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Small KA, Sidebotham M, Fenwick J, Gamble J. Intrapartum cardiotocograph monitoring and perinatal outcomes for women at risk: Literature review. Women Birth 2019; 33:411-418. [PMID: 31668871 DOI: 10.1016/j.wombi.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PROBLEM Caesarean section rates have risen in high-income countries. One of the potential drivers for this is the widespread use of CTG monitoring. BACKGROUND Intrapartum cardiotocograph monitoring is considered to be indicated for women at risk for poor perinatal outcome. AIM This systematic literature review with meta-analysis examined randomised controlled trials and non-experimental research to determine whether cardiotocograph monitoring rather than intermittent auscultation during labour was associated with changes in perinatal mortality or cerebral palsy rates for high-risk women. METHODS A systematic search for research published up to 2019 was conducted using PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases. Non-experimental and randomised controlled trial research in populations of women at risk which compared intrapartum cardiotocography with intermittent auscultation and reported on stillbirth, neonatal mortality, perinatal mortality and/or cerebral palsy were included. Relative risks were calculated from extracted data, and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials was undertaken. FINDINGS Nine randomised controlled trials and 26 non-experimental studies were included. Meta-analysis of pooled data from RCTs in mixed- and high-risk populations found no statistically significant differences in perinatal mortality rates. The majority of non-experimental research was at critical risk of bias and should not be relied on to inform practice. Cardiotocograph monitoring during preterm labour was associated with a higher incidence of cerebral palsy. DISCUSSION Research evidence failed to demonstrate perinatal benefits from intrapartum cardiotocograph monitoring for women at risk for poor perinatal outcome. CONCLUSION There is an urgent need for well-designed research to consider whether intrapartum cardiotocograph monitoring provides benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten A Small
- Transforming Maternity Care Collaborative, School of Nursing & Midwifery, Griffith University, Australia.
| | - Mary Sidebotham
- Transforming Maternity Care Collaborative, School of Nursing & Midwifery, Griffith University, Australia.
| | - Jennifer Fenwick
- Transforming Maternity Care Collaborative, School of Nursing & Midwifery, Griffith University, Australia.
| | - Jenny Gamble
- Transforming Maternity Care Collaborative, School of Nursing & Midwifery, Griffith University, Australia.
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Hoxha I, Braha M, Syrogiannouli L, Goodman DC, Jüni P. Caesarean section in uninsured women in the USA: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e025356. [PMID: 30833323 PMCID: PMC6443081 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to assess the odds of caesarean section (CS) for uninsured women in the USA and understand the underlying mechanisms as well as consequences of lower use. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library and CINAHL from the first year of records to April 2018. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA We included studies that reported data to allow the calculation of ORs of CS of uninsured as compared with insured women. OUTCOMES The prespecified primary outcome was the adjusted OR of deliveries by CS of uninsured women as compared with privately or publicly insured women. The prespecified secondary outcome was the crude OR of deliveries by CS of uninsured women as compared with insured women. RESULTS 12 articles describing 16 separate studies involving more than 8.8 million women were included in this study. We found: 0.70 times lower odds of CS in uninsured as compared with privately insured women (95% CI 0.63 to 0.78), with no relevant heterogeneity between studies (τ2=0.01); and 0.92 times lower odds for CS in uninsured as compared with publicly insured women (95% CI 0.80 to 1.07), with no relevant heterogeneity between studies (τ2=0.02). We found 0.70 times lower odds in uninsured as compared with privately and publicly insured women (95% CI 0.69 to 0.72). CONCLUSIONS CSs are less likely to be performed in uninsured women as compared with insured women. While the higher rates for CS among privately insured women can be explained with financial incentives associated with private insurance, the lower odds among uninsured women draw attention at barriers to access for delivery care. In many regions, the rates for uninsured women are above, close or below the benchmarks for appropriate CS rates and could imply both, underuse and overuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilir Hoxha
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Community & Family Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
- Heimerer College, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Medina Braha
- International Business College Mitrovica, Mitrovica, Kosovo
| | | | - David C Goodman
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Lebanon, USA
| | - Peter Jüni
