1
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Hunter C, Larimer B. Chemokine receptor PET imaging: Bridging molecular insights with clinical applications. Nucl Med Biol 2024; 134-135:108912. [PMID: 38691942 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2024.108912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Chemokine receptors are important components of cellular signaling and play a critical role in directing leukocytes during inflammatory reactions. Their importance extends to numerous pathological processes, including tumor differentiation, angiogenesis, metastasis, and associations with multiple inflammatory disorders. The necessity to monitor the in vivo interactions of cellular chemokine receptors has been driven the recent development of novel positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agents. This imaging modality provides non-invasive localization and quantitation of these receptors that cannot be provided through blood or tissue-based assays. Herein, we provide a review of PET imaging of the chemokine receptors that have been imaged to date, namely CXCR3, CXCR4, CCR2, CCR5, and CMKLR1. The quantification of these receptors can aid in understanding various diseases, including cancer, atherosclerosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The development of specific radiotracers targeting these receptors will be discussed, including promising results for disease diagnosis and management. However, challenges persist in fully translating these imaging advancements into practical therapeutic applications. Given the success of CXCR4 PET imaging to date, future research should focus on clinical translation of these approaches to understand their role in the management of a wide variety of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanelle Hunter
- Graduate Biomedical Sciences Cancer Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Benjamin Larimer
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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2
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Le Roy MM, Claes S, Saffon-Merceron N, Schols D, Troadec T, Tripier R. Selective synthesis of an elusive C-functional bis-cyclam and study of its inhibition of the CXCR4 chemokine receptor. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:3059-3067. [PMID: 38545887 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob02050a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
This article presents the controlled synthesis of a rare example of C,C'-linked bis-cyclam architecture in mild conditions through the "bis-aminal" route previously used for the advantageous synthesis of cyclam, N- and C-functional cyclams and N,N'-bis-cyclams. Two synthetic pathways were explored with the smart design of α,β-unsaturated ketones or alkyl halides bis-cyclizing agents. The first led to the isolation of a key intermediate for the future design of N-functionalized bis-cyclams, whereas the second allowed the preparation of the targeted C,C'-xylylene-bis-cyclam under mild conditions with decent yield. This compound was then studied as a CXCR4 receptor inhibitor, one of the main applications known for bis-macrocyclic compounds, in particular in the context of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection. Although results demonstrated that its potency is lower (i.e. 137-fold higher IC50) than the gold standard AMD3100 against HIV infection, clear evidence of CXCR4 inhibition is presented, confirming the potential of this novel architecture and related compounds in this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie M Le Roy
- Univ Brest, UMR CNRS 6521 CEMCA, 6 Avenue Victor le Gorgeu, 29200 Brest, France.
| | - Sandra Claes
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Dominique Schols
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thibault Troadec
- Univ Brest, UMR CNRS 6521 CEMCA, 6 Avenue Victor le Gorgeu, 29200 Brest, France.
| | - Raphaël Tripier
- Univ Brest, UMR CNRS 6521 CEMCA, 6 Avenue Victor le Gorgeu, 29200 Brest, France.
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3
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Alzahrani SO, McRobbie G, Khan A, D'huys T, Van Loy T, Walker AN, Renard I, Hubin TJ, Schols D, Burke BP, Archibald SJ. trans-IV restriction: a new configuration for metal bis-cyclam complexes as potent CXCR4 inhibitors. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:5616-5623. [PMID: 38439632 PMCID: PMC10949960 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01729j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CXCR4 is implicated in multiple diseases including inflammatory disorders, cancer growth and metastasis, and HIV/AIDS. CXCR4 targeting has been evaluated in treating cancer metastasis and therapy resistance. Cyclam derivatives, most notably AMD3100 (Plerixafor™), are a common motif in small molecule CXCR4 antagonists. However, AMD3100 has not been shown to be effective in cancer treatment as an individual agent. Configurational restriction and transition metal complex formation increases receptor binding affinity and residence time. In the present study, we have synthesized novel trans-IV locked cyclam-based CXCR4 inhibitors, a previously unexploited configuration, and demonstrated their higher affinity for CXCR4 binding and CXCL12-mediated signaling inhibition compared to AMD3100. These results pave the way for even more potent CXCR4 inhibitors that may provide significant efficacy in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seraj O Alzahrani
- Centre for Biomedicine and Positron Emission Tomography Research Centre, Hull York Medical School and University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK.
| | - Graeme McRobbie
- Centre for Biomedicine and Positron Emission Tomography Research Centre, Hull York Medical School and University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK.
| | - Abid Khan
- Centre for Biomedicine and Positron Emission Tomography Research Centre, Hull York Medical School and University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK.
