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Woods JJ, Cosby AG, Wacker JN, Aguirre Quintana LM, Peterson A, Minasian SG, Abergel RJ. Macrocyclic 1,2-Hydroxypyridinone-Based Chelators as Potential Ligands for Thorium-227 and Zirconium-89 Radiopharmaceuticals. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:20721-20732. [PMID: 37590371 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Thorium-227 (227Th) is an α-emitting radionuclide that has shown preclinical and clinical promise for use in targeted α-therapy (TAT), a type of molecular radiopharmaceutical treatment that harnesses high energy α particles to eradicate cancerous lesions. Despite these initial successes, there still exists a need for bifunctional chelators that can stably bind thorium in vivo. Toward this goal, we have prepared two macrocyclic chelators bearing 1,2-hydroxypyridinone groups. Both chelators can be synthesized in less than six steps from readily available starting materials, which is an advantage over currently available platforms. The complex formation constants (log βmlh) of these ligands with Zr4+ and Th4+, measured by spectrophotometric titrations, are greater than 34 for both chelators, indicating the formation of exceedingly stable complexes. Radiolabeling studies were performed to show that these ligands can bind [227Th]Th4+ at concentrations as low as 10-6 M, and serum stability experiments demonstrate the high kinetic stability of the formed complexes under biological conditions. Identical experiments with zirconium-89 (89Zr), a positron-emitting radioisotope used for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, demonstrate that these chelators can also effectively bind Zr4+ with high thermodynamic and kinetic stability. Collectively, the data reported herein highlight the suitability of these ligands for use in 89Zr/227Th paired radioimmunotheranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Woods
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alexia G Cosby
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jennifer N Wacker
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Luis M Aguirre Quintana
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Appie Peterson
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Stefan G Minasian
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Rebecca J Abergel
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Nuclear Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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Abou DS, Longtine M, Fears A, Benabdallah N, Unnerstall R, Johnston H, Shim K, Hasson A, Zhang H, Ulmert D, Mangin F, Ozen S, Raibaut L, Brandès S, Meyer M, Chambron JC, Tatum DS, Magda D, Wahl RL, Thorek DLJ. Evaluation of Candidate Theranostics for 227Th/ 89Zr Paired Radioimmunotherapy of Lymphoma. J Nucl Med 2023:jnumed.122.264979. [PMID: 37142300 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.122.264979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
227Th is a promising radioisotope for targeted α-particle therapy. It produces 5 α-particles through its decay, with the clinically approved 223Ra as its first daughter. There is an ample supply of 227Th, allowing for clinical use; however, the chemical challenges of chelating this large tetravalent f-block cation are considerable. Using the CD20-targeting antibody ofatumumab, we evaluated chelation of 227Th4+ for α-particle-emitting and radiotheranostic applications. Methods: We compared 4 bifunctional chelators for thorium radiopharmaceutical preparation: S-2-(4-Isothiocyanatobenzyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane tetraacetic acid (p-SCN-Bn-DOTA), 2-(4-isothicyanatobenzyl)-1,2,7,10,13-hexaazacyclooctadecane-1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaacetic acid (p-SCN-Bn-HEHA), p-isothiacyanatophenyl-1-hydroxy-2-oxopiperidine-desferrioxamine (DFOcyclo*-p-Phe-NCS), and macrocyclic 1,2-HOPO N-hydroxysuccinimide (L804-NHS). Immunoconstructs were evaluated for yield, purity, and stability in vitro and in vivo. Tumor targeting of the lead 227Th-labeled compound in vivo was performed in CD20-expressing models and compared with a companion 89Zr-labeled PET agent. Results: 227Th-labeled ofatumumab-chelator constructs were synthesized to a radiochemical purity of more than 95%, excepting HEHA. 227Th-HEHA-ofatumumab showed moderate in vitro stability. 227Th-DFOcyclo*-ofatumumab presented excellent 227Th labeling efficiency; however, high liver and spleen uptake was revealed in vivo, indicative of aggregation. 227Th-DOTA-ofatumumab labeled poorly, yielding no more than 5%, with low specific activity (0.08 GBq/g) and modest long-term in vitro stability (<80%). 227Th-L804-ofatumumab coordinated 227Th rapidly and efficiently at high yields, purity, and specific activity (8 GBq/g) and demonstrated extended stability. In vivo tumor targeting confirmed the utility of this chelator, and the diagnostic analog, 89Zr-L804-ofatumumab, showed organ distribution matching that of 227Th to delineate SU-DHL-6 tumors. Conclusion: Commercially available and novel chelators for 227Th showed a range of performances. The L804 chelator can be used with potent radiotheranostic capabilities for 89Zr/227Th quantitative imaging and α-particle therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane S Abou
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Mark Longtine
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Amanda Fears
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Nadia Benabdallah
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Ryan Unnerstall
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Hannah Johnston
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Kyuhwan Shim
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Abbie Hasson
