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de Roode KE, Joosten L, Behe M. Towards the Magic Radioactive Bullet: Improving Targeted Radionuclide Therapy by Reducing the Renal Retention of Radioligands. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:256. [PMID: 38399470 PMCID: PMC10892921 DOI: 10.3390/ph17020256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT) is an emerging field and has the potential to become a major pillar in effective cancer treatment. Several pharmaceuticals are already in routine use for treating cancer, and there is still a high potential for new compounds for this application. But, a major issue for many radiolabeled low-to-moderate-molecular-weight molecules is their clearance via the kidneys and their subsequent reuptake. High renal accumulation of radioactive compounds may lead to nephrotoxicity, and therefore, the kidneys are often the dose-limiting organs in TRT with these radioligands. Over the years, different strategies have been developed aiming for reduced kidney retention and enhanced therapeutic efficacy of radioligands. In this review, we will give an overview of the efforts and achievements of the used strategies, with focus on the therapeutic potential of low-to-moderate-molecular-weight molecules. Among the strategies discussed here is coadministration of compounds that compete for binding to the endocytic receptors in the proximal tubuli. In addition, the influence of altering the molecular design of radiolabeled ligands on pharmacokinetics is discussed, which includes changes in their physicochemical properties and implementation of cleavable linkers or albumin-binding moieties. Furthermore, we discuss the influence of chelator and radionuclide choice on reabsorption of radioligands by the kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim E. de Roode
- Department of Medical Imaging, Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
- Tagworks Pharmaceuticals, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lieke Joosten
- Department of Medical Imaging, Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Martin Behe
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
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2
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Ehsasatvatan M, Kohnehrouz BB, Gholizadeh A, Ofoghi H, Shanehbandi D. The production of the first functional antibody mimetic in higher plants: the chloroplast makes the DARPin G3 for HER2 imaging in oncology. Biol Res 2022; 55:32. [PMID: 36274167 PMCID: PMC9590205 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-022-00400-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Designed mimetic molecules are attractive tools in biopharmaceuticals and synthetic biology. They require mass and functional production for the assessment of upcoming challenges in the near future. The DARPin family is considered a mimetic pharmaceutical peptide group with high affinity binding to specific targets. DARPin G3 is designed to bind to the HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2) tyrosine kinase receptor. Overexpression of HER2 is common in some cancers, including breast cancer, and can be used as a prognostic and predictive tool for cancer. The chloroplasts are cost-effective alternatives, equal to, and sometimes better than, bacterial, yeast, or mammalian expression systems. This research examined the possibility of the production of the first antibody mimetic, DARPin G3, in tobacco chloroplasts for HER2 imaging in oncology. Results The chloroplast specific DARPin G3 expression cassette was constructed and transformed into N. tabacum chloroplasts. PCR and Southern blot analysis confirmed integration of transgenes as well as chloroplastic and cellular homoplasmy. The Western blot analysis and ELISA confirmed the production of DARPin G3 at the commercial scale and high dose with the rate of 20.2% in leaf TSP and 33.7% in chloroplast TSP. The functional analysis by ELISA confirmed the binding of IMAC purified chloroplast-made DARPin G3 to the extracellular domain of the HER2 receptor with highly effective picomolar affinities. The carcinoma cellular studies by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence microscopy confirmed the correct functioning by the specific binding of the chloroplast-made DARPin G3 to the HER2 receptor on the surface of HER2-positive cancer cell lines. Conclusion The efficient functional bioactive production of DARPin G3 in chloroplasts led us to introduce plant chloroplasts as the site of efficient production of the first antibody mimetic molecules. This report, as the first case of the cost-effective production of mimetic molecules, enables researchers in pharmaceuticals, synthetic biology, and bio-molecular engineering to develop tool boxes by producing new molecular substitutes for diverse purposes.