- The University of Manchester, Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester, UK
| | - Thomas D'huys
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tom Van Loy
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ashlie N Walker
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, Weatherford, OK 73096, USA
| | - Isaline Renard
- Centre for Biomedicine and Positron Emission Tomography Research Centre, Hull York Medical School and University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK.
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Timothy J Hubin
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, Weatherford, OK 73096, USA
| | - Dominique Schols
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Benjamin P Burke
- Centre for Biomedicine and Positron Emission Tomography Research Centre, Hull York Medical School and University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK.
| | - Stephen J Archibald
- Centre for Biomedicine and Positron Emission Tomography Research Centre, Hull York Medical School and University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK.
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, 4th Floor Lambeth Wing, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
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4
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Garcia L, Koper MR, Mondal S, Priddle JT, Truong WA, Allbritton EMA, McAdoo AG, Cannon-Smith DJ, Funwie NL, Hoang T, Kim I, Hubin DJ, Krause JA, Oliver AG, Prior TJ, Hubin TJ. Earth Abundant Oxidation Catalysts for Removal of Contaminants of Emerging Concern from Wastewater: Homogeneous Catalytic Screening of Monomeric Complexes. Molecules 2023; 28:6466. [PMID: 37764242 PMCID: PMC10536317 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Twenty novel Mn, Fe, and Cu complexes of ethylene cross-bridged tetraazamacrocycles with potentially copolymerizable allyl and benzyl pendant arms were synthesized and characterized. Multiple X-ray crystal structures demonstrate the cis-folded pseudo-octahedral geometry forced by the rigidifying ethylene cross-bridge and show that two cis coordination cites are available for interaction with substrate and oxidant. The Cu complexes were used to determine kinetic stability under harsh acidic and high-temperature conditions, which revealed that the cyclam-based ligands provide superior stabilization with half-lives of many minutes or even hours in 5 M HCl at 50-90 °C. Cyclic voltammetry studies of the Fe and Mn complexes reveal reversible redox processes indicating stabilization of Fe2+/Fe3+ and Mn2+/Mn3+/Mn4+ oxidation states, indicating the likelihood of catalytic oxidation for these complexes. Finally, dye-bleaching experiments with methylene blue, methyl orange, and rhodamine B demonstrate efficient catalytic decolorization and allow selection of the most successful monomeric catalysts for copolymerization to produce future heterogeneous water purification materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Garcia
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, Weatherford, OK 73096, USA
| | - Makynna R. Koper
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, Weatherford, OK 73096, USA
| | - Somrita Mondal
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, Weatherford, OK 73096, USA
| | - Joshua T. Priddle
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, Weatherford, OK 73096, USA
| | - William A. Truong
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, Weatherford, OK 73096, USA
| | | | - Ashtyn G. McAdoo
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, Weatherford, OK 73096, USA
| | - Desiray J. Cannon-Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, Weatherford, OK 73096, USA
| | - Neil L. Funwie
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, Weatherford, OK 73096, USA
| | - Tuyet Hoang
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, Weatherford, OK 73096, USA
| | - Inseo Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, Weatherford, OK 73096, USA
| | - David J. Hubin
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, Weatherford, OK 73096, USA
| | - Jeanette A. Krause
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
| | - Allen G. Oliver
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Timothy J. Prior
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, University of Hull, Kingston Upon Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Timothy J. Hubin
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, Weatherford, OK 73096, USA
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5
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Wang Y, Gao F. Research Progress of CXCR4-Targeting Radioligands for Oncologic Imaging. Korean J Radiol 2023; 24:871-889. [PMID: 37634642 PMCID: PMC10462898 DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2023.0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) plays a key role in various physiological functions, such as immune processes and disease development, and can influence angiogenesis, proliferation, and distant metastasis in tumors. Recently, several radioligands, including peptides, small molecules, and nanoclusters, have been developed to target CXCR4 for diagnostic purposes, thereby providing new diagnostic strategies based on CXCR4. Herein, we focus on the recent research progress of CXCR4-targeting radioligands for tumor diagnosis. We discuss their application in the diagnosis of hematological tumors, such as lymphomas, multiple myelomas, chronic lymphocytic leukemias, and myeloproliferative tumors, as well as nonhematological tumors, including tumors of the esophagus, breast, and central nervous system. Additionally, we explored the theranostic applications of CXCR4-targeting radioligands in tumors. Targeting CXCR4 using nuclear medicine shows promise as a method for tumor diagnosis, and further research is warranted to enhance its clinical applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhi Wang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Research Center for Experimental Nuclear Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Research Center for Experimental Nuclear Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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6
