. The bacterium can produce serious complications in those infected, and emerging resistance to third generation cephalosporins could usher in an era of potentially untreatable gonorrhea. This research aimed to identify risk factors for antibiotic resistant gonorrhea infection among clients at a Shanghai sexually transmitted infection clinic over two time periods, 2004-2005 and 2008-2011. Demographic and risk factor behavior data, and biological samples for antimicrobial resistance analysis, were collected. Statistical models were built to identify risk factors associated with probable resistance to ceftriaxone and resistance to penicillin and tetracycline. High levels of ciprofloxacin resistance (98%) in our sample precluded examining its risk factors; all isolates were susceptible to spectinomycin. Overall (P<0.001), chromosomal (P<0.001), and plasmid-mediated (P = 0.01) penicillin resistance decreased from the first to second period of the study. For tetracycline, chromosomal resistance decreased (P = 0.01) and plasmid-mediated resistance increased (P<0.001) between the first and second periods of study. In multi-level multivariable regression models, male gender (P = 0.03) and older age (P = 0.01) were associated with increased minimum inhibitory concentrations to ceftriaxone. Male gender (P = 0.03) and alcohol use (P = 0.02) were associated with increased odds of overall tetracycline resistance. Male gender was associated with increased odds of chromosomally-mediated tetracycline resistance (P = 0.04), and alcohol use was associated with increased odds of plasmid-mediated tetracycline resistance (P = 0.02). Additionally, individuals in middle-salary categories were found to have lower odds of plasmid-mediated resistance to tetracycline compared with those in the lowest salary category (P≤0.02). This study is one of the first to use multilevel analysis to consider the association between risk factors for gonorrhea infections and mechanisms of resistance to individual antibiotics. Such information is urgently needed to combat the growing threat of untreatable gonorrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly A. Trecker
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization – International Vaccine Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Cheryl Waldner
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Ann Jolly
- Centre for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Health Canada and Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mingmin Liao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Weiming Gu
- Shanghai Skin Disease and Sexually Transmitted Disease Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jo-Anne R. Dillon
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization – International Vaccine Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Molecular approaches to enhance surveillance of gonococcal antimicrobial resistance. Nat Rev Microbiol 2014; 12:223-9. [PMID: 24509781 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro3217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The best available data indicate that the world is heading towards a pandemic of extensively drug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae. At the same time, clinical microbiology laboratories have moved away from using culture-based methods to diagnose gonorrhoea, thus undermining our ability to detect antimicrobial resistance (AMR) using current technologies. In this Opinion article, we discuss the problem of N. gonorrhoeae AMR, particularly emerging resistance to the cephalosporin ceftriaxone, outline current concerns about the surveillance of N. gonorrhoeae AMR and propose the use of molecular methods on a large scale to systematically enhance surveillance.
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Ramos A, García-Pavía P, Orden B, Cobo M, Sánchez-Castilla M, Sánchez-Romero I, Múñez E, Marín M, García-Montero C. Gonococcal endocarditis: a case report and review of the literature. Infection 2013; 42:425-8. [PMID: 24163221 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-013-0541-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A 59-year-old Caucasian male presented with progressive dyspnea, arthralgias and fever for three days. A diastolic regurgitation murmur was detected in the aortic area. A transesophageal echocardiograph showed several vegetations and severe aortic regurgitation. Blood cultures yielded Neisseria gonorrhoeae beta-lactamase negative. The patient had not noticed any urogenital discomfort or urethral discharge. The patient successfully underwent surgery for septal abscess debridement. The patient received ceftriaxone 2 g bid for eight weeks and the clinical follow-up was uneventful. The review of the literature revealed a total of the 38 additional cases reported between 1980 and the present. The majority of the patients were young, male and with native valve involvement. There has been a clear tendency for left-sided valve involvement (especially in the aortic valve). All valve cultures were reported negative despite, in most cases, the marked tissue destruction. Polymerase chain reaction was performed in two patients and positive results were shown in both. Cultures of exudates from other locations were negative in most cases. One striking fact is the high proportion of patients who underwent surgery (72 %). Information regarding antibiotic sensitivity was available in 28 cases, with penicillin resistance reported in six patients (21 %) and intermediate sensitivity in four patients (14 %). Resistance to ciprofloxacin was reported in two cases (7 %). A rapid increase and distribution of isolates resistant to third generation cephalosporins have been recently detected. The mortality is high, particularly taking into account that most were young patients who had not presented previous heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Ramos
- Department of Internal Medicine (Infectious Diseases Unit), Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Maestro Rodrigo 2, Majadahonda, 28220, Madrid, Spain,
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20
