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Stavros S, Panagopoulos P, Machairiotis N, Potiris A, Mavrogianni D, Sfakianakis A, Drakaki E, Christodoulaki C, Panagiotopoulos D, Sioutis D, Karampitsakos T, Antonakopoulos N, Christopoulos P, Drakakis P. Association between cytokine polymorphisms and recurrent pregnancy loss: A review of current evidence. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2024. [PMID: 38706379 DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.15575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Cytokines are a type of protein that play an important role in the immune response and can also affect many physiological processes in the body. Cytokine polymorphisms refer to genetic variations or mutations that occur within the genes that code for cytokines, which may affect the level of cytokine production and function. Some cytokine polymorphisms have been associated with an increased risk of developing certain diseases, while others may be protective or have no significant effect on health. In recent years, the role of cytokine polymorphisms in the development of recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) has been studied. RPL or miscarriage is defined as the occurrence of two or more consecutive pregnancy losses before the 20th week of gestation. There are diverse causes leading to RPL, including genetic, anatomical, hormonal, and immunological factors. With regard to cytokine polymorphisms, a few of them have been found to be associated with an increased risk of RPL, for instance, variations in the genes that code for interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin-10. The exact mechanisms by which cytokine polymorphisms affect the risk of recurrent miscarriage are still being studied, and further research is essential to fully understand this complex condition. This brief review aims to summarize the recent literature on the association between cytokine polymorphisms and RPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofoklis Stavros
- Third Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University General Hospital "ATTIKON", Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Periklis Panagopoulos
- Third Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University General Hospital "ATTIKON", Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Machairiotis
- Third Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University General Hospital "ATTIKON", Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasios Potiris
- Third Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University General Hospital "ATTIKON", Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Despoina Mavrogianni
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alexandra Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Eirini Drakaki
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alexandra Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Chrysi Christodoulaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chania General Hospital "St. George", Chania, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Panagiotopoulos
- Third Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University General Hospital "ATTIKON", Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimos Sioutis
- Third Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University General Hospital "ATTIKON", Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodoros Karampitsakos
- Third Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University General Hospital "ATTIKON", Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Panagiotis Christopoulos
- Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Aretaieion, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Peter Drakakis
- Third Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University General Hospital "ATTIKON", Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alexandra Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Cao C, Bai S, Zhang J, Sun X, Meng A, Chen H. Understanding recurrent pregnancy loss: recent advances on its etiology, clinical diagnosis, and management. Med Rev (Berl) 2022; 2:570-589. [PMID: 37724255 PMCID: PMC10471095 DOI: 10.1515/mr-2022-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) has become an important reproductive health issue worldwide. RPL affects about 2%-3% of reproductive-aged women, and makes serious threats to women's physical and mental health. However, the etiology of approximately 50% of RPL cases remains unknown (unexplained RPL), which poses a big challenge for clinical management of these patients. RPL has been widely regarded as a complex disease where its etiology has been attributed to numerous factors. Heretofore, various risk factors for RPL have been identified, such as maternal ages, genetic factors, anatomical structural abnormalities, endocrine dysfunction, prethrombotic state, immunological factors, and infection. More importantly, development and applications of next generation sequencing technology have significantly expanded opportunities to discover chromosomal aberrations and single gene variants responsible for RPL, which provides new insight into its pathogenic mechanisms. Furthermore, based upon patients' diagnostic evaluation and etiologic diagnosis, specific therapeutic recommendations have been established. This review will highlight current understanding and recent advances on RPL, with a special focus on the immunological and genetic etiologies, clinical diagnosis and therapeutic management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunwei Cao
- Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangzhou laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Center for Reproductive Genetics and Reproductive Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shiyu Bai
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Province, China
- Center for Reproductive Genetics and Reproductive Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiaoyue Sun
- Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong Province, China
- Center for Reproductive Genetics and Reproductive Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Anming Meng