- Applied Health Research Centre (AHRC), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s Hospital, Department of Medicine, and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Jarniat A, Eluard V, Martz O, Calmelet P, Calmelet A, Dellinger P, Sagot P. Induced labour at term and breech presentation: Experience of a level IIB French maternity. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod 2017; 46:597-600. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jogoh.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lembrouck C, Mottet N, Bourtembourg A, Ramanah R, Riethmuller D. [Can we decrease cesarean rate at a university hospital treating high risk pregnancies?]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 45:641-51. [PMID: 26433437 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgyn.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine which clinical practice changes were responsible for a decrease in cesarean rate from 19.2% in 2003 to 15.5% in 2012 at our university hospital treating high risk pregnancies, while verifying the absence of any increase in neonatal morbidity and death. MATERIALS AND METHODS A descriptive retrospective study was undertaken at our labour ward including all patients delivering in 2003 and in 2012. Maternal, obstetrical and neonatal characteristics of the two populations were compared. Cesarean rates were analysed following : (1) Robson classification, (2) some maternal and obstetrical characteristics, and (3) indications for cesarean. RESULTS Mean age, BMI and rate of scarred uterus significantly increased in 2012. The two populations remained comparable in terms of other criteria studied. The main cause responsible for decrease in cesarean rate was breech presentations (p<0.05). Furthermore, significantly less cesareans were performed after labour induction (p=0.04). We also significantly decreased our elective cesarean rate by more than 3% without increasing cesarean sections during labour, showing a rise in successful vaginal delivery trials. The impact of in utero transfers on the global rate of cesarean is highly significant since the latter has been divided by half in 10 years in this population considered to be of high risk for cesareans. DISCUSSION These significant decreases reflect our experience in allowing vaginal deliveries in breech presentations, and also a better selection of patients for labour induction. Furthermore, it should be noted that increasing vaginal delivery trials in various obstetrical situations participated in this decrease. We clearly found that some indications for elective cesarean can be avoided, such as multiple pregnancies and scarred uterus, thus showing the importance of restricting the first indication for cesarean. Finally, the decrease in cesarean rate had no negative effect on neonatal outcome. CONCLUSION Decreasing cesarean rate is possible in a university hospital treating high risk pregnancies. It requires daily obstetrical case by case critical analysis, allowing wide acceptance of vaginal delivery trials, and continuously evaluating clinical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lembrouck
- Pôle mère-femme, CHRU de Besançon, 3, boulevard Fleming, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - N Mottet
- Pôle mère-femme, CHRU de Besançon, 3, boulevard Fleming, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - A Bourtembourg
- Pôle mère-femme, CHRU de Besançon, 3, boulevard Fleming, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - R Ramanah
- Pôle mère-femme, CHRU de Besançon, 3, boulevard Fleming, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - D Riethmuller
- Pôle mère-femme, CHRU de Besançon, 3, boulevard Fleming, 25000 Besançon, France.
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Pommereau-Lathelize J, Maisonneuve E, Jousse M, Guilbaud L, Carbonne B, Pierre F. [Severe neonatal acidosis: comparison and analysis of obstetrical practices in two French perinatal centers]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 43:314-21. [PMID: 23916261 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgyn.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify and compare risk factors for severe neonatal acidosis, defined by an umbilical artery pH inferior to 7.00, and clinical practices in two different perinatal centers. PATIENTS AND METHODS In a retrospective study, from 2003 to 2008, in two university perinatal centers (Poitiers and Saint-Antoine in Paris) on all term pregnancies complicated by severe neonatal acidosis (umbilical artery pH<7.00), we elected to compare the following risk factors: maternal characteristics, medical and obstetrical histories, progress of pregnancy, labour and delivery as well as the neonatal status. RESULTS Among 23,508 births, 177 term newborns had severe neonatal acidosis. The rate was similar for both perinatal centers of Poitiers and Saint-Antoine (0.92% and 0.77% respectively). Factors associated with severe neonatal acidosis were similar in both centers: maternal age, thick meconium, prior cesarean section. There were differences in obstetrical practices between the two centers: there were more caesarean sections and assisted vaginal deliveries in Paris and more inductions of labour in Poitiers. CONCLUSION Severe neonatal acidosis is associated with the geographical origin, the progress of labour and the mode of delivery. It seems that severe neonatal acidosis is unrelated to cesarean delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pommereau-Lathelize
- Service de gynécologie obstétrique, CHU de Poitiers, 2, rue de la Milétrie, 86000 Poitiers, France
| | - E Maisonneuve
- Service de gynécologie obstétrique, hôpital Saint-Antoine, université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, Paris 6, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75012 Paris, France
| | - M Jousse
- Service de gynécologie obstétrique, CHU de Poitiers, 2, rue de la Milétrie, 86000 Poitiers, France
| | - L Guilbaud
- Service de gynécologie obstétrique, hôpital Saint-Antoine, université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, Paris 6, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75012 Paris, France
| | - B Carbonne
- Service de gynécologie obstétrique, hôpital Saint-Antoine, université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie, Paris 6, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75012 Paris, France
| | - F Pierre
- Service de gynécologie obstétrique, CHU de Poitiers, 2, rue de la Milétrie, 86000 Poitiers, France.