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Yu J, Zhou X, Shen L. CXCR4-Targeted Radiopharmaceuticals for the Imaging and Therapy of Malignant Tumors. Molecules 2023; 28:4707. [PMID: 37375261 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4), also known as fusin or CD184, is a 7-transmembrane helix G-protein-coupled receptor that is encoded by the CXCR4 gene. Involved in various physiological processes, CXCR4 could form an interaction with its endogenous partner, chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12), which is also named SDF-1. In the past several decades, the CXCR4/CXCL12 couple has attracted a large amount of research interest due to its critical functions in the occurrence and development of refractory diseases, such as HIV infection, inflammatory diseases, and metastatic cancer, including breast cancer, gastric cancer, and non-small cell lung cancer. Furthermore, overexpression of CXCR4 in tumor tissues was shown to have a high correlation with tumor aggressiveness and elevated risks of metastasis and recurrence. The pivotal roles of CXCR4 have encouraged an effort around the world to investigate CXCR4-targeted imaging and therapeutics. In this review, we would like to summarize the implementation of CXCR4-targeted radiopharmaceuticals in the field of various kinds of carcinomas. The nomenclature, structure, properties, and functions of chemokines and chemokine receptors are briefly introduced. Radiopharmaceuticals that could target CXCR4 will be described in detail according to their structure, such as pentapeptide-based structures, heptapeptide-based structures, nonapeptide-based structures, etc. To make this review a comprehensive and informative article, we would also like to provide the predictive prospects for the CXCR4-targeted species in future clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Yu
- HTA Co., Ltd., Beijing 102413, China
- Department of Nuclear Technology Application, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413, China
| | - Xu Zhou
- HTA Co., Ltd., Beijing 102413, China
| | - Langtao Shen
- HTA Co., Ltd., Beijing 102413, China
- National Isotope Center of Engineering and Technology, China Institute of Atomic Energy, Beijing 102413, China
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7
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Renard I, Domarkas J, Poty S, Burke BP, Roberts DP, Goze C, Denat F, Cawthorne CJ, Archibald SJ. In vivo validation of 68Ga-labeled AMD3100 conjugates for PET imaging of CXCR4. Nucl Med Biol 2023; 120-121:108335. [PMID: 37068392 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2023.108335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The chemokine receptor CXCR4 has been shown to be over-expressed in multiple types of cancer and is usually associated with aggressive phenotypes and poor prognosis. Successfully targeting and imaging the expression level of this receptor in tumours could inform treatment selection and facilitate patient stratification. METHODS Known conjugates of AMD3100 that are specific to CXCR4 have been radiolabelled with gallium-68 and evaluated in naïve and tumour-bearing mice. Tumour uptake of the radiotracers was compared to the known CXCR4-specific PET imaging agent, [68Ga]Pentixafor. RESULTS Ex vivo biodistribution in naïve animals showed CXCR4-mediated uptake in the liver with both radiotracers, confirmed by blocking experiments with the high affinity CXCR4 antagonist Cu2CB-Bicyclam (IC50 = 3 nM). PET/CT imaging studies revealed one tracer to have a higher accumulation in the tumour (SUVMean of 0.89 ± 0.14 vs 0.32 ± 0.11). CXCR4-specificity of the best performing tracer was confirmed by administration of a blocking dose of Cu2CB-Bicyclam, showing a 3- and 6-fold decrease in tumour and liver uptake, respectively. CONCLUSION AND ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE This initial study offers some interesting insights on the impact of some structural features on the pharmacokinetics and metabolic stability of the radiotracer. Additionally, as Pentixafor only binds to human CXCR4, the development of CXCR4-targeted imaging agents that bind to the receptor across different species could significantly help with preclinical evaluation of new CXCR4-specific therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaline Renard
- Centre for Biomedicine and PET Research Centre, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Juozas Domarkas
- Centre for Biomedicine and PET Research Centre, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Sophie Poty
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR 6302, CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Benjamin P Burke
- Centre for Biomedicine and PET Research Centre, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - David P Roberts
- Centre for Biomedicine and PET Research Centre, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Christine Goze
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR 6302, CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.
| | - Franck Denat
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR 6302, CNRS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.
| | - Christopher J Cawthorne
- Centre for Biomedicine and PET Research Centre, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK; Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging & Pathology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Stephen J Archibald
- Centre for Biomedicine and PET Research Centre, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK.
