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Mohan J, Ghazi T, Sibiya T, Chuturgoon AA. Antiretrovirals Promote Metabolic Syndrome through Mitochondrial Stress and Dysfunction: An In Vitro Study. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12040580. [PMID: 37106780 PMCID: PMC10135454 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of metabolic syndrome MetS in HIV-infected patients on chronic antiretroviral (ARV) therapy continues to rise rapidly, with an estimated 21% experiencing insulin resistance. The progression of insulin resistance is strongly related to mitochondrial stress and dysfunction. This study aimed to draw links between the singular and combinational use of Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), Lamivudine (3TC), and Dolutegravir (DTG) on mitochondrial stress and dysfunction as an underlying mechanism for insulin resistance following a 120 h treatment period using an in vitro system of human liver cells (HepG2). The relative protein expressions of pNrf2, SOD2, CAT, PINK1, p62, SIRT3, and UCP2, were determined using Western blot. Transcript levels of PINK1 and p62 were assessed using quantitative PCR (qPCR). ATP concentrations were quantified using luminometry, and oxidative damage (malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration) was measured using spectrophotometry. The findings suggest that despite the activation of antioxidant responses (pNrf2, SOD2, CAT) and mitochondrial maintenance systems (PINK1 and p62) in selected singular and combinational treatments with ARVs, oxidative damage and reduced ATP production persisted. This was attributed to a significant suppression in mitochondrial stress responses SIRT3 and UCP2 for all treatments. Notable results were observed for combinational treatments with significant increases in pNrf2 (p = 0.0090), SOD2 (p = 0.0005), CAT (p = 0.0002), PINK1 (p = 0.0064), and p62 (p = 0.0228); followed by significant decreases in SIRT3 (p = 0.0003) and UCP2 (p = 0.0119) protein expression. Overall there were elevated levels of MDA (p = 0.0066) and decreased ATP production (p = 0.0017). In conclusion, ARVs induce mitochondrial stress and dysfunction, which may be closely associated with the progression of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jivanka Mohan
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Terisha Ghazi
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Thabani Sibiya
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Anil A Chuturgoon
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
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Mohan J, Ghazi T, Mazibuko MS, Chuturgoon AA. Antiretrovirals Promote Insulin Resistance in HepG2 Liver Cells through miRNA Regulation and Transcriptional Activation of the NLRP3 Inflammasome. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076267. [PMID: 37047241 PMCID: PMC10094183 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a non-communicable disease characterized by a cluster of metabolic irregularities. Alarmingly, the prevalence of MetS in people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and antiretroviral (ARV) usage is increasing rapidly. Insulin resistance is a common characteristic of MetS that leads to the development of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The progression of insulin resistance is strongly linked to inflammasome activation. This study aimed to draw links between the combinational use of Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), Lamivudine (3TC), and Dolutegravir (DTG), and inflammasome activation and subsequent promotion of insulin resistance following a 120 h treatment period in HepG2 liver in vitro cell model. Furthermore, we assess microRNA (miR-128a) expression as a negative regulator of the IRS1/AKT signaling pathway. The relative expression of phosphorylated IRS1 was determined by Western blot. Transcript levels of NLRP3, IL-1β, JNK, IRS1, AKT, PI3K, and miR-128a were assessed using quantitative PCR (qPCR). Caspase-1 activity was measured using luminometry. Following exposure to ARVs for 120 h, NLRP3 mRNA expression (p = 0.0500) and caspase-1 activity (p < 0.0001) significantly increased. This was followed by a significant elevation in IL-1β in mRNA expression (p = 0.0015). Additionally, JNK expression (p = 0.0093) was upregulated with coinciding increases in p-IRS1 protein expression (p < 0.0001) and decreased IRS1 mRNA expression (p = 0.0004). Consequently, decreased AKT (p = 0.0005) and PI3K expressions (p = 0.0007) were observed. Interestingly miR-128a expression was significantly upregulated. The results indicate that combinational use of ARVs upregulates inflammasome activation and promotes insulin resistance through dysregulation of the IRS1/PI3K/AKT insulin signaling pathway.
