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Papadopoulou D, Chrysikopoulou V, Rampaouni A, Plakidis C, Ofrydopoulou A, Shiels K, Saha SK, Tsoupras A. Antioxidant, Antithrombotic and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Amphiphilic Bioactives from Water Kefir Grains and Its Apple Pomace-Based Fermented Beverage. Antioxidants (Basel) 2025; 14:164. [PMID: 40002351 PMCID: PMC11851739 DOI: 10.3390/antiox14020164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2025] [Revised: 01/27/2025] [Accepted: 01/28/2025] [Indexed: 02/27/2025] Open
Abstract
Kefir-based fermentation products exhibit antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects against oxidative stress, inflammation, platelet activation and aggregation, and other related manifestations, thereby preventing the onset and development of several chronic diseases. Specifically, water kefir, a symbiotic culture of various microorganisms used for the production of several bio-functional fermented products, has been proposed for its health-promoting properties. Thus, water kefir grains and its apple pomace-based fermentation beverage were studied for bioactive amphiphilic and lipophilic lipid compounds with antioxidant, antithrombotic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Total lipids (TL) were extracted and further separated into their total amphiphilic (TAC) and total lipophilic content (TLC), in which the total phenolic and carotenoid contents (TPC and TCC, respectively) and the fatty acid content of the polar lipids (PL) were quantified, while the antioxidant activity of both TAC and TLC were assessed in vitro, by the ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP bioassays, along with the anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic activity of TAC against human platelet aggregation induced by the thrombo-inflammatory mediator, platelet-activating factor (PAF) or standard platelet agonists like ADP.ATR-FTIR spectra facilitated the detection of specific structural, functional groups of phenolic, flavonoid, and carotenoid antioxidants, while LC-MS analysis revealed the presence of specific anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic PL bioactives bearing unsaturated fatty acids in their structures, with favorable omega-6 (n-6)/omega-3 (n-3)polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), which further support the findings that the most potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic bioactivities were observed in the TAC extracts, in both water kefir grains and beverage cases. The detection of such bioactive components in both the uncultured water kefir grains and in the cultured beverage further supports the contribution of water kefir microorganisms to the bioactivity and the bio-functionality of the final fermented product. Nevertheless, the extracts of the beverage showed much stronger antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antithrombotic activities, which further suggests that during the culture process for producing this beverage, not only was the presence of bioactive compounds produced by kefir microflora present, but biochemical alterations during fermentation of bioactive components derived from apple pomace also seemed to have taken place, contributing to the higher bio-functionality observed in the apple pomace-water kefir-based beverage, even when compared to the unfermented apple pomace. The overall findings support further studies on the use of water kefir and/or apple pomace as viable sources of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antithrombotic amphiphilic bioactive compounds for the production of novel health-promoting bio-functional fermented products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Papadopoulou
- Hephaestus, Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, St Lukas, 65404 Kavala, Greece; (D.P.); (V.C.); (A.R.); (C.P.); (A.O.)
| | - Vasiliki Chrysikopoulou
- Hephaestus, Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, St Lukas, 65404 Kavala, Greece; (D.P.); (V.C.); (A.R.); (C.P.); (A.O.)
| | - Aikaterini Rampaouni
- Hephaestus, Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, St Lukas, 65404 Kavala, Greece; (D.P.); (V.C.); (A.R.); (C.P.); (A.O.)
| | - Christos Plakidis
- Hephaestus, Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, St Lukas, 65404 Kavala, Greece; (D.P.); (V.C.); (A.R.); (C.P.); (A.O.)
| | - Anna Ofrydopoulou
- Hephaestus, Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, St Lukas, 65404 Kavala, Greece; (D.P.); (V.C.); (A.R.); (C.P.); (A.O.)
| | - Katie Shiels
- Centre for Applied Bioscience Research, Technological University of the Shannon: Midlands Midwest, Moylish Park, V94 E8YF Limerick, Ireland; (K.S.); (S.K.S.)
| | - Sushanta Kumar Saha
- Centre for Applied Bioscience Research, Technological University of the Shannon: Midlands Midwest, Moylish Park, V94 E8YF Limerick, Ireland; (K.S.); (S.K.S.)
| | - Alexandros Tsoupras
- Hephaestus, Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, St Lukas, 65404 Kavala, Greece; (D.P.); (V.C.); (A.R.); (C.P.); (A.O.)