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8
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Walker AN, Ayala MA, Mondal S, Bergagnini MC, Bui PJD, Chidester SN, Doeden CI, Esjornson L, Sweany BR, Garcia L, Krause JA, Oliver AG, Prior TJ, Hubin TJ. A Bridge too Far? Comparison of Transition Metal Complexes of Dibenzyltetraazamacrocycles with and without Ethylene Cross-Bridges: X-ray Crystal Structures, Kinetic Stability, and Electronic Properties. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020895. [PMID: 36677952 PMCID: PMC9863842 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Tetraazamacrocycles, cyclic molecules with four nitrogen atoms, have long been known to produce highly stable transition metal complexes. Cross-bridging such molecules with two-carbon chains has been shown to enhance the stability of these complexes even further. This provides enough stability to use the resulting compounds in applications as diverse and demanding as aqueous, green oxidation catalysis all the way to drug molecules injected into humans. Although the stability of these compounds is believed to result from the increased rigidity and topological complexity imparted by the cross-bridge, there is insufficient experimental data to exclude other causes. In this study, standard organic and inorganic synthetic methods were used to produce unbridged dibenzyl tetraazamacrocycle complexes of Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn that are analogues of known cross-bridged tetraazamacrocycles and their transition metal complexes to allow direct comparison of molecules that are identical except for the cross-bridge. The syntheses of the known tetraazamacrocycles and the new transition metal complexes were successful with high yields and purity. Initial chemical characterization of the complexes was conducted by UV-Visible spectroscopy, while cyclic voltammetry showed more marked differences in electronic properties from bridged versions. Direct comparison studies of the unbridged and bridged compounds' kinetic stabilities, as demonstrated by decomposition using high acid concentration and elevated temperature, showed that the cyclen-based complex stability did not benefit from cross-bridging. This is likely due to poor complementarity with the Cu2+ ion while cyclam-based complexes benefited greatly. We conclude that ligand-metal complementarity must be maintained in order for the topological and rigidity constraints imparted by the cross-bridge to contribute significantly to complex robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlie N. Walker
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, Weatherford, OK 73096, USA
| | - Megan A. Ayala
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, Weatherford, OK 73096, USA
| | - Somrita Mondal
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, Weatherford, OK 73096, USA
| | - Mackenzie C. Bergagnini
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, Weatherford, OK 73096, USA
| | - Phuong John D. Bui
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, Weatherford, OK 73096, USA
| | - Stephanie N. Chidester
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, Weatherford, OK 73096, USA
| | - Chad I. Doeden
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, Weatherford, OK 73096, USA
| | - Louise Esjornson
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, Weatherford, OK 73096, USA
| | - Brian R. Sweany
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, Weatherford, OK 73096, USA
| | - Leslie Garcia
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, Weatherford, OK 73096, USA
| | - Jeanette A. Krause
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45220, USA
| | - Allen G. Oliver
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Timothy J. Prior
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, University of Hull, Kingston Upon Hull HU6 7RX, UK
- Correspondence: (T.J.P.); (T.J.H.)
| | - Timothy J. Hubin
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, Weatherford, OK 73096, USA
- Correspondence: (T.J.P.); (T.J.H.)
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9
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Synthesis and Characterization of Late Transition Metal Complexes of Mono-Acetate Pendant Armed Ethylene Cross-Bridged Tetraazamacrocycles with Promise as Oxidation Catalysts for Dye Bleaching. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 28:molecules28010232. [PMID: 36615426 PMCID: PMC9822179 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Ethylene cross-bridged tetraazamacrocycles are known to produce kinetically stable transition metal complexes that can act as robust oxidation catalysts under harsh aqueous conditions. We have synthesized ligand analogs with single acetate pendant arms that act as pentadentate ligands to Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn. These complexes have been synthesized and characterized, including the structural characterization of four Co and Cu complexes. Cyclic voltammetry demonstrates that multiple oxidation states are stabilized by these rigid, bicyclic ligands. Yet, redox potentials of the metal complexes are modified compared to the "parent" ligands due to the pendant acetate arm. Similarly, gains in kinetic stability under harsh acidic conditions, compared to parent complexes without the pendant acetate arm, were demonstrated by a half-life seven times longer for the cyclam copper complex. Due to the reversible, high oxidation states available for the Mn and Fe complexes, the Mn and Fe complexes were examined as catalysts for the bleaching of three commonly used pollutant model dyes (methylene blue, methyl orange, and Rhodamine B) in water with hydrogen peroxide as oxidant. The efficient bleaching of these dyes was observed.