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3
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Eder AC, Schäfer M, Schmidt J, Bauder-Wüst U, Roscher M, Leotta K, Haberkorn U, Kopka K, Eder M. Rational Linker Design to Accelerate Excretion and Reduce Background Uptake of Peptidomimetic PSMA-Targeting Hybrid Molecules. J Nucl Med 2021; 62:1461-1467. [PMID: 33741642 PMCID: PMC8724895 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.120.248443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of peptidomimetic hybrid molecules for preoperative imaging and guided surgery targeting the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) significantly progressed over the past few years, and some approaches are currently being evaluated for further clinical translation. However, accumulation in nonmalignant tissue such as kidney, bladder, spleen, or liver might limit tumor-to-background contrast for precise lesion delineation, particularly in a surgical setting. To overcome these limitations, a rational linker design aims at the development of a second generation of PSMA-11-based hybrid molecules with an enhanced pharmacokinetic profile and improved imaging contrast. Methods: A selection of rationally designed linkers was introduced to the PSMA-targeting hybrid molecule Glu-urea-Lys-HBED-CC-IRDye800CW, resulting in a second-generation peptidomimetic hybrid molecule library. The biologic properties were investigated in cell-based assays. In a preclinical proof-of-concept study with the radionuclide 68Ga, the impact of the modifications was evaluated by determination of specific tumor uptake, pharmacokinetics, and fluorescence imaging in tumor-bearing mice. Results: The modified hybrid molecules carrying various selected linkers revealed high PSMA-specific binding affinity and effective internalization. The highest tumor-to-background contrast of all modifications investigated was identified for the introduction of a histidine- (H) and glutamic acid (E)-containing linker ((HE)3-linker) between the PSMA-binding motif and the chelator. In comparison to the parental core structure, uptake in nonmalignant tissue was significantly reduced to a minimum, as exemplified by an 11-fold reduced spleen uptake from 38.12 ± 14.62 percentage injected dose (%ID)/g to 3.47 ± 1.39 %ID/g (1 h after injection). The specific tumor uptake of this compound (7.59 ± 0.95 %ID/g, 1 h after injection) was detected to be significantly higher than that of the parental tracer PSMA-11. These findings confirmed by PET and fluorescence imaging are accompanied by an enhanced pharmacokinetic profile with accelerated background clearance at early time points after injection. Conclusion: The novel generation of PSMA-targeting hybrid molecules reveals fast elimination, reduced background organ enrichment, and high PSMA-specific tumor uptake meeting the key demands for potent tracers in nuclear medicine and fluorescence-guided surgery. The approach's efficacy in improving the pharmacokinetic profile highlights the strengths of rational linker design as a powerful tool in strategic hybrid-molecule development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Schäfer
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jana Schmidt
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Bauder-Wüst
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mareike Roscher
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karin Leotta
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center (DFKZ), Heidelberg, Germany; and
| | - Uwe Haberkorn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center (DFKZ), Heidelberg, Germany; and
| | - Klaus Kopka
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Eder
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Research Center (DFKZ), Heidelberg, Germany; and
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4
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Current State of Radiolabeled Heterobivalent Peptidic Ligands in Tumor Imaging and Therapy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13080173. [PMID: 32751666 PMCID: PMC7465997 DOI: 10.3390/ph13080173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past few years, an approach emerged that combines different receptor-specific peptide radioligands able to bind different target structures on tumor cells concomitantly or separately. The reason for the growing interest in this special field of radiopharmaceutical development is rooted in the fact that bispecific peptide heterodimers can exhibit a strongly increased target cell avidity and specificity compared to their corresponding monospecific counterparts by being able to bind to two different target structures that are overexpressed on the cell surface of several malignancies. This increase of avidity is most pronounced in the case of concomitant binding of both peptides to their respective targets but is also observed in cases of heterogeneously expressed receptors within a tumor entity. Furthermore, the application of a radiolabeled heterobivalent agent can solve the ubiquitous problem of limited tumor visualization sensitivity caused by differential receptor expression on different tumor lesions. In this article, the concept of heterobivalent targeting and the general advantages of using radiolabeled bispecific peptidic ligands for tumor imaging or therapy as well as the influence of molecular design and the receptors on the tumor cell surface are explained, and an overview is given of the radiolabeled heterobivalent peptides described thus far.
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5
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Larenkov A, Rakhimov M, Lunyova K, Klementyeva O, Maruk A, Machulkin A. Pharmacokinetic Properties of 68Ga-labelled Folic Acid Conjugates: Improvement Using HEHE Tag. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25112712. [PMID: 32545327 PMCID: PMC7321154 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The folate receptor (FR) is a promising cell membrane-associated target for molecular imaging and radionuclide therapy of cancer (FR-α) and potentially also inflammatory diseases (FR-β) through use of folic acid-based radioconjugate. FR is often overexpressed by cells of epithelial tumors, including tumors of ovary, cervix, endometrium, lungs, kidneys, etc. In healthy tissues, FR can be found in small numbers by the epithelial cells, mainly in the kidneys. Extremely high undesired accumulation of the folate radioconjugates in the renal tissue is a main drawback of FR-targeting concept. In the course of this work, we aimed to reduce the undesirable accumulation of folate radioconjugates in the kidneys by introducing a histidine/glutamic acid tag into their structure. Two folic acid based compounds were synthesized: NODAGA-1,4-butanediamine-folic acid (FA-I, as control) and NODAGA-[Lys-(HE)2]-folic acid (FA-II) which contains a (His-Glu)2 fragment. In vitro studies with FR (+) cells (KB and others) showed that both compounds have specificity for FR. Introduction of (HE)2-tag does not affect FR binding ability of the conjugates. In vivo biodistribution studies with normal laboratory animals, as well as with KB tumor bearing animals, were carried out. The results showed that introduction of the (HE)2 tag into the structure of folate radioconjugates can significantly reduce the accumulation of these compounds in non-target tissues and important organs (the accumulation in the kidneys is reduced 2-4 times), leaving the accumulation in tumor at least at the same level, and even increasing it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Larenkov
- State Research Center–Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Zhivopisnaya str., bld. 46, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (M.R.); (K.L.); (O.K.); (A.M.)