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Sibiya T, Ghazi T, Mohan J, Nagiah S, Chuturgoon AA. Spirulina platensis Mitigates the Inhibition of Selected miRNAs that Promote Inflammation in HAART-Treated HepG2 Cells. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:119. [PMID: 36616248 PMCID: PMC9824462 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in the treatment of HIV/AIDS has recently gained popularity. In addition, the significant role of microRNA expression in HIV pathogenesis cannot be overlooked; hence the need to explore the mechanisms of microRNA expression in the presence of HAART and Spirulina platensis (SP) in HepG2 cells. This study investigates the biochemical mechanisms of microRNA expression in HepG2 cells in the presence of HAART, SP, and the potential synergistic effect of HAART−SP. A 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to determine cell viability following SP treatment. The cellular redox status was assessed using the quantification of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation, and a lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay. The fluorometric JC-1 assay was used to determine mitochondrial polarisation. The quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was also employed for micro-RNA and gene expressions. The results show that MiR-146a (p < 0.0001) and miR-155 (p < 0.0001) levels increased in SP-treated cells. However, only miR-146a (p < 0.0001) in HAART−SP indicated an increase, while miR-155 (p < 0.0001) in HAART−SP treatment indicated a significant decreased expression. Further inflammation analysis revealed that Cox-1 mRNA expression was reduced in SP-treated cells (p = 0.4129). However, Cox-1 expression was significantly increased in HAART−SP-treated cells (p < 0.0001). The investigation revealed that HepG2 cells exposed to HAART−SP treatment showed a significant decrease in Cox-2 (p < 0.0001) expression. mRNA expression also decreased in SP-treated cells (p < 0.0001); therefore, SP potentially controls inflammation by regulating microRNA expressions. Moreover, the positive synergistic effect is indicated by normalised intracellular ROS levels (p < 0.0001) in the HAART−SP treatment. We hereby recommend further investigation on the synergistic roles of SP and HAART in the expression of microRNA with more focus on inflammatory and oxidative pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thabani Sibiya
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Chemical Pathology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, Durban 4013, South Africa
| | - Terisha Ghazi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Chemical Pathology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, Durban 4013, South Africa
| | - Jivanka Mohan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Chemical Pathology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, Durban 4013, South Africa
| | - Savania Nagiah
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Chemical Pathology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, Durban 4013, South Africa
- Department of Human Biology, Medical Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nelson Mandela University Missionvale, Bethelsdorp, Port Elizabeth 6059, South Africa
| | - Anil A. Chuturgoon
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Chemical Pathology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, Durban 4013, South Africa
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Wang Y, Wang Y, Qin Z, Cai S, Yu L, Hu H, Zeng S. The role of non-coding RNAs in ABC transporters regulation and their clinical implications of multidrug resistance in cancer. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:291-306. [PMID: 33544643 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1887139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multi-drug resistance (MDR) is a hindrance toward the successful treatment of cancers. The primary mechanism that gives rise to acquired chemoresistance is the overexpression of adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette (ABC) transporters. The dysregulation of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) is a widely concerned reason contributing to this phenotype. AREAS COVERED In this review, we describe the role of intracellular and exosomal ncRNAs including microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs) in ABC transporters-induced tumor MDR. Meanwhile, we will introduce the potential therapeutic strategies which reverse MDR in terms of reducing the expression of ABC transporters via targeting ncRNAs, like nucleic acid delivery with nanoparticles as well as miRNAs-targeted small molecular compounds. EXPERT OPINION The dysregulated ncRNAs-mediated overexpression of ABC transporters in chemo-resistant cancer is not negligible. Finding out the underlying mechanism may provide a theoretical basis for clinical therapy of cancer MDR, and the emergence of new approaches for gene therapy targeting ncRNAs to suppress ABC transporters makes reversing cancer MDR possible despite its clinical application requires further investigations. Also, the discovered ncRNAs regulating ABC transporters in chemo-resistant cancers are just a tip of the iceberg of the genetic transcripts, especially for circRNAs, which justify more concern.Abbreviations: MDR, multi-drug resistance; ABC, adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette; NcRNAs, non-coding RNAs; MiRNAs, microRNAs; LncRNAs, long non-coding RNAs; CircRNAs, circular RNAs; CeRNAs, competing endogenous RNAs; 3'UTR, 3'-untranslated regions; SLC, solute carrier; ABCB1/MDR1, ABC subfamily B member 1; ABCG2/BCRP, ABC subfamily G member 2; ABCCs/MRPs, ABC subfamily C 1 to 12; DLL1: Delta-like protein 1; DTX, docetaxel; DOX/ADM/ADR, doxorubicin/adriamycin; PTX, paclitaxel; VBL, vinblastine; VCR, vincristine; MTX, methotrexate; CDDP/DDP, cisplatin/cis-diaminedichloroplatinum; OXA/L-OHP, oxaliplatin; TMZ, temozolomide; 5-FU, 5-fluorouracil; MTA, pemetrexed; NSCLC, non-small cell lung carcinoma; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; CRC, colorectal carcinoma; RB, retinoblastoma; RCC, renal cell carcinoma; OS, osteosarcoma; PDAC, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; TNBC, triple-negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Institution of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University,Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Institution of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University,Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyuan Qin