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10
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Juengling FD, Wuest F, Kalra S, Agosta F, Schirrmacher R, Thiel A, Thaiss W, Müller HP, Kassubek J. Simultaneous PET/MRI: The future gold standard for characterizing motor neuron disease-A clinico-radiological and neuroscientific perspective. Front Neurol 2022; 13:890425. [PMID: 36061999 PMCID: PMC9428135 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.890425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging assessment of motor neuron disease has turned into a cornerstone of its clinical workup. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), as a paradigmatic motor neuron disease, has been extensively studied by advanced neuroimaging methods, including molecular imaging by MRI and PET, furthering finer and more specific details of the cascade of ALS neurodegeneration and symptoms, facilitated by multicentric studies implementing novel methodologies. With an increase in multimodal neuroimaging data on ALS and an exponential improvement in neuroimaging technology, the need for harmonization of protocols and integration of their respective findings into a consistent model becomes mandatory. Integration of multimodal data into a model of a continuing cascade of functional loss also calls for the best attempt to correlate the different molecular imaging measurements as performed at the shortest inter-modality time intervals possible. As outlined in this perspective article, simultaneous PET/MRI, nowadays available at many neuroimaging research sites, offers the perspective of a one-stop shop for reproducible imaging biomarkers on neuronal damage and has the potential to become the new gold standard for characterizing motor neuron disease from the clinico-radiological and neuroscientific perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freimut D. Juengling
- Division of Oncologic Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Frank Wuest
- Division of Oncologic Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Sanjay Kalra
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Federica Agosta
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, University Vita Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Ralf Schirrmacher
- Division of Oncologic Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Medical Isotope and Cyclotron Facility, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Alexander Thiel
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Wolfgang Thaiss
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Müller
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jan Kassubek
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
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11
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Shircliff AD, Allbritton EMA, Davilla DJ, Gorbet MJ, Jones DG, Tresp DS, Allen MB, Shrestha A, Burgess GE, Eze JI, Fernandez AT, Ramirez D, Shoff KJ, Crispin GG, Crone SB, Flinn M, Tran T, Bryce DS, Bond AL, Shockey DW, Oliver AG, Krause JA, Prior TJ, Hubin TJ. Expanding and quantifying the crystal chemistry of the flexible ligand 15aneN5. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce01534f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
15aneN5 is structurally characterized complexed to Cr3+, Mn3+, Fe3+, Co3+, and Cu2+ for the first time. Ru3+ complexation yields a Ru2+ diimine structure. A geometric factor quantifies the coordination geometry of the ligand in its complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D. Shircliff
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, OK, USA
| | - Elisabeth M. A. Allbritton
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, OK, USA
| | - Dustin J. Davilla
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, OK, USA
| | - Michael-Joseph Gorbet
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, OK, USA
| | - Donald G. Jones
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, OK, USA
| | - David S. Tresp
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, OK, USA
| | - Michael B. Allen
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, OK, USA
| | - Alina Shrestha
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, OK, USA
| | - Gwendolyn E. Burgess
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, OK, USA
| | - John I. Eze
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, OK, USA
| | - Andrea T. Fernandez
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, OK, USA
| | - Daniel Ramirez
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, OK, USA
| | - Kody J. Shoff
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, OK, USA
| | - Garet G. Crispin
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, OK, USA
| | - Sarah B. Crone
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, OK, USA
| | - Michael Flinn
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, OK, USA
| | - Tien Tran
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, OK, USA
| | - Darby S. Bryce
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, OK, USA
| | - Abbagale L. Bond
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, OK, USA
| | - Dylan W. Shockey
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, OK, USA
| | - Allen G. Oliver
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | | | - Timothy J. Prior
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Kingston Upon Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Timothy J. Hubin
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, OK, USA
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12