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Marra A, Manousakis V, Koutis N, Zervas GP, Ofrydopoulou A, Shiels K, Saha SK, Tsoupras A. In Vitro Antioxidant, Antithrombotic and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of the Amphiphilic Bioactives Extracted from Avocado and Its By-Products. Antioxidants (Basel) 2025; 14:146. [PMID: 40002333 PMCID: PMC11851995 DOI: 10.3390/antiox14020146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2024] [Revised: 01/17/2025] [Accepted: 01/26/2025] [Indexed: 02/27/2025] Open
Abstract
The antioxidant, antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory effects of the amphiphilic compounds extracted from both avocado juice and by-products, were evaluated. All extracts were assessed for their total phenolic content (TPC) and total carotenoid content (TCC), and for their antioxidant activities by DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays as well as for their anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic potency in human platelets. The extracts rich in TAC (Total Amphiphilic Content) showed much higher content in phenolics and carotenoids from the extracts of total lipophilic content (TLC), which was reflected by the much stronger antioxidant capacities of TAC extracts. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy revealed the presence of not only phenolics and carotenoids, but also of bioactive polar lipids (PLs) in avocado TAC extracts, the LC-MS based structural analysis of which further revealed a fatty acid composition favourable for unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) versus saturated ones (SFAs), including monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) like the oleic acid (C18:1n9) and omega-3 (n3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) like the alpha linolenic acid (C18:3n3), with the subsequent anti-inflammatory low values of the n6/n3 PUFA ratio. The presence of such bioactive PLs that are rich in UFA within the TAC extracts of avocado juice and its by-products provide an explanation for the observed potent anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic activities of avocado TAC against thrombo-inflammatory mediators like platelet activating factor (PAF) and against standard platelet agonists like ADP, offering promise for such avocado TAC extracts, as ingredients in functional products for health/promoting applications either in cosmetics or in functional foods and nutraceuticals, or even drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Marra
- Hephaestus Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, St Lukas, 65404 Kavala, Greece; (A.M.); (V.M.); (N.K.); (G.P.Z.); (A.O.)
| | - Vasileios Manousakis
- Hephaestus Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, St Lukas, 65404 Kavala, Greece; (A.M.); (V.M.); (N.K.); (G.P.Z.); (A.O.)
| | - Nikolaos Koutis
- Hephaestus Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, St Lukas, 65404 Kavala, Greece; (A.M.); (V.M.); (N.K.); (G.P.Z.); (A.O.)
| | - Georgios Panagiotis Zervas
- Hephaestus Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, St Lukas, 65404 Kavala, Greece; (A.M.); (V.M.); (N.K.); (G.P.Z.); (A.O.)
| | - Anna Ofrydopoulou
- Hephaestus Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, St Lukas, 65404 Kavala, Greece; (A.M.); (V.M.); (N.K.); (G.P.Z.); (A.O.)
| | - Katie Shiels
- Shannon Applied Biotechnology Center, Technological University of the Shannon: Midlands Midwest, Moylish Park, V94 E8YF Limerick, Ireland; (K.S.); (S.K.S.)
| | - Sushanta Kumar Saha
- Shannon Applied Biotechnology Center, Technological University of the Shannon: Midlands Midwest, Moylish Park, V94 E8YF Limerick, Ireland; (K.S.); (S.K.S.)
| | - Alexandros Tsoupras
- Hephaestus Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, St Lukas, 65404 Kavala, Greece; (A.M.); (V.M.); (N.K.); (G.P.Z.); (A.O.)
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Tsoupras A, Cholidis P, Kranas D, Galouni EA, Ofrydopoulou A, Efthymiopoulos P, Shiels K, Saha SK, Kyzas GZ, Anastasiadou C. Anti-Inflammatory, Antithrombotic, and Antioxidant Properties of Amphiphilic Lipid Bioactives from Shrimp. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 18:25. [PMID: 39861088 PMCID: PMC11768413 DOI: 10.3390/ph18010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2024] [Revised: 12/20/2024] [Accepted: 12/26/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2025] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Marine organisms, including shrimps, have gained research interest due to containing an abundance of bioactive lipid molecules.This study evaluated the composition and the in vitro biological activities of amphiphilic bioactive compounds from four different wild shrimp species: Litopenaeus vannamei, Penaeus kerathurus, Aristaeomorpha foliacea, and Parapenaeus longirostris. Methods: Total lipid (TL) extracts were obtained from shrimp and separated into total amphiphilic (TAC) and total lipophilic (TLC) compounds. Phenolic (TPC) and carotenoid (TCC) contents, antioxidant activities (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP assays), and biological effects on platelet-activating factor (PAF) and ADP-induced platelet activation were evaluated. Structural analyses were performed using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, while LC-MS was used to elucidate the fatty acid composition and overall structure of polar lipids (PLs) present in shrimp TAC extracts. Results: TAC extracts, rich in phenolics, carotenoids, PL, and unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs), exhibited stronger anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic activities compared with TLC extracts, which showed potent antioxidant capacity. Significant amounts of UFAs, such as the monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) oleic acid (C18:1n9) and omega-3 (n3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) like eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; C20:5n3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6n3), were detected in the PLs of shrimp TAC extracts, with favorable anti-inflammatory values for their n6/n3 PUFA ratio. Shrimp amphiphilic bioactives present in the TAC extracts provide anti-inflammatory effects against the PAF pathway and antithrombotic effects against ADP and eicosanoid pathways. Conclusions: The overall findings support further study on the use of shrimp extracts rich in anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic, and antioxidant amphiphilic bioactives as ingredients to produce new bio-functional health-promoting products, in the context of sustainable development and circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Tsoupras
- Hephaestus, Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, St Lukas, 65404 Kavala, Greece; (P.C.); (D.K.); (E.A.G.); (A.O.); (P.E.); (G.Z.K.)
