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Kim E, Shin EK. Double-Edged Network Effects on Disclosing Traumatic Experiences Among Korean "Comfort Women". JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:7728-7753. [PMID: 36748671 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221148218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the effects of social networks on the disclosure of stigmatizing and traumatic sexual assault experiences. We analyzed publicly archived oral histories of Korean "comfort women" from World War II, employing an innovative method combining word embedding analysis, word frequency comparison, and grounded theory. By extracting their significant social relationships from narrated survivor stories, we parsed two distinctive disclosure patterns according to timing of disclosure: early disclosers and late disclosers. The latter were more socially embedded than the former, indicating the constraining aspect of social networks, in which the size of social networks was positively associated with delayed disclosure. Qualitative findings further elaborated that social networks have double-edged effects. Survivors' familial networks functioned as both social constraints and social support for public disclosure. Yet, the late disclosers tend to exploit it more as constraints for the fear of transgenerational transmission of social scorn and stigma. The findings contribute to enhancing a culturally relevant understanding of trauma and the repercussions of human trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjae Kim
- Department of Sociology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun Kyong Shin
- Department of Sociology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
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Taylor-Robinson SD, De Souza Lopes PA, Zdravkov J, Harrison R. Should commercial sex workers have unrestricted healthcare access across the world? Int J Equity Health 2021; 20:237. [PMID: 34717638 PMCID: PMC8556794 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-021-01575-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We argue commercial sex workers have rights to healthcare and psychosocial support. While decriminalization is not legally enacted in most countries, we would suggest these workers rights include freedom from harassment and opportunities to lead healthy lives. The need for healthcare access for all is heightened in the COVID-19 pandemic where some people flout rules on lockdown by engaging with commercial sex workers and may unwittingly spread SARS-CoV-2 in so doing. Unrestricted healthcare access without stigma for commercial sex workers protects them, and has a beneficial societal effect on those who engage with them and on their contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon D Taylor-Robinson
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, St Mary's Hospital Campus, London, W2 1NY, UK.
| | - Paulo A De Souza Lopes
- Department of Medicine, UAI Universidad Abierta Interamericana, C1147 AAH, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jey Zdravkov
- Dean St Sexual Health Clinic, 56 Dean Street, Soho, London, W1D 6AE, UK
| | - Rachel Harrison
- Department of South East Asian Studies, School of Oriental and African Studies, London, WC1H 0XG, UK
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Park SC. Role of Putative Epigenetic Mechanisms in the Intergenerational Transmission of Trauma Effects in "Comfort Women" Survivor Offspring. Psychiatry Investig 2019; 16:475-476. [PMID: 31247708 PMCID: PMC6603702 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2019.05.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Cheol Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Inje University College of Medicine and Haeundae Paik Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
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Lee J, Lee SI. The Author Reply: Major Difficulties in Pursuing Research on Offspring of Former "Comfort Women" in Korea. Psychiatry Investig 2019; 16:477-478. [PMID: 31247709 PMCID: PMC6603701 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2019.5.13.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jeewon Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoung Irene Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
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Lee J, Kwak YS, Kim YJ, Kim EJ, Park EJ, Shin Y, Lee BH, Lee SH, Jung HY, Lee I, Hwang JI, Kim D, Lee SI. Transgenerational Transmission of Trauma: Psychiatric Evaluation of Offspring of Former "Comfort Women," Survivors of the Japanese Military Sexual Slavery during World War II. Psychiatry Investig 2019; 16:249-253. [PMID: 30934192 PMCID: PMC6444093 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2019.01.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
"Comfort women" are survivors of sexual slavery by the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II, who endured extensive trauma including massive rape and physical torture. While previous studies have been focused on the trauma of the survivors themselves, the effects of the trauma on the offspring has never been evaluated before. In this article, we reviewed the first study on the offspring of former "comfort women" and aimed to detect the evidence of transgenerational transmission of trauma. In-depth psychiatric interviews and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Axis I Disorders were conducted with six offspring of former "comfort women." Among the six participants, five suffered from at least one psychiatric disorder including major depressive disorder, panic disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, adjustment disorder, insomnia disorder, somatic symptom disorder, and alcohol use disorder. Participants showed similar shame and hyperarousal symptoms as their mothers regarding stimuli related to the "comfort woman" issue. Increased irritability, problems with aggression control, negative worldview, and low self-esteem were evident in the children of mothers with posttraumatic stress disorder. Finding evidence of transgenerational transmission of trauma in offspring of "comfort women" is important. Future studies should include more samples and adopt a more objective method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeewon Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Sook Kwak
- Department of Psychiatry, Jeju National University College of Medicine, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Eun-Ji Kim
- Maumtodac Clinic, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - E Jin Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunmi Shin
- Department of Psychiatry, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bun-Hee Lee
- Maum & Maum Clinic, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - So Hee Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, National Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Yeon Jung
- Department of Psychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Inseon Lee
- Korean Women's Development Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Im Hwang
- Korean Women's Development Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongsik Kim
- Korean Women's Development Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoung Irene Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
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