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Conti Mazza MM, Centner A, Werner DF, Bishop C. Striatal serotonin transporter gain-of-function in L-DOPA-treated, hemi-parkinsonian rats. Brain Res 2023; 1811:148381. [PMID: 37127174 PMCID: PMC10562932 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
L-DOPA is the standard treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD), but chronic treatment typically leads to L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID). LID involves a complex interaction between the remaining dopamine (DA) system and the semi-homologous serotonin (5-HT) system. Since serotonin transporters (SERT) have some affinity for DA uptake, they may serve as a functional compensatory mechanism when DA transporters (DAT) are scant. DAT and SERT's functional contributions in the dyskinetic brain have not been well delineated. The current investigation sought to determine how DA depletion and L-DOPA treatment affect DAT and SERT transcriptional processes, translational processes, and functional DA uptake in the 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned hemi-parkinsonian rat. Rats were counterbalanced for motor impairment into equally lesioned treatment groups then given daily L-DOPA (0 or 6 mg/kg) for 2 weeks. At the end of treatment, the substantia nigra was processed for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and DAT gene expression and dorsal raphe was processed for SERT gene expression. The striatum was processed for synaptosomal DAT and SERT protein expression and ex vivo DA uptake. Nigrostriatal DA loss severely reduced DAT mRNA and protein expression in the striatum with minimal changes in SERT. L-DOPA treatment, while not significantly affecting DAT or SERT alone, did increase striatal SERT:DAT protein ratios. Using ex vivo microdialysis, L-DOPA treatment increased DA uptake via SERT when DAT was depleted. Overall, these results suggest that DA loss and L-DOPA treatment uniquely alter DAT and SERT, revealing implications for monoamine transporters as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in the hemi-parkinsonian model and dyskinetic PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Conti Mazza
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, 4400 Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, USA
| | - Ashley Centner
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, 4400 Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, USA
| | - David F Werner
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, 4400 Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, USA
| | - Christopher Bishop
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, 4400 Vestal Parkway East, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, USA.
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2
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Wianny F, Dzahini K, Fifel K, Wilson CRE, Bernat A, Dolmazon V, Misery P, Lamy C, Giroud P, Cooper HM, Knoblauch K, Procyk E, Kennedy H, Savatier P, Dehay C, Vezoli J. Induced Cognitive Impairments Reversed by Grafts of Neural Precursors: A Longitudinal Study in a Macaque Model of Parkinson's Disease. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2103827. [PMID: 35137562 PMCID: PMC8981458 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202103827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) evolves over an extended and variable period in humans; years prior to the onset of classical motor symptoms, sleep and biological rhythm disorders develop, significantly impacting the quality-of-life of patients. Circadian-rhythm disorders are accompanied by mild cognitive deficits that progressively worsen with disease progression and can constitute a severe burden for patients at later stages. The gold-standard 6-methyl-1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin (MPTP) macaque model of PD recapitulates the progression of motor and nonmotor symptoms over contracted periods of time. Here, this multidisciplinary/multiparametric study follows, in five animals, the steady progression of motor and nonmotor symptoms and describes their reversal following grafts of neural precursors in diverse functional domains of the basal ganglia. Results show unprecedented recovery from cognitive symptoms in addition to a strong clinical motor recuperation. Both motor and cognitive recovery and partial circadian rhythm recovery correlate with the degree of graft integration, and in a subset of animals, with in vivo levels of striatal dopaminergic innervation and function. The present study provides empirical evidence that integration of neural precursors following transplantation efficiently restores function at multiple levels in parkinsonian nonhuman primates and, given interindividuality of disease progression and recovery, underlines the importance of longitudinal multidisciplinary assessments in view of clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Wianny
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1Inserm U1208Stem Cell and Brain Research InstituteBron69500France
- PrimastemBron69500France
| | - Kwamivi Dzahini
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1Inserm U1208Stem Cell and Brain Research InstituteBron69500France
- PrimastemBron69500France
| | - Karim Fifel
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1Inserm U1208Stem Cell and Brain Research InstituteBron69500France
- Present address: International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI‐IIIS)University of TsukubaTsukubaIbaraki305‐8575Japan