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Hanwen Zhang
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - David Ulmert
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Floriane Mangin
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, UMR 7177, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Serife Ozen
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR 6302, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Laurent Raibaut
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, UMR 6302, CNRS, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Stéphane Brandès
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, UMR 7177, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Michel Meyer
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, UMR 7177, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Claude Chambron
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg, UMR 7177, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | | | | | - Richard L Wahl
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Daniel L J Thorek
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri; and
- Siteman Cancer Center, Oncologic Imaging Program, Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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Labadie KP, Lehnert AL, Kenoyer AL, Hamlin DK, Ludwig AD, Utria AF, Daniel SK, Mihailovic TN, Prossnitz A, Orozco JJ, Li Y, Wilbur DS, Miyaoka RS, Park JO. Glypican-3 targeted positron emission tomography detects sub-centimeter tumors in a xenograft model of hepatocellular carcinoma. EJNMMI Res 2023; 13:35. [PMID: 37103671 PMCID: PMC10140215 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-023-00980-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early intrahepatic recurrence is common after surgical resection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and leads to increased morbidity and mortality. Insensitive and nonspecific diagnostic imaging contributes to EIR and results in missed treatment opportunities. In addition, novel modalities are needed to identify targets amenable for targeted molecular therapy. In this study, we evaluated a zirconium-89 radiolabeled glypican-3 (GPC3) targeting antibody conjugate (89Zr-αGPC3) for use in positron emission tomography (PET) for detection of small, GPC3+ HCC in an orthotopic murine model. Athymic nu/J mice received hepG2, a GPC3+ human HCC cell line, into the hepatic subcapsular space. Tumor-bearing mice were imaged by PET/computerized tomography (CT) 4 days after tail vein injection of 89Zr-αGPC3. Livers were then excised for the tumors to be identified, measured, bisected, and then serially sectioned at 500 μm increments. Sensitivity and specificity of PET/CT for 89Zr-αGPC3-avid tumors were assessed using tumor confirmation on histologic sections as the gold standard. RESULTS In tumor-bearing mice, 89Zr-αGPC3 avidly accumulated in the tumor within four hours of injection with ongoing accumulation over time. There was minimal off-target deposition and rapid bloodstream clearance. Thirty-eight of 43 animals had an identifiable tumor on histologic analysis. 89Zr-αGPC3 immuno-PET detected all 38 histologically confirmed tumors with a sensitivity of 100%, with the smallest tumor detected measuring 330 μm in diameter. Tumor-to-liver ratios of 89Zr-αGPC3 uptake were high, creating excellent spatial resolution for ease of tumor detection on PET/CT. Two of five tumors that were observed on PET/CT were not identified on histologic analysis, yielding a specificity of 60%. CONCLUSIONS 89Zr-αGPC3 avidly accumulated in GPC3+ tumors with minimal off-target sequestration. 89Zr-αGPC3 immuno-PET yielded a sensitivity of 100% and detected sub-millimeter tumors. This technology may improve diagnostic sensitivity of small HCC and select GPC3+ tumors for targeted therapy. Human trials are warranted to assess its impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P Labadie
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Health Sciences Bldg. Room BB-442, Box 356410, Seattle, WA, 98195-6410, USA
| | - Adrienne L Lehnert
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Aimee L Kenoyer
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Research Center, 100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Donald K Hamlin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 616 NE Northlake Pl., Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - Andrew D Ludwig
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Health Sciences Bldg. Room BB-442, Box 356410, Seattle, WA, 98195-6410, USA
| | - Alan F Utria
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Health Sciences Bldg. Room BB-442, Box 356410, Seattle, WA, 98195-6410, USA
| | - Sara K Daniel
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Health Sciences Bldg. Room BB-442, Box 356410, Seattle, WA, 98195-6410, USA
| | - Tara N Mihailovic
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Health Sciences Bldg. Room BB-442, Box 356410, Seattle, WA, 98195-6410, USA
| | - Alexander Prossnitz
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 3720 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Johnnie J Orozco
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutch Cancer Research Center, 100 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Yawen Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 616 NE Northlake Pl., Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - D Scott Wilbur
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 616 NE Northlake Pl., Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - Robert S Miyaoka
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - James O Park
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Health Sciences Bldg. Room BB-442, Box 356410, Seattle, WA, 98195-6410, USA.