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-(925)821–43–21
| | - Marat Rakhimov
- State Research Center–Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Zhivopisnaya str., bld. 46, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (M.R.); (K.L.); (O.K.); (A.M.)
| | - Kristina Lunyova
- State Research Center–Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Zhivopisnaya str., bld. 46, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (M.R.); (K.L.); (O.K.); (A.M.)
| | - Olga Klementyeva
- State Research Center–Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Zhivopisnaya str., bld. 46, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (M.R.); (K.L.); (O.K.); (A.M.)
| | - Alesya Maruk
- State Research Center–Burnasyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Zhivopisnaya str., bld. 46, 123098 Moscow, Russia; (M.R.); (K.L.); (O.K.); (A.M.)
| | - Aleksei Machulkin
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Department of Semiconductor Electronics & the Physics of Semiconductors, National University of Science and Technology MISiS, 9 Leninskiy pr., 119049 Moscow, Russia
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Cuda TJ, Riddell AD, Liu C, Whitehall VL, Borowsky J, Wyld DK, Burge ME, Ahern E, Griffin A, Lyons NJR, Rose SE, Clark DA, Stevenson ARL, Hooper JD, Puttick S, Thomas PA. PET Imaging Quantifying 68Ga-PSMA-11 Uptake in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. J Nucl Med 2020; 61:1576-1579. [PMID: 32358088 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.119.233312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
At diagnosis, 22% of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients have metastases, and 50% later develop metastasis. Peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT), such as 177Lu-PSMA-617, is used to treat metastatic prostate cancer. 177Lu-PSMA-617 targets prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), a cell-surface protein enriched in prostate cancer and the neovasculature of other solid tumors, including CRC. We performed 68Ga-PSMA-11 PET/CT imaging of 10 patients with metastatic CRC to assess metastasis avidity. Eight patients had lesions lacking avidity, and 2 had solitary metastases exhibiting very low avidity. Despite expression of PSMA in CRC neovasculature, none of the patients exhibited tumor avidity sufficient to be considered for 177Lu-PSMA-617 PRRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahleesa J Cuda
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Andrew D Riddell
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Cheng Liu
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Envoi Specialist Pathologists, Herston, Australia.,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia
| | - Vicki L Whitehall
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia
| | - Jennifer Borowsky
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Australia.,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia
| | - David K Wyld
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Matthew E Burge
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Ahern
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Australia.,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia
| | - Alison Griffin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Australia
| | - Nicholas J R Lyons
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - David A Clark
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Andrew R L Stevenson
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | - Paul A Thomas
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia .,Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Australia.,Herston Imaging Research Facility, Herston, Australia
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7
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Wurzer A, Di Carlo D, Schmidt A, Beck R, Eiber M, Schwaiger M, Wester HJ. Radiohybrid Ligands: A Novel Tracer Concept Exemplified by 18F- or 68Ga-Labeled rhPSMA Inhibitors. J Nucl Med 2020; 61:735-742. [PMID: 31862804 PMCID: PMC7198388 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.119.234922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
When we critically assess the reason for the current dominance of 68Ga-labeled peptides and peptide-like ligands in radiopharmacy and nuclear medicine, we have to conclude that the major advantage of such radiopharmaceuticals is the apparent lack of suitable 18F-labeling technologies with proven clinical relevance. To prepare and to subsequently perform a clinical proof-of-concept study on the general suitability of silicon-fluoride-acceptor (SiFA)-conjugated radiopharmaceuticals, we developed inhibitors of the prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) that are labeled by isotopic exchange (IE). To compensate for the pronounced lipophilicity of the SiFA unit, we used metal chelates, conjugated in close proximity to SiFA. Six different radiohybrid PSMA ligands (rhPSMA ligands) were evaluated and compared with the commonly used 18F-PSMA inhibitors 18F-DCFPyL and 18F-PSMA-1007. Methods: All inhibitors were synthesized by solid-phase peptide synthesis. Human serum albumin binding was measured by affinity high-performance liquid chromatography, whereas the lipophilicity of each tracer was determined by the n-octanol/buffer method. In vitro studies (IC50, internalization) were performed on LNCaP cells. Biodistribution studies were conducted on LNCaP tumor-bearing male CB-17 SCID mice. Results: On the laboratory scale (starting activities, 0.2-9.0 GBq), labeling of 18F-rhPSMA-5 to -10 by IE was completed in < 20 min (radiochemical yields, 58% ± 9%; radiochemical purity, >97%) with molar activities of 12-60 GBq/μmol. All rhPSMAs showed low nanomolar affinity and high internalization by PSMA-expressing cells when compared with the reference radiopharmaceuticals, medium-to-low lipophilicity, and high human serum albumin binding. Biodistribution studies in LNCaP tumor-bearing mice revealed high tumor uptake, sufficiently fast clearance kinetics from blood, low hepatobiliary excretion, fast renal excretion, and very low uptake of 18F activity in bone. Conclusion: The novel 18F-rhPSMA radiopharmaceuticals developed under the radiohybrid concept show equal or better targeting characteristics than the established 18F-PSMA tracers 18F-DCFPyL and 18F-PSMA-1007. The unparalleled simplicity of production, the possibility to produce the identical 68Ga-labeled 19F-68Ga-rhPSMA tracers, and the possibility to extend this concept to true theranostic radiohybrid radiopharmaceuticals, such as F-Lu-rhPSMA, are unique features of these radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Wurzer