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Duarte G, Coltro PS, Bedone RV, Nogueira AA, Gelonezzi GM, Franco LJ. Trends in the modes of delivery and their impact on perinatal mortality rates. Rev Saude Publica 2004; 38:379-84. [PMID: 15243667 DOI: 10.1590/s0034-89102004000300007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine changes in the incidence of vaginal deliveries, cesarean sections, and forceps deliveries and their potential association with fetal, early neonatal, and perinatal mortality rates over time. METHODS A retrospective study was carried out and the occurrence of deliveries supervised by university services between January 1991 and December 2000 was determined. Data regarding fetal, early neonatal, and perinatal deaths were assessed using obstetric and pediatric records and autopsy reports. RESULTS Of a total of 33,360 deliveries, the incidence of vaginal deliveries, cesarean sections, and forceps deliveries was relatively steady (around 60, 30, and 10%, respectively) while, at the same time, there was a marked reduction in fetal mortality (from 33.3 to 13.0 per thousand), early neonatal mortality (from 30.6 to 9.0 per thousand), and perinatal mortality (from 56.4 to 19.3 per thousand). CONCLUSIONS The marked reduction in perinatal mortality rates seen during the study period without an increase in cesarean sections indicates that the decrease in perinatal mortality was not impacted by cesarean section rates. The plausible hypothesis seems to be that the reduction in perinatal mortality of deliveries performed under the supervision of university services was more likely to be associated with better neonatal care rather than the mode of delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldo Duarte
- Departamento de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND High cesarean birth rates are an issue of international public health concern. The purpose of this paper was to examine the annual incidence and secular trend of cesarean births in Hong Kong and to correlate these rates with socioeconomic, demographic, and health indicators for the population since 1987. METHODS This was a descriptive and ecologic study. Annual population rates of cesarean sections were estimated for 1987 from a population-based survey, and for 1993 through 1999 from government data sources. The number of excess cesarean sections was calculated for each year using the 15 percent upper limit as proposed by the World Health Organization. RESULTS From 1987 to 1999 the overall annual cesarean section rate rose steadily from 16.6 to 27.4 per 100 hospital deliveries, resulting in a 65 percent increase over 12 years. The mean difference in rates of surgical delivery between public (mean(public) = 16.0%) and private (mean(private) = 43.4%) institutions was 27.4 percent (95% confidence interval (CI) = 24.1, 30.7; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This is the first systematic report of secular variations of cesarean delivery rates in Asia. The high rates and increasing trend represent an unnecessary excess risk for mothers and their infants. Various strategies combating high cesarean rates have been proposed and have succeeded elsewhere. Concerted action from health care professionals, public health authorities, the general population, and the media is urgently required to implement solutions to reduce the rate of cesarean delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Leung
- Department of Community Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Patrick Manson Building, 7 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous clinicians and researchers have expressed concern about the necessity and potential adverse consequences of many cesarean births in the United States. The purpose of this study was to explore college students' attitudes and beliefs about cesarean section. METHODS One hundred two college students (66% women) completed a 20-item questionnaire that asked if they viewed cesarean delivery as a potentially negative experience, as a normal or acceptable method of childbirth, and as medically necessary, and asked about their beliefs concerning risk and prevention of cesarean birth. RESULTS The number of "undecided" responses in the study was striking (7.8% to 69.6% across the 20 items). In general, women and men responded similarly, although women were significantly more likely than men to say they would be profoundly disappointed if their babies had to be delivered by cesarean section. Despite expressing cynicism about the cesarean birth rate (40% agreed that many unnecessary cesarean births occurred) and not viewing the procedure as a normal way of giving birth (47%), most respondents (over 70%) disagreed that giving birth by cesarean would be a negative experience or would make a woman feel like a failure. CONCLUSION A high level of uncertainty exists about certain aspects of cesarean birth among young women and men, highlighting the need for information for prospective parents. Most college students did not view the cesarean birth experience as either potentially negative or normal. Future research should explore coverage of cesarean birth in childbirth education classes and the roles physicians, nurses, and midwives play in preparing expectant parents for the possibility of cesarean delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lampman
- Department of Psychology, University of Alaska Anchorage 99508, USA
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