- Institution of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University,Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Cai
- Institution of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University,Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lushan Yu
- Institution of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University,Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haihong Hu
- Institution of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University,Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Su Zeng
- Institution of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University,Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Daussy CF, Galais M, Pradel B, Robert-Hebmann V, Sagnier S, Pattingre S, Biard-Piechaczyk M, Espert L. HIV-1 Env induces pexophagy and an oxidative stress leading to uninfected CD4 + T cell death. Autophagy 2020; 17:2465-2474. [PMID: 33073673 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1831814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunodeficiency observed in HIV-1-infected patients is mainly due to uninfected bystander CD4+ T lymphocyte cell death. The viral envelope glycoproteins (Env), expressed at the surface of infected cells, play a key role in this process. Env triggers macroautophagy/autophagy, a process necessary for subsequent apoptosis, and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in bystander CD4+ T cells. Here, we demonstrate that Env-induced oxidative stress is responsible for their death by apoptosis. Moreover, we report that peroxisomes, organelles involved in the control of oxidative stress, are targeted by Env-mediated autophagy. Indeed, we observe a selective autophagy-dependent decrease in the expression of peroxisomal proteins, CAT and PEX14, upon Env exposure; the downregulation of either BECN1 or SQSTM1/p62 restores their expression levels. Fluorescence studies allowed us to conclude that Env-mediated autophagy degrades these entire organelles and specifically the mature ones. Together, our results on Env-induced pexophagy provide new clues on HIV-1-induced immunodeficiency.Abbreviations: Ab: antibodies; AF: auranofin; AP: anti-proteases; ART: antiretroviral therapy; BafA1: bafilomycin A1; BECN1: beclin 1; CAT: catalase; CD4: CD4 molecule; CXCR4: C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4; DHR123: dihydrorhodamine 123; Env: HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GFP: green fluorescent protein; GFP-SKL: GFP-serine-lysine-leucine; HEK: human embryonic kidney; HIV-1: type 1 human immunodeficiency virus; HTRF: homogeneous time resolved fluorescence; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; NAC: N-acetyl-cysteine; PARP: poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase; PEX: peroxin; ROS: reactive oxygen species; siRNA: small interfering ribonucleic acid; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lucile Espert
- IRIM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Arrigoni E, Galimberti S, Petrini M, Danesi R, Di Paolo A. ATP-binding cassette transmembrane transporters and their epigenetic control in cancer: an overview. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 12:1419-1432. [PMID: 27459275 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2016.1215423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Members of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transmembrane transporters control the passage of several substrates across cell membranes, including drugs. This means that ABC transporters may exert a significant influence on the kinetics and dynamics of pharmacological agents, being responsible for the occurrence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) phenotype. Pharmacogenetic analyses have shed light on gene expression and polymorphisms as possible markers predictive of transporter activity. However, a non-negligible part of the variability in drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics still remains. Further research has demonstrated that different epigenetic mechanisms exert a coordinated control over ABC genes, and on the corresponding MDR phenotype. Areas covered: DNA methylation and histone modifications (namely acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, etc.) significantly impact gene expression, as well as noncoding RNA molecules that are involved in the post-transcriptional control of the ABC transporters ABCB1, ABCC1 and ABCG2. We describe the epigenetic mechanisms of gene expression control for ABC transporters and their relevant association with the MDR phenotype in human cancer. Expert opinion: The clinical meaning of those observations is discussed in the review, highlighting the importance of the epigenetic control of the ABC transporters for the clinical therapeutic outcomes that despite their effects and applications, requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Arrigoni
- a Section of Pharmacology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Sara Galimberti
- b Section of Hematology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Mario Petrini
- b Section of Hematology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Romano Danesi
- a Section of Pharmacology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Antonello Di Paolo
- a Section of Pharmacology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
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