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany; and
| | - Daniel Di Carlo
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany; and
| | - Alexander Schmidt
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany; and
| | - Roswitha Beck
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany; and
| | - Matthias Eiber
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Schwaiger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Wester
- Chair of Pharmaceutical Radiochemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany; and
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8
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Narayanam MK, Toutov AA, Murphy JM. Rapid One-Step 18F-Labeling of Peptides via Heteroaromatic Silicon-Fluoride Acceptors. Org Lett 2020; 22:804-808. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b04160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maruthi Kumar Narayanam
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Anton A. Toutov
- Fuzionaire Diagnostics, Inc., 177 East Colorado Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91105, United States
| | - Jennifer M. Murphy
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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9
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Gamache RF, Zettlitz KA, Tsai WTK, Collins J, Wu AM, Murphy JM. Tri-functional platform for construction of modular antibody fragments for in vivo 18F-PET or NIRF molecular imaging. Chem Sci 2020; 11:1832-1838. [PMID: 34123276 PMCID: PMC8148382 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc05007h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) molecular imaging is a powerful tool for interrogating physiological and biochemical processes to understand the biology of disease and advance therapeutic developments. Near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) optical imaging has become increasingly popular for intraoperative staging to enable cellular resolution imaging of tumor margins during surgical resection. In addition, engineered antibody fragments have emerged as promising molecular imaging agents given their exquisite target selectivity, rapid systemic clearance and site-selective chemical modification. We report a tri-functional platform for construction of a modular antibody fragment that can rapidly be labeled with radionuclides or fluorophores for PET or NIRF molecular imaging of prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA). To provide a universal approach towards the targeted delivery of PET and optical imaging agents, we have developed a tri-functional platform (TFP) for the facile construction of modular, target-specific tracers.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond F Gamache
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Kirstin A Zettlitz
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Wen-Ting K Tsai
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Jeffrey Collins
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Anna M Wu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Jennifer M Murphy
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
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10
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Roxin Á, Zhang C, Huh S, Lepage M, Zhang Z, Lin KS, Bénard F, Perrin DM. A Metal-Free DOTA-Conjugated 18F-Labeled Radiotracer: [18F]DOTA-AMBF3-LLP2A for Imaging VLA-4 Over-Expression in Murine Melanoma with Improved Tumor Uptake and Greatly Enhanced Renal Clearance. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:1210-1219. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Áron Roxin
- Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency Research Centre, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Sungjoon Huh
- Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Mathieu Lepage
- Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Zhengxing Zhang
- Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency Research Centre, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Kuo-Shyan Lin
- Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency Research Centre, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - François Bénard
- Molecular Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Agency Research Centre, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - David M. Perrin
- Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
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11
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Abstract
Radiometals possess an exceptional breadth of decay properties and have been applied to medicine with great success for several decades. The majority of current clinical use involves diagnostic procedures, which use either positron-emission tomography (PET) or single-photon imaging to detect anatomic abnormalities that are difficult to visualize using conventional imaging techniques (e.g., MRI and X-ray). The potential of therapeutic radiometals has more recently been realized and relies on ionizing radiation to induce irreversible DNA damage, resulting in cell death. In both cases, radiopharmaceutical development has been largely geared toward the field of oncology; thus, selective tumor targeting is often essential for efficacious drug use. To this end, the rational design of four-component radiopharmaceuticals has become popularized. This Review introduces fundamental concepts of drug design and applications, with particular emphasis on bifunctional chelators (BFCs), which ensure secure consolidation of the radiometal and targeting vector and are integral for optimal drug performance. Also presented are detailed accounts of production, chelation chemistry, and biological use of selected main group and rare earth radiometals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas I Kostelnik
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T 1Z1 , Canada
| | - Chris Orvig
- Medicinal Inorganic Chemistry Group, Department of Chemistry , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia V6T 1Z1 , Canada
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12
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Donato P, Roberts MJ, Morton A, Kyle S, Coughlin G, Esler R, Dunglison N, Gardiner RA, Yaxley J. Improved specificity with 68Ga PSMA PET/CT to detect clinically significant lesions “invisible” on multiparametric MRI of the prostate: a single institution comparative analysis with radical prostatectomy histology. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2018; 46:20-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s00259-018-4160-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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13
