Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 76, Revision 1 (FGE.76Rev1): Consideration of sulphur‐containing heterocyclic compounds evaluated by JECFA (59th meeting) structurally related to thiazoles, thiophene, thiazoline and thienyl derivatives from chemical group 29 and miscellaneous substances from chemical group 30 evaluated by EFSA in FGE.21Rev3

Synthesis of Thiophene-Substituted Ketones via Manganese-Catalyzed Dehydrogenative Coupling Reaction

This study reports an efficient and green one-step method for synthesizing thiophene-substituted ketones from 2-thiophenemethanol and ketones via dehydrogenative coupling using manganese complexes as catalysts. The manganese complex demonstrated a broad applicability under mild conditions and extended the range of usable substrates. Utilizing this strategy, we carried out an efficient and diverse reaction of ketones with 2-thiophenemethanol, and successfully synthesized a series of thiophene-substituted saturated ketones and α, β-unsaturated ketones in good isolated yields.

Safety and efficacy of the feed additive 4-methyl-5-vinylthiazole [15.018] belonging to chemical group 29 for all animal species (FEFANA asbl)

Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of 4-methyl-5-vinylthiazole [15.018] belonging to chemical group 29 (thiazoles, thiophene and thiazoline), when used as sensory additive (flavourings) in feed for all animal species. The FEEDAP Panel concluded that 4-methyl-5-vinylthiazole [15.018] was safe at the maximum proposed use level of 0.5 mg/kg complete feed for veal calves (milk replacer), dogs, salmonids and ornamental fish. For the other species, the calculated safe concentrations in complete feed are: 0.4 mg/kg for cattle for fattening, sheep/goat, horses and cats; 0.3 mg/kg for sows and dairy cows; 0.2 mg/kg for piglets, pigs for fattening, rabbits and laying hens; and 0.1 mg/kg for chickens for fattening and turkeys for fattening. These conclusions were extrapolated to other physiologically related species. For any other species, the additive was considered safe at 0.1 mg/kg complete feed. No safety concern would arise for the consumer from the use the additive up to the maximum proposed use level in feed. The additive should be considered as irritant to skin and eyes and the respiratory tract, and as dermal and respiratory sensitisers. The use of 4-methyl-5-vinylthiazole [15.018] as a flavour in animal feed was not expected to pose a risk to the environment. Since the compound under assessment is used in food as flavouring and its function in feed is essentially the same as that in food, no further demonstration of efficacy was considered necessary.

Safety and efficacy of thiazoles, thiophene and thiazoline belonging to chemical group 29 when used as flavourings for all animal species

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of 12 compounds belonging to chemical group 29 (thiazoles, thiophene and thiazoline). They are currently authorised as flavours in food. This opinion concerns 10 compounds from this group. The FEEDAP Panel concludes that 2-isopropyl-4-methylthiazole is safe at the proposed maximum use level of 0.5 mg/kg complete feed for cattle, salmonids and non-food producing animals and at the proposed normal use level of 0.1 mg/kg complete feed for pigs and poultry. All the other compounds, 4,5-dihydrothiophen-3(2H)-one, 2-isobutylthiazole, 5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methylthiazole, benzothiazole, 2,4,5-trimethylthiazole, 2-acetylthiazole, 2-ethyl-4-methylthiazole, 5,6-dihydro-2,4,6-trans(2-methylpropyl)4H-1,3,5-dithiazine and thiamine hydrochloride are safe at the proposed maximum use level of 0.05 mg/kg feed for all animal species. No safety concern would arise for the consumer from the use of these compounds up to the highest safe level in feeds. Hazards for skin and eye contact and respiratory exposure are recognised for the majority of the compounds under application. Most are classified as irritating to the respiratory system. The concentrations considered safe for the target species are unlikely to have detrimental effects on the terrestrial and fresh water environments. As all the compounds under assessment are used in food as flavourings, and their function in feed is essentially the same as that in food, no further demonstration of efficacy is necessary. In the absence of data on the stability in water for drinking, the FEEDAP Panel is unable to conclude on the safety or efficacy of the substances under this mode of delivery.