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Song Y, Zhang YY, Yu Q, Chen T, Wei CG, Zhang R, Hu W, Qian XJ, Zhu Z, Zhang XW, Shen JK. A nomogram based on LI-RADS features, clinical indicators and quantitative contrast-enhanced MRI parameters for predicting glypican-3 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1123141. [PMID: 36824129 PMCID: PMC9941525 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1123141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Noninvasively assessing the tumor biology and microenvironment before treatment is greatly important, and glypican-3 (GPC-3) is a new-generation immunotherapy target for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study investigated the application value of a nomogram based on LI-RADS features, quantitative contrast-enhanced MRI parameters and clinical indicators in the noninvasive preoperative prediction of GPC-3 expression in HCC. Methods and materials We retrospectively reviewed 127 patients with pathologically confirmed solitary HCC who underwent Gd-EOB-DTPA MRI examinations and related laboratory tests. Quantitative contrast-enhanced MRI parameters and clinical indicators were collected by an abdominal radiologist, and LI-RADS features were independently assessed and recorded by three trained intermediate- and senior-level radiologists. The pathological and immunohistochemical results of HCC were determined by two senior pathologists. All patients were divided into a training cohort (88 cases) and validation cohort (39 cases). Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression were performed to identify independent predictors of GPC-3 expression in HCC, and a nomogram model was established in the training cohort. The performance of the nomogram was assessed by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and the calibration curve in the training cohort and validation cohort, respectively. Results Blood products in mass, nodule-in-nodule architecture, mosaic architecture, contrast enhancement ratio (CER), transition phase lesion-liver parenchyma signal ratio (TP-LNR), and serum ferritin (Fer) were independent predictors of GPC-3 expression, with odds ratios (ORs) of 5.437, 10.682, 5.477, 11.788, 0.028, and 1.005, respectively. Nomogram based on LI-RADS features (blood products in mass, nodule-in-nodule architecture and mosaic architecture), quantitative contrast-enhanced MRI parameters (CER and TP-LNR) and clinical indicators (Fer) for predicting GPC-3 expression in HCC was established successfully. The nomogram showed good discrimination (AUC of 0.925 in the training cohort and 0.908 in the validation cohort) and favorable calibration. The diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were 76.9% and 92.3% in the training cohort, 76.8% and 93.8% in the validation cohort respectively. Conclusion The nomogram constructed from LI-RADS features, quantitative contrast-enhanced MRI parameters and clinical indicators has high application value, can accurately predict GPC-3 expression in HCC and may help noninvasively identify potential patients for GPC-3 immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Song
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China,Department of Radiology, Jieshou City People’s Hospital, Fuyang, China
| | - Yue-yue Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qin Yu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China,Department of Radiology, Dongtai City People’s Hospital, Yancheng, China
| | - Tong Chen
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chao-gang Wei
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xu-jun Qian
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhi Zhu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xue-wu Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Jieshou City People’s Hospital, Fuyang, China
| | - Jun-kang Shen
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China,Institute of Imaging Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China,*Correspondence: Jun-kang Shen,
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Song Y, Lu Q, Jiang D, Lan X. Validation and utility of HepG2 xenograft model for hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2023; 50:639-641. [PMID: 36416907 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-022-06043-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yangmeihui Song
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Qiaomiao Lu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Dawei Jiang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China.,Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of the Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoli Lan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China. .,Hubei Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China. .,Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy of the Ministry of Education, Wuhan, 430022, Hubei, China.
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Novel Nanotechnology Approaches to Overcome Drug Resistance in the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Glypican 3 as a Useful Target for Innovative Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710038. [PMID: 36077433 PMCID: PMC9456072 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second most lethal tumor, with a 5-year survival rate of 18%. Early stage HCC is potentially treatable by therapies with curative intent, whereas chemoembolization/radioembolization and systemic therapies are the only therapeutic options for intermediate or advanced HCC. Drug resistance is a critical obstacle in the treatment of HCC that could be overcome by the use of targeted nanoparticle-based therapies directed towards specific tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) to improve drug delivery. Glypican 3 (GPC3) is a member of the glypican family, heparan sulfate proteoglycans bound to the cell surface via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. The high levels of GPC3 detected in HCC and the absence or very low levels in normal and non-malignant liver make GPC3 a promising TAA candidate for targeted nanoparticle-based therapies. The use of nanoparticles conjugated with anti-GPC3 agents may improve drug delivery, leading to a reduction in severe side effects caused by chemotherapy and increased drug release at the tumor site. In this review, we describe the main clinical features of HCC and the common treatment approaches. We propose the proteoglycan GPC3 as a useful TAA for targeted therapies. Finally, we describe nanotechnology approaches for anti-GPC3 drug delivery systems based on NPs for HCC treatment.
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