| | - Charles Robert Eden Wilson
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1Inserm U1208Stem Cell and Brain Research InstituteBron69500France
| | - Agnieszka Bernat
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1Inserm U1208Stem Cell and Brain Research InstituteBron69500France
- Present address: Laboratory of Molecular DiagnosticsDepartment of BiotechnologyInter‐collegiate Faculty of BiotechnologyUniversity of Gdańsk and Medical University of GdańskGdańsk80‐307Poland
- Present address: Laboratory of Experimental EmbryologyInstitute of Genetics and Animal BiotechnologyPolish Academy of SciencesWarsaw05‐552Poland
| | - Virginie Dolmazon
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1Inserm U1208Stem Cell and Brain Research InstituteBron69500France
| | - Pierre Misery
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1Inserm U1208Stem Cell and Brain Research InstituteBron69500France
| | - Camille Lamy
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1Inserm U1208Stem Cell and Brain Research InstituteBron69500France
| | - Pascale Giroud
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1Inserm U1208Stem Cell and Brain Research InstituteBron69500France
| | - Howard Michael Cooper
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1Inserm U1208Stem Cell and Brain Research InstituteBron69500France
| | - Kenneth Knoblauch
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1Inserm U1208Stem Cell and Brain Research InstituteBron69500France
- National Centre for OpticsVision and Eye CareFaculty of Health and Social SciencesUniversity College of Southeast NorwayKongsbergN‐3603Norway
| | - Emmanuel Procyk
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1Inserm U1208Stem Cell and Brain Research InstituteBron69500France
| | - Henry Kennedy
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1Inserm U1208Stem Cell and Brain Research InstituteBron69500France
- Institute of NeuroscienceState Key Laboratory of NeuroscienceChinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Primate NeurobiologyShanghai200031China
| | - Pierre Savatier
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1Inserm U1208Stem Cell and Brain Research InstituteBron69500France
- PrimastemBron69500France
| | - Colette Dehay
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1Inserm U1208Stem Cell and Brain Research InstituteBron69500France
- PrimastemBron69500France
| | - Julien Vezoli
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1Inserm U1208Stem Cell and Brain Research InstituteBron69500France
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck SocietyFrankfurt60528Germany
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3
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Kilbourn MR. 11C- and 18F-Radiotracers for In Vivo Imaging of the Dopamine System: Past, Present and Future. Biomedicines 2021; 9:108. [PMID: 33499179 PMCID: PMC7912183 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The applications of positron emission tomography (PET) imaging to study brain biochemistry, and in particular the aspects of dopamine neurotransmission, have grown significantly over the 40 years since the first successful in vivo imaging studies in humans. In vivo PET imaging of dopaminergic functions of the central nervous system (CNS) including dopamine synthesis, vesicular storage, synaptic release and receptor binding, and reuptake processes, are now routinely used for studies in neurology, psychiatry, drug abuse and addiction, and drug development. Underlying these advances in PET imaging has been the development of the unique radiotracers labeled with positron-emitting radionuclides such as carbon-11 and fluorine-18. This review focuses on a selection of the more accepted and utilized PET radiotracers currently available, with a look at their past, present and future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Kilbourn
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
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Shen H, Tong X, Yang J, Yu L, Zhou H, Wang Y, He Y, Wan H, Li C. Biotransformation of natural hydroxycinnamic acids by gut microbiota from normal and cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injured rats: a comparative study. Food Funct 2020; 11:5389-5395. [DOI: 10.1039/d0fo00775g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxycinnamic acids can undergo decarboxylation and dehydrogenation by gut microbiota from normal and cerebral I/R injured rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Shen
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University
- Hangzhou
- PR China
| | - Xin Tong
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University
- Hangzhou
- PR China
| | - Jiehong Yang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University
- Hangzhou
- PR China
| | - Li Yu
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University
- Hangzhou
- PR China
| | - Huifen Zhou
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University
- Hangzhou
- PR China
| | - Yu Wang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University
- Hangzhou
- PR China
| | - Yu He
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University
- Hangzhou
- PR China
| | - Haitong Wan
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University
- Hangzhou
- PR China
| | - Chang Li
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University
- Hangzhou
- PR China