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Goldstein E, Kirkcaldy RD, Reshef D, Berman S, Weinstock H, Sabeti P, Del Rio C, Hall G, Hook EW, Lipsitch M. Factors related to increasing prevalence of resistance to ciprofloxacin and other antimicrobial drugs in Neisseria gonorrhoeae, United States. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 18:1290-7. [PMID: 22840274 PMCID: PMC3414012 DOI: 10.3201/eid1808.111202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Using data from the Gonococcal Isolate Surveillance Project, we studied changes in ciprofloxacin resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates in the United States during 2002-2007. Compared with prevalence in heterosexual men, prevalence of ciprofloxacin-resistant N. gonorrhoeae infections showed a more pronounced increase in men who have sex with men (MSM), particularly through an increase in prevalence of strains also resistant to tetracycline and penicillin. Moreover, that multidrug resistance profile among MSM was negatively associated with recent travel. Across the surveillance project sites, first appearance of ciprofloxacin resistance in heterosexual men was positively correlated with such resistance for MSM. The increase in prevalence of ciprofloxacin resistance may have been facilitated by use of fluoroquinolones for treating gonorrhea and other conditions. The prominence of multidrug resistance suggests that using other classes of antimicrobial drugs for purposes other than treating gonorrhea helped increase the prevalence of ciprofloxacin-resistant strains that are also resistant to those drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Goldstein
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Sexually transmitted infections in Canada: A sticky situation. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2012; 22:80-2. [PMID: 22942883 DOI: 10.1155/2011/701906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Clonally related Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates with decreased susceptibility to the extended-spectrum cephalosporin cefotaxime in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:1516-22. [PMID: 22214779 DOI: 10.1128/aac.05481-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
From 2006 to 2008, Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates were identified with decreased susceptibility to the extended-spectrum cephalosporin (ESC) cefotaxime among visitors of the Amsterdam sexually transmitted infections (STI) clinic, the Netherlands. Spread, clonality, and characteristics of 202 isolates were examined using antibiograms, conventional penA mosaic gene PCR, and N. gonorrhoeae multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (NG-MLVA). A strictly defined subset was further characterized by N. gonorrhoeae multiantigen sequence typing (NG-MAST) and sequencing of ESC resistance determinants (penA, mtrR, and porB1b). Seventy-four N. gonorrhoeae isolates with a cefotaxime MIC of >0.125 μg/ml (group A), 54 with a cefotaxime MIC of 0.125 μg/ml (group B), and a control group of 74 with a cefotaxime MIC of <0.125 μg/ml (group C) were included. Fifty-three clonally related penA mosaic-positive isolates (penicillin-binding protein 2 type XXXIV) were identified in group A (n = 47 isolates; 64%) and B (n = 6 isolates; 11%). The 53 penA mosaic-positive isolates were predominantly NG-MAST ST1407 (87%) and contained an mtrR promoter A deletion (98%) and porB1b alterations G101K/A102N. All were assigned to the same NG-MLVA cluster that comprised in total 56 isolates. A correlation was found between decreased cefotaxime susceptibility and ST1407 that was highly prevalent among visitors of the Amsterdam STI clinic. The rapid spread of this strain, which also has been identified in many other countries, might be facilitated by high-risk sexual behavior and should be monitored closely to identify potential treatment failure. Quality-assured surveillance of ESC susceptibility on the national and international levels and exploration of new drugs and/or strategies for treatment of gonorrhea are crucial.
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Characterization of Profile of Multidrug-Resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae Using Old and New Definitions in India Over a Decade: 2000–2009. Sex Transm Dis 2011; 38:1056-8. [DOI: 10.1097/olq.0b013e31822e6361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Huang CT, Yen MY, Wong WW, Li LH, Lin KY, Liao MH, Li SY. Characteristics and dissemination of mosaic penicillin-binding protein 2-harboring multidrug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates with reduced cephalosporin susceptibility in northern Taiwan. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54:4893-5. [PMID: 20733036 PMCID: PMC2976121 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00482-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Revised: 06/17/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Among 254 Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates from a sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinic in northern Taiwan, 69 isolates were found to contain the mosaic penA (MA) gene and were associated with elevated cefixime and ceftriaxone MICs. Most of these MA gene-harboring isolates were also resistant to penicillin (71.4%) and ciprofloxacin (100%) and were from men who have sex with men (MSM) or from bisexual men (81.2%). Three major sequence types (ST835, ST2180, and ST2253) constituted 55.7% of these isolates. The major sequence types harboring the mosaic penA gene may represent major sexual networks responsible for the emergence/introduction and the spread of the multidrug-resistant clones in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Ter Huang
- Research and Diagnostic Center, Centers for Disease Control, Taipei City Hospital, KunMing Branch, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Muh-Yong Yen
- Research and Diagnostic Center, Centers for Disease Control, Taipei City Hospital, KunMing Branch, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wing-Wai Wong
- Research and Diagnostic Center, Centers for Disease Control, Taipei City Hospital, KunMing Branch, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lan-Hui Li
- Research and Diagnostic Center, Centers for Disease Control, Taipei City Hospital, KunMing Branch, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Yen Lin
- Research and Diagnostic Center, Centers for Disease Control, Taipei City Hospital, KunMing Branch, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hui Liao
- Research and Diagnostic Center, Centers for Disease Control, Taipei City Hospital, KunMing Branch, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ying Li
- Research and Diagnostic Center, Centers for Disease Control, Taipei City Hospital, KunMing Branch, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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