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Preliminary PET/CT Imaging with Somatostatin Analogs [ 68Ga]DOTAGA-TATE and [ 68Ga]DOTAGA-TOC. Mol Imaging Biol 2018; 19:878-884. [PMID: 28349291 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-017-1072-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Somatostatin receptor positron emission tomography/X-ray computed tomography (SSTR-PET/CT) is a well-established technique for staging and detection of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs). Ga-68-labeled DOTA-conjugated octreotide analogs are the privileged radiotracers for diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of NETs. Hence, we were interested in assessing the influence of promising, newer variant DOTAGA on the hydrophilicity, pharmacokinetics, and lesion pick-up of somatostatin analogs. Herein, the potential of ([68Ga]DOTAGA, Tyr3, Thr8) octreotide ([68Ga]DOTAGA-TATE) and ([68Ga]DOTAGA, Tyr3) octreotide ([68Ga]DOTAGA-TOC) as NET imaging agents has been investigated. PROCEDURES Amenability of [68Ga]DOTAGA-(TATE/TOC) to kit-type formulation has been demonstrated. Biodistribution studies were carried out in normal rats at 1 h post-injection (p.i.). [68Ga]DOTAGA-(TATE/TOC) PET/CT scans were carried out in patients (70-170 MBq, 1 h p.i.) with histologically confirmed well-differentiated NETs. RESULTS [68Ga]DOTAGA-TATE exhibited hydrophilicity similar to [68Ga]DOTA-TATE (log P = -3.51 vs -3.69) whereas [68Ga]DOTAGA-TOC was more hydrophilic than [68Ga]DOTA-TOC (log P = -3.27 vs -2.93). [68Ga]DOTAGA-TATE and [68Ga]DOTA-TATE showed almost identical blood and kidney uptake in normal rats whereas significantly fast clearance (p < 0.05) of [68Ga]DOTAGA-TATE was observed from other non-specific organs (liver, lungs, spleen, intestine). [68Ga]DOTAGA-TOC also demonstrated rapid clearance from blood and kidneys (p < 0.05) in comparison to [68Ga]DOTA-TOC. The metastatic lesions in NET patients were well identified by [68Ga]DOTAGA-TATE and [68Ga]DOTAGA-TOC. CONCLUSION The phenomenal analogy was observed between [68Ga]DOTAGA-TATE and [68Ga]DOTA-TATE as well as between [68Ga]DOTAGA-TOC and [68Ga]DOTA-TOC in biodistribution studies in rats. The good lesion detection ability of the two radiotracers indicates their potential as NET imaging radiotracers.
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14
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Vaidyanathan G, Kang CM, McDougald D, Minn I, Brummet M, Pomper MG, Zalutsky MR. Brush border enzyme-cleavable linkers: Evaluation for reducing renal uptake of radiolabeled prostate-specific membrane antigen inhibitors. Nucl Med Biol 2018; 62-63:18-30. [PMID: 29803076 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Radiolabeled, low-molecular-weight prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) inhibitors based on the Glu-ureido pharmacophore show promise for the detection and treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer; however, high renal retention of activity, related in part to overexpression of PSMA in kidneys can be problematic. The goal of the current study was to investigate the use of brush border enzyme-cleavable linkers as a strategy for reducing kidney activity levels from radiolabeled PSMA inhibitors. METHODS PSMA-769 (6), a derivative of the prototypical PSMA inhibitor (((S)‑1‑carboxy‑5‑(4‑iodobenzamido)pentyl)carbamoyl)glutamate (12) modified to contain a Gly-Tyr linker, and its protected tin precursor (11) were synthesized starting from the basic pharmacophore molecule Lys-urea-Glu. An analogue of 6 containing d‑tyrosine in lieu of l‑tyrosine (PSMA-769-d-tyrosine) and the corresponding tin precursor (d-11) also were synthesized. Both radioiodinated and 211At-labeled 6 were synthesized by radiohalogenation of 11 and deprotection in situ. Similarly, radioiodinated d-6 was synthesized from d-11. Paired label biodistribution of [125I]12 and [131I]6 was performed in normal mice and in SCID mice bearing both PC3 PIP (PSMA+) and PC3 flu (PSMA-) subcutaneous prostate carcinoma xenografts. The biodistribution of [131I]6 and [211At]6 was also evaluated in this tumor model. Biodistribution of the two radioiodinated diastereomers of 6 was evaluated in normal mice and urine samples were analyzed for the presence of 4‑iodohippuric acid. RESULTS Compounds [131I]6 and [211At]6 were synthesized from 11 in overall radiochemical yields of 32.5 ± 0.1% (n = 4) and 22% (n = 1), respectively; radiochemical purity was >95%. In normal mice, renal uptake of [131I]6 was 1.4-, 2.8- and 161-fold lower than that seen for co-injected [125I]12 at 1 h, 4 h and 21 h, respectively. In tumor-bearing mice, kidney uptake of [131I]6 was similar to that for [125I]12 (P > 0.05) at 1 h and 4 h but was 6- to 7-fold lower at 21 h; however, [131I]6 uptake in PC3 PIP tumors was also lower than that seen for [125I]12 at 21 h (12.6 ± 3.4%ID/g vs. 36.8 ± 12.4%ID/g). Uptake of [211At]PSMA-769 in PC3 PIP tumors was slightly higher than that seen for [131I]PSMA-769 at 4 h (9.6 ± 1.6%ID/g versus 7.8 ± 1.6%ID/g; P = 0.002); its uptake in a number of normal tissues also was higher. In normal mice, kidney uptake of [125I]PSMA-769 at 4 h was about 73% of that seen for [131I]PSMA-769-d-tyrosine. Activity in the urine of mice receiving [125I]PSMA-769 contained mainly 4‑[125I]iodohippuric acid while unmetabolized intact molecule was present in the case of [125I]PSMA-769-d-tyrosine. CONCLUSION Use of this brush border enzyme-cleavable linker reduced kidney uptake and resulted in improved tumor:kidney uptake ratios. Although further structural improvements are needed, this linker approach might be useful as a component in strategies for reducing renal uptake of radiolabeled PSMA inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Choong Mo Kang
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Darryl McDougald
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Il Minn
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Mary Brummet
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Martin G Pomper
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Michael R Zalutsky
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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15