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Pająk M, Kańska M. Isotope effects in the tyrosinase catalysed hydroxylation of l-tyrosine methyl derivatives. ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES 2018; 54:548-557. [PMID: 30081668 DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2018.1505722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To investigate isotope effects in the hydroxylation of [3',5'-2H2]-α-methyl- and [3',5'-2H2]-N-methyl-l-tyrosine, they were synthesised using acid catalysed isotope exchange at high temperature. The kinetic and solvent deuterium isotope effects on Vmax and Vmax/Km parameters of tyrosinase in its action on methylated derivatives of l-tyrosine were determined using the non-competitive spectrophotometric method. Lineweaver-Burk plots were used to consider the inhibition type of O-methyl-l-tyrosine, revealing that it is an uncompetitive inhibitor of tyrosinase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marianna Kańska
- b Department of Biochemistry, 2nd Faculty of Medicine , Medical University of Warsaw , Warsaw , Poland
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Becker G, Bahri MA, Michel A, Hustadt F, Garraux G, Luxen A, Lemaire C, Plenevaux A. Comparative assessment of 6-[ 18 F]fluoro-L-m-tyrosine and 6-[ 18 F]fluoro-L-dopa to evaluate dopaminergic presynaptic integrity in a Parkinson's disease rat model. J Neurochem 2017; 141:626-635. [PMID: 28294334 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Because of the progressive loss of nigro-striatal dopaminergic terminals in Parkinson's disease (PD), in vivo quantitative imaging of dopamine (DA) containing neurons in animal models of PD is of critical importance in the preclinical evaluation of highly awaited disease-modifying therapies. Among existing methods, the high sensitivity of positron emission tomography (PET) is attractive to achieve that goal. The aim of this study was to perform a quantitative comparison of brain images obtained in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesioned rats using two dopaminergic PET radiotracers, namely [18 F]fluoro-3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-L-alanine ([18 F]FDOPA) and 6-[18 F]fluoro-L-m-tyrosine ([18 F]FMT). Because the imaging signal is theoretically less contaminated by metabolites, we hypothesized that the latter would show stronger relationship with behavioural and post-mortem measures of striatal dopaminergic deficiency. We used a within-subject design to measure striatal [18 F]FMT and [18 F]FDOPA uptake in eight partially lesioned, eight fully lesioned and ten sham-treated rats. Animals were pretreated with an L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase inhibitor. A catechol-O-methyl transferase inhibitor was also given before [18 F]FDOPA PET. Quantitative estimates of striatal uptake were computed using conventional graphical Patlak method. Striatal dopaminergic deficiencies were measured with apomorphine-induced rotations and post-mortem striatal DA content. We observed a strong relationship between [18 F]FMT and [18 F]FDOPA estimates of decreased uptake in the denervated striatum using the tissue-derived uptake rate constant Kc . However, only [18 F]FMT Kc succeeded to discriminate between the partial and the full 6-OHDA lesion and correlated well with the post-mortem striatal DA content. This study indicates that the [18 F]FMT could be more sensitive, with respect of [18 F]FDOPA, to investigate DA terminals loss in 6-OHDA rats, and open the way to in vivo L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase activity targeting in future investigations on progressive PD models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anne Michel
- Neurosciences TA Biology, UCB Pharma, Braine L'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Fabian Hustadt
- Neurosciences TA Biology, UCB Pharma, Braine L'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Gaëtan Garraux
- GIGA - CRC In vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - André Luxen
- GIGA - CRC In vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Alain Plenevaux
- GIGA - CRC In vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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7
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Kanazawa M, Ohba H, Nishiyama S, Kakiuchi T, Tsukada H. Effect of MPTP on Serotonergic Neuronal Systems and Mitochondrial Complex I Activity in the Living Brain: A PET Study on Conscious Rhesus Monkeys. J Nucl Med 2017; 58:1111-1116. [PMID: 28280215 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.116.189159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present PET study was to compare the effect of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) on serotonergic neuronal systems and mitochondrial complex I (MC-I) activity with that of dopamine in conscious rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Methods: A Parkinson disease monkey model was prepared by repeated administration of MPTP. For the PET measurements, normal and MPTP-treated conscious monkeys received an intravenous injection of 11C-DASB for serotonin transporter, 18F-MPPF for serotonin 1A receptor, 11C-PE2I for dopamine transporter, 11C-6MemTyr for dopamine synthesis, 11C-raclopride for dopamine D2 receptor, or 18F-BCPP-EF for MC-I. Serotonin and dopamine parameters were calculated using time-activity curves in the cerebellum as the input function. The total distribution volume of 18F-BCPP-EF was assessed using Logan plot graphical analysis with metabolite-corrected plasma as the input function. Results: MPTP-induced