| | - Paschalis Cholidis
- Hephaestus, Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, St Lukas, 65404 Kavala, Greece; (P.C.); (D.K.); (E.A.G.); (A.O.); (P.E.); (G.Z.K.)
| | - Dimitrios Kranas
- Hephaestus, Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, St Lukas, 65404 Kavala, Greece; (P.C.); (D.K.); (E.A.G.); (A.O.); (P.E.); (G.Z.K.)
| | - Evangelia Aikaterini Galouni
- Hephaestus, Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, St Lukas, 65404 Kavala, Greece; (P.C.); (D.K.); (E.A.G.); (A.O.); (P.E.); (G.Z.K.)
| | - Anna Ofrydopoulou
- Hephaestus, Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, St Lukas, 65404 Kavala, Greece; (P.C.); (D.K.); (E.A.G.); (A.O.); (P.E.); (G.Z.K.)
| | - Pavlos Efthymiopoulos
- Hephaestus, Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, St Lukas, 65404 Kavala, Greece; (P.C.); (D.K.); (E.A.G.); (A.O.); (P.E.); (G.Z.K.)
| | - Katie Shiels
- Centre for Applied Bioscience Research, Technological University of the Shannon: Midlands Midwest, Moylish Park, V94 E8YF Limerick, Ireland; (K.S.); (S.K.S.)
| | - Sushanta Kumar Saha
- Centre for Applied Bioscience Research, Technological University of the Shannon: Midlands Midwest, Moylish Park, V94 E8YF Limerick, Ireland; (K.S.); (S.K.S.)
| | - George Z. Kyzas
- Hephaestus, Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, St Lukas, 65404 Kavala, Greece; (P.C.); (D.K.); (E.A.G.); (A.O.); (P.E.); (G.Z.K.)
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Papikinou MA, Pavlidis K, Cholidis P, Kranas D, Adamantidi T, Anastasiadou C, Tsoupras A. Marine Fungi Bioactives with Anti-Inflammatory, Antithrombotic and Antioxidant Health-Promoting Properties Against Inflammation-Related Chronic Diseases. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:520. [PMID: 39590800 PMCID: PMC11595437 DOI: 10.3390/md22110520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2024] [Revised: 11/15/2024] [Accepted: 11/16/2024] [Indexed: 11/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Fungi play a fundamental role in the marine environment, being promising producers of bioactive molecules in the pharmacological and industrial fields, which have demonstrated potential health benefits against cardiovascular and other chronic diseases. This review pertains to the analysis of the lipid compositions across various species of marine fungi and their constantly discovered substances, as well as their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antithrombotic effects. The health-promoting aspects of these microorganisms will be explored, through the investigation of several mechanisms of action and interference of their bioactives in biochemical pathways. Despite exceptional results in this field, the potential of marine microorganisms remains largely unexplored due to the limited number of specialists in marine microbiology and mycology, a relatively recent science with significant contributions and potential in biodiversity and biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Aliki Papikinou
- Hephaestus Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Kavala University Campus, St. Lucas, 65404 Kavala, Greece; (M.-A.P.); (K.P.); (P.C.); (D.K.); (T.A.)
| | - Konstantinos Pavlidis
- Hephaestus Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Kavala University Campus, St. Lucas, 65404 Kavala, Greece; (M.-A.P.); (K.P.); (P.C.); (D.K.); (T.A.)
| | - Paschalis Cholidis
- Hephaestus Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Kavala University Campus, St. Lucas, 65404 Kavala, Greece; (M.-A.P.); (K.P.); (P.C.); (D.K.); (T.A.)
| | - Dimitrios Kranas
- Hephaestus Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Kavala University Campus, St. Lucas, 65404 Kavala, Greece; (M.-A.P.); (K.P.); (P.C.); (D.K.); (T.A.)
| | - Theodora Adamantidi
- Hephaestus Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Kavala University Campus, St. Lucas, 65404 Kavala, Greece; (M.-A.P.); (K.P.); (P.C.); (D.K.); (T.A.)
| | | | - Alexandros Tsoupras
- Hephaestus Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Kavala University Campus, St. Lucas, 65404 Kavala, Greece; (M.-A.P.); (K.P.); (P.C.); (D.K.); (T.A.)
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