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Baranski AC, Schäfer M, Bauder-Wüst U, Wacker A, Schmidt J, Liolios C, Mier W, Haberkorn U, Eisenhut M, Kopka K, Eder M. Improving the Imaging Contrast of 68Ga-PSMA-11 by Targeted Linker Design: Charged Spacer Moieties Enhance the Pharmacokinetic Properties. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:2485-2492. [PMID: 28787147 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
68Ga-Glu-urea-Lys-(Ahx)-HBED-CC (68Ga-PSMA-11) represents a successful radiopharmaceutical for PET/CT imaging of prostate cancer. Further optimization of the tumor-to-background contrast might significantly enhance the sensitivity of PET/CT imaging and the probability of detecting recurrent prostate cancer at low PSA values. This study describes the advantage of histidine (H)/glutamic acid (E) and tryptophan (W)/glutamic acid (E) containing linkers on the pharmacokinetic properties of 68Ga-PSMA-11. The tracers were obtained by a combination of standard Fmoc-based solid-phase synthesis and copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition. Their 68Ga complexes were compared to the clinical reference 68Ga-PSMA-11 with respect to cell binding, effective internalization, and tumor targeting properties in LNCaP-bearing balb/c nu/nu mice. The introduction of (HE)i (i = 1-3) or (WE)i (i = 1-3) into PSMA-11 resulted in a significantly changed biodistribution profile. The uptake values in kidneys, spleen, liver, and other background organs were reduced for (HE)3 while the tumor uptake was not affected. For (HE)1 the tumor uptake was significantly increased. The introduction of tryptophan-containing linkers also modulated the organ distribution profile. The results clearly indicate that histidine is of essential impact in order to improve the tumor-to-organ contrast. Hence, the histidine/glutamic acid linker modifications considerably improved the pharmacokinetic properties of 68Ga-PSMA-11 leading to a reduced uptake in dose limiting organs and a significantly enhanced tumor-to-background contrast. Glu-urea-Lys-(HE)3-HBED-CC represents a promising 68Ga complex ligand for PET/CT-imaging of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Walter Mier
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Uwe Haberkorn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Matthias Eder
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Development, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Freiburg, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg , Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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16
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Garousi J, Lindbo S, Honarvar H, Velletta J, Mitran B, Altai M, Orlova A, Tolmachev V, Hober S. Influence of the N-Terminal Composition on Targeting Properties of Radiometal-Labeled Anti-HER2 Scaffold Protein ADAPT6. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:2678-2688. [PMID: 27740752 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Radionuclide-imaging-based stratification of patients to targeted therapies makes cancer treatment more personalized and therefore more efficient. Albumin-binding domain derived affinity proteins (ADAPTs) constitute a novel group of imaging probes based on the scaffold of an albumin-binding domain (ABD). To evaluate how different compositions of the N-terminal sequence of ADAPTs influence their biodistribution, a series of human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2)-binding ADAPT6 derivatives with different N-terminal sequences were created: GCH6DANS (2), GC(HE)3DANS (3), GCDEAVDANS (4), and GCVDANS(5). These were compared with the parental variant: GCSS(HE)3DEAVDANS (1). All variants were site-specifically conjugated with a maleimido-derivative of a DOTA chelator and labeled with 111In. Binding to HER2-expressing cells in vitro, in vivo biodistribution as well as targeting properties of the new variants were compared with properties of the 111In-labeled parental ADAPT variant 1 (111In-DOTA-1). The composition of the N-terminal sequence had an apparent influence on biodistribution of ADAPT6 in mice. The use of a hexahistidine tag in 111In-DOTA-2 was associated with elevated hepatic uptake compared to the (HE)3-containing counterpart, 111In-DOTA-3. All new variants without a hexahistidine tag demonstrated lower uptake in blood, lung, spleen, and muscle compared to uptake in the parental variant. The best new variants, 111In-DOTA-3 and 111In-DOTA-5, provided tumor uptakes of 14.6 ± 2.4 and 12.5 ± 1.3% ID/g at 4 h after injection, respectively. The tumor uptake of 111In-DOTA-3 was significantly higher than the uptake of the parental 111In-DOTA-1 (9.1 ± 2.0% ID/g). The tumor-to-blood ratios of 395 ± 75 and 419 ± 91 at 4 h after injection were obtained for 111In-DOTA-5 and 111In-DOTA-3, respectively. In conclusion, the N-terminal sequence composition affects the biodistribution and targeting properties of ADAPT-based imaging probes, and its optimization may improve imaging contrast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Garousi
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University , SE-75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sarah Lindbo
- Department of Protein Technology, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology , SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hadis Honarvar
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University , SE-75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Justin Velletta
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University , SE-75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bogdan Mitran
- Division of Molecular Imaging, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University , SE-75181 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mohamed Altai
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University , SE-75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna Orlova
- Division of Molecular Imaging, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University , SE-75181 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Vladimir Tolmachev
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University , SE-75185 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sophia Hober
- Department of Protein Technology, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology , SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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17