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Schottelius M, Herrmann K, Lapa C. In Vivo Targeting of CXCR4-New Horizons. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5920. [PMID: 34885030 PMCID: PMC8656854 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13235920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Given its pre-eminent role in the context of tumor cell growth as well as metastasis, the C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) has attracted a lot of interest in the field of nuclear oncology, and clinical evidence on the high potential of CXCR4-targeted theranostics is constantly accumulating. Additionally, since CXCR4 also represents a key player in the orchestration of inflammatory responses to inflammatory stimuli, based on its expression on a variety of pro- and anti-inflammatory immune cells (e.g., macrophages and T-cells), CXCR4-targeted inflammation imaging has recently gained considerable attention. Therefore, after briefly summarizing the current clinical status quo of CXCR4-targeted theranostics in cancer, this review primarily focuses on imaging of a broad spectrum of inflammatory diseases via the quantification of tissue infiltration with CXCR4-expressing immune cells. An up-to-date overview of the ongoing preclinical and clinical efforts to visualize inflammation and its resolution over time is provided, and the predictive value of the CXCR4-associated imaging signal for disease outcome is discussed. Since the sensitivity and specificity of CXCR4-targeted immune cell imaging greatly relies on the availability of suitable, tailored imaging probes, recent developments in the field of CXCR4-targeted imaging agents for various applications are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margret Schottelius
- Translational Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Nuclear Medicine and of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), University of Lausanne (UNIL), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ken Herrmann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK)-University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - Constantin Lapa
- Nuclear Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, 86156 Augsburg, Germany
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13
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Luyten K, Van Loy T, Cawthorne C, Deroose CM, Schols D, Bormans G, Cleeren F. D-Peptide-Based Probe for CXCR4-Targeted Molecular Imaging and Radionuclide Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13101619. [PMID: 34683912 PMCID: PMC8537445 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of the C-X-C chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) with [68Ga]PentixaFor has intrinsic diagnostic value and is used to select patients for personalized CXCR4-targeted radionuclide therapy with its therapeutic radiopharmaceutical companion [177Lu]PentixaTher. However, a CXCR4-targeting radiopharmaceutical labeled with fluorine-18 is still of high value due to its favorable characteristics over gallium-68. Furthermore, clinical results with [177Lu]PentixaTher are promising, but there is still room for improvement regarding pharmacokinetics and dosimetry profile. Therefore, this study aimed to develop innovative CXCR4-targeting radiopharmaceuticals, both for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, starting from a D-amino acid-based peptide probe (DV1-k-(DV3)) that conserves high CXCR4 binding affinity after radiolabeling. AlF-NOTA-DV1-k-(DV3) showed similar in vitro binding affinity to human CXCR4 (hCXCR4) compared to [natGa]PentixaFor (half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50): 5.3 ± 0.9 nM and 8.6 ± 1.1 nM, respectively) and also binds to murine CXCR4 (mCXCR4) (IC50: 33.4 ± 13.5 nM) while [natGa]PentixaFor is selective for hCXCR4 (IC50 > 1000 nM for mCXCR4). Both the diagnostic radiotracers based on the DV1-k-(DV3) vector platform, [18F]AlF-NOTA-DV1-k-(DV3) and [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-DV1-k-(DV3), and their therapeutic companion [177Lu]Lu-DOTA-DV1-k-(DV3) were successfully produced in high yield, demonstrated high in vitro and in vivo stability, and have the same favorable pharmacokinetic profile. Furthermore, in wild-type mice and a hCXCR4-expressing tumor model, [18F]AlF-NOTA-DV1-k-(DV3) shows CXCR4-specific targeting in mCXCR4-expressing organs such as liver (mean standardized uptake value (SUVmean) 8.2 ± 1.0 at 75 min post-injection (p.i.)), spleen (SUVmean 2.5 ± 1.0 at 75 min p.i.), and bone (SUVmean 0.4 ± 0.1 at 75 min p.i., femur harboring bone marrow) that can be blocked with the CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100. However, in a hCXCR4-expressing tumor model, tumor uptake of [18F]AlF-NOTA-DV1-k-(DV3) was significantly lower (SUVmean 0.6 ± 0.2) compared to [68Ga]PentixaFor (SUVmean 2.9). This might be explained by the high affinity of [18F]AlF-NOTA-DV1-k-(DV3) toward both mCXCR4 and hCXCR4. High mCXCR4 expression in mouse liver results in a large fraction of [18F]AlF-NOTA-DV1-k-(DV3) that is sequestered to the liver, resulting despite its similar in vitro affinity for hCXCR4, in lower tumor accumulation compared to [68Ga]PentixaFor. As CXCR4 is not expressed in healthy human liver, the findings in mice are not predictive for the potential clinical performance of this novel class of CXCR4-targeting radiotracers. In conclusion, the DV1-k-(DV3) scaffold is a promising vector platform for translational CXCR4-directed research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaat Luyten
- Laboratory for Radiopharmaceutical Research, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (K.L.); (G.B.)
| | - Tom Van Loy
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (T.V.L.); (D.S.)
| | - Christopher Cawthorne
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (C.C.); (C.M.D.)
| | - Christophe M. Deroose
- Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (C.C.); (C.M.D.)
| | - Dominique Schols
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (T.V.L.); (D.S.)
| | - Guy Bormans
- Laboratory for Radiopharmaceutical Research, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (K.L.); (G.B.)
| | - Frederik Cleeren
- Laboratory for Radiopharmaceutical Research, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (K.L.); (G.B.)