- Guangzhou laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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Han SH, Lee NR, Kim HJ, Kang YD, Kim JS, Park JW, Jin HJ. Association between the IL-6, IL-10, and TNFα gene polymorphisms and preterm-birth in Korean women. Genes Genomics 2020; 42:743-750. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-020-00946-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Moghbeli M. Genetics of recurrent pregnancy loss among Iranian population. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e891. [PMID: 31364314 PMCID: PMC6732315 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is one of the most common reproductive disorders which is defined as the occurrence of recurrent miscarriage before 24 weeks of gestation and is observed among 1%–5% of women. Methods Various factors are associated with RPL such as immunological disorders, maternal age, obesity, alcohol, chromosomal abnormality, endocrine disorders, and uterine abnormalities. About half of the RPL cases are related with chromosomal abnormalities. Therefore, RPL genetic tests are mainly limited to karyotyping. However, there is a significant proportion of RPL cases without any chromosomal abnormalities that can be related to the single‐gene aberrations. Therefore, it is required to prepare a diagnostic panel of genetic markers besides karyotyping. Results In the present review, we have summarized all the significant reported genes until now which are associated with RPL among Iranian women. We categorized all the reported genes based on their cellular and molecular functions in order to determine the molecular bases of RPL in this population. Conclusion This review paves the way of introducing a population‐based diagnostic panel of genetic markers for the first time among Iranian RPL cases. Moreover, this review clarifies the genetic and molecular bases of RPL in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Moghbeli
- Medical Genetics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Sun Y, Yang J, Sun Y, Chen P, Yao W, Meng Z, Xiao M, Qian X. Interleukin-6 Gene Polymorphism and the Risk of Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome Caused by Wasp Sting Injury. DNA Cell Biol 2018; 37:967-972. [PMID: 30265566 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2018.4156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), which plays an important role in the development of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), is significantly increased in wasp sting patients. However, the association between IL-6 gene variants and the risk of SIRS development in these patients is not clearly understood. In this study, we investigated the association between IL-6 gene polymorphism in the promoter region and the risk of SIRS in wasp sting patients. A total of 160 patients were divided into SIRS group and non-SIRS group (control), and evaluated for polymorphisms in IL-6 (-174G/C, -572G/C, -597G/A, and -634C/G), using DNA sequencing. The IL-6 serum levels were assessed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Risk factors were analyzed by logistic regression analysis. We found that the IL-6 serum level was significantly higher in the SIRS group than in the control group (p < 0.001). A significant association was observed in the genotypic distribution of the IL-6 - 572G allele in the SIRS group, when compared with the control group [OR = 3.909 (1.906-8.019), p < 0.001], and SIRS is more likely to occur in wasp sting patients with more than 10 stings. Thus, the IL-6 - 572G allele and more than 10 stings can be used as predictors of risk of SIRS development in wasp sting patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Sun
- 1 Department of Emergency Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Jingning Yang
- 2 Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Yuwen Sun
- 1 Department of Emergency Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Ping Chen
- 1 Department of Emergency Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Wei Yao
- 1 Department of Emergency Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Zhongji Meng
- 3 Institute of Biomedical Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Min Xiao
- 1 Department of Emergency Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Xin Qian
- 4 Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
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Arias-Sosa LA, Acosta ID, Lucena-Quevedo E, Moreno-Ortiz H, Esteban-Pérez C, Forero-Castro M. Genetic and epigenetic variations associated with idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss. J Assist Reprod Genet 2018; 35:355-66. [PMID: 29313278 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-017-1108-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is a reproductive disorder defined as two or more successive and spontaneous pregnancy losses (before 20 weeks of gestation), which affects approximately 1-2% of couples. At present, the causes of RPL remain unknown in a considerable number of cases, leading to complications in treatment and high levels of stress in couples. Idiopathic recurrent pregnancy loss (iRPL) has become one of the more complicated reproductive problems worldwide due to the lack of information about its etiology, which limits the counseling and treatment of patients. For that reason, iRPL requires further study of novel factors to provide scientific information for determining clinical prevention and targeted strategies. The aim of this study is to describe the most recent and promising progress in the identification of potential genetic and epigenetic risk factors for iRPL, expanding the genetic etiology of the disease.
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Tur-Torres MH, Garrido-Gimenez C, Alijotas-Reig J. Genetics of recurrent miscarriage and fetal loss. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2017; 42:11-25. [PMID: 28412101 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite years of research, miscarriage, particularly when recurrent, continues to pose a medical challenge. An embryo chromosomal error is responsible for 50-60% of recurrent cases; however, up to 30-50% remains an enigma. Successful pregnancy involves different maternal physiologic changes and certain complex interactions between the fetus and the mother by cytokines, angiogenic mediators and hormones. To date, research lines have focused on genetic and epigenetic polymorphisms related mainly to immune response and inflammatory mediators, and have yielded a significant relationship between recurrent miscarriage and immune mechanisms. Thus, unknown causes of miscarriage could be due to an immune imbalance induced by T-helper Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokines and regulatory T cells. Furthermore, these genes and mediators have long been suspected of being blood markers for the clinical diagnosis and management of miscarriage; however, more evidence is required for them to be included in medical practice and obstetric guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Tur-Torres
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.
| | - C Garrido-Gimenez
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Alijotas-Reig
- Systemic Autoimmune Disease Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.
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