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Rhee H, Blazak J, Tham CM, Ng KL, Shepherd B, Lawson M, Preston J, Vela I, Thomas P, Wood S. Pilot study: use of gallium-68 PSMA PET for detection of metastatic lesions in patients with renal tumour. EJNMMI Res 2016; 6:76. [PMID: 27771904 PMCID: PMC5075321 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-016-0231-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In this study, we prospectively evaluate the diagnostic potential of a gallium-68 (68Ga) prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-binding ligand and positron emission tomography (PET) in detecting metastatic lesions in patients with renal tumour. The secondary aim was to determine whether the findings would result in the alteration of patient management. Results Ten patients with renal lesion and potential metastatic disease on conventional imaging were recruited. Patients underwent PSMA PET in addition to standard imaging. Nine patients underwent nephrectomy and 4 patients underwent additional targeted biopsy to provide specimens for histopathological validation. There were 89 pathological lesions on CT, of which 32 were removed or biopsied for histopathological correlation. With PSMA PET, 86 PET avid lesions were identified with 36 samples being available for analysis. Thirty-five of 36 samples were positive for renal cell carcinoma deposits, whilst 1 sample was inconclusive for diagnosis on biopsy. For the histologically confirmed lesions, there were no false-negative PSMA PET lesions; however, CT was false negative in 11. In two patients, surgical strategies were changed based on PSMA PET findings. Conclusions PSMA PET may potentially have a role in the preoperative staging of advanced renal cell carcinoma as PET detected multiple histologically proven metastatic lesions which were false negative on CT scanning, resulting in change in surgical strategies in some patients. We cautiously support a larger study to confirm these results and to assess the longitudinal impact on patient outcomes. Trial registration Australia and New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry (ANZCTR), ACTRN12615000854538. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13550-016-0231-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Handoo Rhee
- Department of Urology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia. .,University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - John Blazak
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Chui Ming Tham
- Department of Urology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Keng Lim Ng
- Department of Urology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia.,University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Benjamin Shepherd
- Pathology Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Malcolm Lawson
- Department of Urology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - John Preston
- Department of Urology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Ian Vela
- Department of Urology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia.,University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Paul Thomas
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia.,University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Simon Wood
- Department of Urology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia.,University of Queensland, School of Medicine, Brisbane, Australia
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18
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Using prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) expression in clear cell renal cell carcinoma for imaging advanced disease. Pathology 2016; 48:613-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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19
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Rhee H, Thomas P, Shepherd B, Gustafson S, Vela I, Russell P, Nelson C, Chung E, Wood G, Malone G, Wood S, Heathcote P. Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen Positron Emission Tomography May Improve the Diagnostic Accuracy of Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Localized Prostate Cancer. J Urol 2016; 196:1261-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2016.02.3000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Rhee
- Department of Urology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre–Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - P. Thomas
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Queensland, Australia
| | - B. Shepherd
- Pathology Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland, Australia
| | - S. Gustafson
- Department of Radiology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland, Australia
| | - I. Vela
- Department of Urology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre–Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - P.J. Russell
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre–Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - C. Nelson
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre–Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - E. Chung
- Department of Urology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland, Australia
| | - G. Wood
- Department of Urology, Greenslopes Private Hospital, Queensland, Australia
| | - G. Malone
- Department of Urology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Urology, Greenslopes Private Hospital, Queensland, Australia
| | - S. Wood
- Department of Urology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Urology, Greenslopes Private Hospital, Queensland, Australia
| | - P. Heathcote
- Department of Urology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Urology, Greenslopes Private Hospital, Queensland, Australia
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre–Queensland, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Translational Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
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20