- Correspondence:
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14
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Baghdadi NE, Burke BP, Alresheedi T, Nigam S, Saeed A, Almutairi F, Domarkas J, Khan A, Archibald SJ. Multivalency in CXCR4 chemokine receptor targeted iron oxide nanoparticles. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:1599-1603. [PMID: 33502425 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02626c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The CXCR4 chemokine receptor is an important biomolecular target in cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. In a new multivalent approach, iron oxide nanoparticles were conjugated with multiple binding units of a low affinity azamacrocylic CXCR4 antagonist. The silica coated nanostructure has good suspension stability, a mode size of 72 nm and high affinity for CXCR4, showing >98% inhibition of anti-CXCR4 mAb binding in a receptor binding competition assay on Jurkat cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neazar E Baghdadi
- Centre of Nanotechnology, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia and Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK.
| | - Benjamin P Burke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and PET Research Centre, University of Hull Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Tahani Alresheedi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK. and Department of Biomedical Sciences and PET Research Centre, University of Hull Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK and Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Art, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shubhanchi Nigam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK. and Department of Biomedical Sciences and PET Research Centre, University of Hull Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Abdu Saeed
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farooq Almutairi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK. and College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hafar Al-Batin, Hafar Al-Batin, Saudi Arabia
| | - Juozas Domarkas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK. and Department of Biomedical Sciences and PET Research Centre, University of Hull Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Abid Khan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and PET Research Centre, University of Hull Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK and Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Stephen J Archibald
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK. and Department of Biomedical Sciences and PET Research Centre, University of Hull Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
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15
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Vaughn BA, Brown AM, Ahn SH, Robinson JR, Boros E. Is Less More? Influence of the Coordination Geometry of Copper(II) Picolinate Chelate Complexes on Metabolic Stability. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:16095-16108. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brett A. Vaughn
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Alexander M. Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Shin Hye Ahn
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
| | - Jerome R. Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Eszter Boros
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States
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Positron Emission Tomography for Response Evaluation in Microenvironment-Targeted Anti-Cancer Therapy. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8090371. [PMID: 32972006 PMCID: PMC7556039 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8090371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic response is evaluated using the diameter of tumors and quantitative parameters of 2-[18F] fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET). Tumor response to molecular-targeted drugs and immune checkpoint inhibitors is different from conventional chemotherapy in terms of temporal metabolic alteration and morphological change after the therapy. Cancer stem cells, immunologically competent cells, and metabolism of cancer are considered targets of novel therapy. Accumulation of FDG reflects the glucose metabolism of cancer cells as well as immune cells in the tumor microenvironment, which differs among patients according to the individual immune function; however, FDG-PET could evaluate the viability of the tumor as a whole. On the other hand, specific imaging and cell tracking of cancer cell or immunological cell subsets does not elucidate tumor response in a complexed interaction in the tumor microenvironment. Considering tumor heterogeneity and individual variation in therapeutic response, a radiomics approach with quantitative features of multimodal images and deep learning algorithm with reference to pathologic and genetic data has the potential to improve response assessment for emerging cancer therapy.
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Shircliff AD, Burke BP, Davilla DJ, Burgess GE, Okorocha FA, Shrestha A, Allbritton EMA, Nguyen PT, Lamar RL, Jones DG, Gorbet MJ, Allen MB, Eze JI, Fernandez AT, Ramirez D, Archibald SJ, Prior TJ, Krause JA, Oliver AG, Hubin TJ. An ethylene cross-bridged pentaazamacrocycle and its Cu 2+ complex: constrained ligand topology and excellent kinetic stability. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:7519-7522. [PMID: 32510060 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc00919a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Rigid and topologically constrained ethylene cross-bridged tetraazamacrocycles have been increasingly utilised for thirty years as they form remarkably stable transition metal complexes for catalysis, biomedical imaging, and inorganic drug molecule applications. Extending these benefits to pentaazamacrocycles has been achieved and a first transition metal complex prepared and structurally characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D Shircliff
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Southwestern Oklahoma State University, 100 Campus Drive, Weatherford, OK 73096, USA.