diffuse reductions in MC-I activity were observed throughout the brain, except the cerebellum. Significant reductions in the presynaptic dopamine parameters-dopamine transporter and dopamine synthesis-were detected in the striatum and substantia nigra pars compacta of MPTP-treated monkeys, whereas no significant differences in postsynaptic dopamine D2 receptor binding were observed. Serotonin transporter binding was reduced by MPTP not only in striatal regions but also in extrastriatal regions. In contrast, serotonin 1A receptor binding was unaffected by MPTP anywhere in the brain. In the cortex, the reduction of serotonin transporter binding correlated with that of MC-I. Conclusion: The results obtained by multiparametric PET measurements in a Parkinson disease monkey model demonstrated that chronic MPTP treatment induced reductions not only in the dopaminergic system in the nigrostriatal pathway but also in serotonin transporter in the cortical and subcortical regions. These results suggest that the neurotoxicity of MPTP is not exclusive to the nigrostriatal pathway, as predicted from MC-I damage in the extrastriatal regions of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakatsu Kanazawa
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ohba
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Shingo Nishiyama
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takeharu Kakiuchi
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hideo Tsukada
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
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8
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Bizzarri BM, Martini A, Serafini F, Aversa D, Piccinino D, Botta L, Berretta N, Guatteo E, Saladino R. Tyrosinase mediated oxidative functionalization in the synthesis of DOPA-derived peptidomimetics with anti-Parkinson activity. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra03326e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
DOPA-derived peptidomimetics are an attractive therapeutic tool for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno M. Bizzarri
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB)
- University of Tuscia
- 01100 Viterbo
- Italy
| | - Alessandro Martini
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology
- Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS
- 00143 Roma
- Italy
| | - Francesco Serafini
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB)
- University of Tuscia
- 01100 Viterbo
- Italy
| | - Daniela Aversa
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology
- Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS
- 00143 Roma
- Italy
| | - Davide Piccinino
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB)
- University of Tuscia
- 01100 Viterbo
- Italy
| | - Lorenzo Botta
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB)
- University of Tuscia
- 01100 Viterbo
- Italy
| | - Nicola Berretta
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology
- Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS
- 00143 Roma
- Italy
| | - Ezia Guatteo
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology
- Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS
- 00143 Roma
- Italy
- University of Naples Parthenope
| | - Raffaele Saladino
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences (DEB)
- University of Tuscia
- 01100 Viterbo
- Italy
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Tsukada H, Kanazawa M, Ohba H, Nishiyama S, Harada N, Kakiuchi T. PET Imaging of Mitochondrial Complex I with 18F-BCPP-EF in the Brains of MPTP-Treated Monkeys. J Nucl Med 2016; 57:950-3. [PMID: 26912430 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.115.169615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED (18)F-BCPP-EF was applied to assess mitochondrial complex I (MC-I) activity in the brains of Parkinson disease model monkeys prepared by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and also presynaptic dopamine parameters. METHODS (11)C-β-CFT for the dopamine transporter; (11)C-3,4-dihydroxy-phenyl-L-alanine (β-(11)C-L-DOPA), L-6-(18)F-fluorodopa ((18)F-FDOPA), or 6-(11)C-methyl-m-tyrosine ((11)C-6MemTyr) for dopamine synthesis; or 2-tert-butyl-4-chrolo-5-{6-[2-(2-(18)F-fluoroethoxy)-ethoxy]-pyridin-3-ylmethoxy}-2H-pyridazin-3-one ((18)F-BCPP-EF) for MC-I was intravenously injected into normal and MPTP monkeys in order to analyze their uptake in the striatum. RESULTS Significant reductions in presynaptic dopamine parameters and MC-I activity were detected in the striatum of MPTP monkeys. Correlations were observed between MC-I activity and dopamine transporter as well as between MC-I activity and dopamine synthesis in the striatum. The order of detectability of impaired MC-I activity was (11)C-6MemTyr >> β-(11)C-L-DOPA > (18)F-FDOPA. CONCLUSION (18)F-BCPP-EF has potential as a PET probe for the quantitative imaging of MC-I damage in the living brains of Parkinson disease model monkeys using PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Tsukada
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Masakatsu Kanazawa
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ohba
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Shingo Nishiyama
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Norihiro Harada
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takeharu Kakiuchi
- Central Research Laboratory, Hamamatsu Photonics K.K., Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
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