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Lindbo S, Garousi J, Åstrand M, Honarvar H, Orlova A, Hober S, Tolmachev V. Influence of Histidine-Containing Tags on the Biodistribution of ADAPT Scaffold Proteins. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:716-26. [PMID: 26781756 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Engineered scaffold proteins (ESP) are high-affinity binders that can be used as probes for radionuclide imaging. Histidine-containing tags enable both efficient purification of ESP and radiolabeling with (99m)Tc(CO)3. Earlier studies demonstrated that the use of a histidine-glutamate-histidine-glutamate-histidine-glutamate (HE)3-tag instead of the commonly used hexahistidine (H6)-tag reduces hepatic uptake of radiolabeled ESP and short peptides. Here, we investigated the influence of histidine-containing tags on the biodistribution of a novel type of ESP, ADAPTs. A series of anti-HER2 ADAPT probes having H6- or (HE)3-tags in the N-termini were prepared. The constructs, (HE)3-ADAPT6 and H6-ADAPT6, were labeled with two different nuclides, (99m)Tc or (111)In. The labeling with (99m)Tc(CO)3 utilized the histidine-containing tags, while (111)In was attached through a maleimido derivative of DOTA conjugated to the N-terminus. For (111)In-labeled ADAPTs, the use of (HE)3 provided a significantly (p < 0.05) lower hepatic uptake at 1 h after injection, but there was no significant difference in hepatic uptake of (111)In-(HE)3-ADAPT6 and H6-ADAPT6 at later time points. Interestingly, in the case of (99m)Tc, (99m)Tc(CO)3-H6-ADAPT6 provided significantly (p < 0.05) lower uptake in a number of normal tissues and was more suitable as an imaging probe. Thus, the influence of histidine-containing tags on the biodistribution of the novel ADAPT scaffold proteins was different compared to its influence on other ESPs studied so far. Apparently, the effect of a histidine-containing tag on the biodistribution is highly dependent on the scaffold composition of the ESP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Lindbo
- Department of Protein Technology, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology , SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Mikael Åstrand
- Department of Protein Technology, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology , SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Sophia Hober
- Department of Protein Technology, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology , SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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Liolios C, Schäfer M, Haberkorn U, Eder M, Kopka K. Novel Bispecific PSMA/GRPr Targeting Radioligands with Optimized Pharmacokinetics for Improved PET Imaging of Prostate Cancer. Bioconjug Chem 2016; 27:737-51. [PMID: 26726823 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new series of bispecific radioligands (BRLs) targeting prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) and gastrin releasing peptide receptor (GRPr), both expressed on prostate cancer cells, was developed. Their design was based on the bombesin (BN) analogue, H2N-PEG2-[D-Tyr(6),β-Ala(11),Thi(13),Nle(14)]BN(6-14), which binds to GRPr with high affinity and specificity, and the peptidomimetic urea-based pseudoirreversible inhibitor of PSMA, Glu-ureido-Lys. The two pharmacophores were coupled through copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition to the bis(tetrafluorophenyl) ester of the chelating agent HBED-CC via amino acid linkers made of positively charged His (H) and negatively charged Glu (E): -(HE)n- (n = 0-3). The BRLs were labeled with (68)Ga, and their preliminary pharmacological properties were evaluated in vitro (competitive and time kinetic binding assays) on prostate cancer (PC-3, LNCaP) and rat pancreatic (AR42J) cell lines and in vivo by biodistribution and small animal PET imaging studies in both normal and tumor-bearing mice. The IC50/Ki values determined for all BRLs essentially matched those of the respective monomers. The maximal cellular uptake of the BLRs was observed between 20 and 30 min. The BRLs showed a synergistic ability in vivo by targeting both PSMA (LNCaP) and GRPr (PC-3) positive tumors, whereas the charged -(HE)n- (n = 1-3) linkers significantly reduced the kidney and spleen uptake. The bispecific (PSMA and GRPr) targeting ability and optimized pharmacokinetics of the compounds developed in this study could lead to their future application in clinical practice as more sensitive radiotracers for noninvasive imaging of prostate cancer (PCa) by PET/CT and PET/MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Liolios
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Schäfer
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - U Haberkorn
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Nuclear Medicine, University of Heidelberg , 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) , 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Eder
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - K Kopka
- Division of Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) , 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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22
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Li H, Zhou H, Krieger S, Parry JJ, Whittenberg JJ, Desai AV, Rogers BE, Kenis PJA, Reichert DE. Triazine-based tool box for developing peptidic PET imaging probes: syntheses, microfluidic radiolabeling, and structure-activity evaluation. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:761-72. [PMID: 24661266 PMCID: PMC3993951 DOI: 10.1021/bc500034n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
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This
study was aimed at developing a triazine-based modular platform
for targeted PET imaging. We synthesized mono- or bis-cyclo(RGDfK)
linked triazine-based conjugates specifically targeting integrin αvβ3 receptors. The core molecules could be
easily linked to targeting peptide and radiolabeled bifunctional chelator.
The spacer core molecule was synthesized in 2 or 3 steps in 64–80%
yield, and the following conjugation reactions with cyclo(RGDfK) peptide
or bifunctional chelator were accomplished using “click”
chemistry or amidation reactions. The DOTA-TZ-Bis-cyclo(RGDfK) 13 conjugate was radiolabeled successfully with 64Cu(OAc)2 using a microfluidic method, resulting in higher
specific activity with above 95% labeling yields compared to conventional
radiolabeling (SA ca. 850 vs 600 Ci/mmol). The dimeric cyclo(RGDfK)
peptide was found to display significant bivalency effect using I125-Echistatin binding assay with IC50 value as 178.5 ± 57.1 nM, which displayed a 3.6-fold enhancement
of binding affinity compared to DOTA-TZ-cyclo(RGDfK) 14 conjugate on U87MG human glioblastoma cell. Biodistribution of all
four conjugates in female athymic nude mice were evaluated. DOTA-“Click”-cyclo(RGDfK) 15 had the highest tumor uptake among these four at 4 h p.i.
with 1.90 ± 0.65%ID/g, while there was no clear bivalency effect
for DOTA-TZ-BisRGD in vivo, which needs further experiments
to address the unexpected questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairong Li
- Radiological Sciences Division, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine , 510 South Kingshighway Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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