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Osl T, Schmidt A, Schwaiger M, Schottelius M, Wester HJ. A new class of PentixaFor- and PentixaTher-based theranostic agents with enhanced CXCR4-targeting efficiency. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:8264-8280. [PMID: 32724470 PMCID: PMC7381729 DOI: 10.7150/thno.45537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive PET imaging of CXCR4 expression in cancer and inflammation as well as CXCR4-targeted radioligand therapy (RLT) have recently found their way into clinical research by the development of the theranostic agents [68Ga]PentixaFor (cyclo(D-Tyr1-D-[NMe]Orn2(AMBS-[68Ga]DOTA)-Arg3-Nal4-Gly5) = [68Ga]DOTA-AMBS-CPCR4) and [177Lu/90Y]PentixaTher (cyclo(D-3-iodo-Tyr1-D-[NMe]Orn2(AMBS-[177Lu/90Y]DOTA)-Arg3-Nal4-Gly5) = [177Lu/90Y]DOTA-AMBS-iodoCPCR4). Although convincing clinical results have already been obtained with both agents, this study was designed to further investigate the required structural elements for improved ligand-receptor interaction for both peptide cores (CPCR4 and iodoCPCR4). To this aim, a series of DOTA-conjugated CPCR4- and iodoCPCR4-based ligands with new linker structures, replacing the AMBA-linker in PentixaFor and PentixaTher, were synthesized and evaluated. Methods: The in vitro investigation of the novel compounds alongside with the reference peptides PentixaFor and PentixaTher encompassed the determination of hCXCR4 and mCXCR4 affinity (IC50) of the respective natGa-, natLu-, natY- and natBi-complexes in Jurkat and Eμ-myc 1080 cells using [125I]FC-131 and [125I]CPCR4.3 as radioligands, respectively, as well as the evaluation of the internalization and externalization kinetics of selected 68Ga- and 177Lu-labeled compounds in hCXCR4-transfected Chem-1 cells. Comparative small animal PET imaging studies (1h p.i.) as well as in vivo biodistribution studies (1, 6 and 48h p.i.) were performed in Daudi (human B cell lymphoma) xenograft bearing CB17 SCID mice. Results: Based on the affinity data and cellular uptake studies, [68Ga/177Lu]DOTA-r-a-ABA-CPCR4 and [68Ga/177Lu]DOTA-r-a-ABA-iodoCPCR4 (with r-a-ABA = D-Arg-D-Ala-4-aminobenzoyl-) were selected for further evaluation. Both analogs show app. 10-fold enhanced hCXCR4 affinity compared to the respective references [68Ga]PentixaFor and [177Lu]PentixaTher, four times higher cellular uptake in hCXCR4 expressing cells and improved cellular retention. Unfortunately, the improved in vitro binding and uptake characteristics of [68Ga]DOTA-r-a-ABA-CPCR4 and -iodoCPCR4 could not be recapitulated in initial PET imaging studies; both compounds showed similar uptake in the Daudi xenografts as [68Ga]PentixaFor, alongside with higher background accumulation, especially in the kidneys. However, the subsequent biodistribution studies performed for the corresponding 177Lu-labeled analogs revealed a clear superiority of [177Lu]DOTA-r-a-ABA-CPCR4 and [177Lu]DOTA-r-a-ABA-iodoCPCR4 over [177Lu]PentixaTher with respect to tumor uptake (18.3±3.7 and 17.2±2.0 %iD/g, respectively, at 1h p.i. vs 12.4±3.7%iD/g for [177Lu]PentixaTher) as well as activity retention in tumor up to 48h. Especially for [177Lu]DOTA-r-a-ABA-CPCR4 with its low background accumulation, tumor/organ ratios at 48h were 2- to 4-fold higher than those obtained for [177Lu]PentixaTher (except for kidney). Conclusions: The in-depth evaluation of a series of novel CPCR4- and iodoCPCR4 analogs with modified linker structure has yielded reliable structure-activity relationships. It was generally observed that a) AMBA-by-ABA-substitution leads to enhanced ligand internalization, b) the extension of the ABA-linker by two additional amino acids (DOTA-Xaa2-Xaa1-ABA-) provides sufficient linker length to minimize the interaction of the [M3+]DOTA-chelate with the receptor, and that c) introduction of a cationic side chain (Xaa2) greatly enhances receptor affinity of the constructs, obliterating the necessity for Tyr1-iodination of the pentapeptide core to maintain high receptor affinity (such as in [177Lu]PentixaTher). As a result, [177Lu]DOTA-r-a-ABA-CPCR4 has emerged from this study as a powerful second-generation therapeutic CXCR4 ligand with greatly improved targeting efficiency and tumor retention and will be further evaluated in preclinical and clinical CXCR4-targeted dosimetry and RLT studies.
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Renard I, Archibald SJ. CXCR4-targeted metal complexes for molecular imaging. Med Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adioch.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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