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Hunt S, Chrzanowska C, Barnett C, Fawell J. The Application of In Vitro Cytotoxicity Assays to the Water Industry. Altern Lab Anim 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/026119298601400203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes areas in which in vitro cytotoxicity assays may be of use to the water industry and reviews the studies that have already been published on water samples and water industry materials. In vitro cytotoxicity assays are useful in comparing aqueous samples and for testing of materials, but direct comparisons of test systems have not been carried out. At present, it is therefore unclear if any one method is particularly appropriate for use with water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.M. Hunt
- Water Research Centre, Medmenham Laboratory, P.O. Box 16, Henley Road, Medmenham, Marlow, Buckinghamshire SL7 2HD, UK
| | - C. Chrzanowska
- Water Research Centre, Medmenham Laboratory, P.O. Box 16, Henley Road, Medmenham, Marlow, Buckinghamshire SL7 2HD, UK
| | - C.R. Barnett
- Water Research Centre, Medmenham Laboratory, P.O. Box 16, Henley Road, Medmenham, Marlow, Buckinghamshire SL7 2HD, UK
| | - J.K. Fawell
- Water Research Centre, Medmenham Laboratory, P.O. Box 16, Henley Road, Medmenham, Marlow, Buckinghamshire SL7 2HD, UK
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Walum E, Balls M, Bianchi V, Blaauboer B, Bolcsfoldi G, Guillouzo A, Moore GA, Odland L, Reinhardt C, Spielmann H. ECITTS: An Integrated Approach to the Application of In Vitro Test Systems to the Hazard Assessment of Chemicals,. Altern Lab Anim 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/026119299202000307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
As a result of a workshop held at Täljöviken, Åkersberga, Sweden, on 27–29 May 1991, a multicentre collaborative research project was established, with the purpose of developing the concept of integrated in vitro toxicity testing. The first priority was the selection of tests within eight appropriate areas: basal cytotoxicity, irritancy, developmental toxicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, immunotoxicity, neurotoxicity and biokinetics. An ideal battery of tests for each area was identified. Since it was realised that it would not be feasible to include the full ideal list of tests in the project, a minimum test list was also agreed. For each area, ten calibration chemicals were selected. From these 80 compounds, 30 were selected for inclusion, together with 20 of the OECD test programme chemicals, in a first test set of chemicals. The toxicity of these 50 test set chemicals will be investigated in the minimum integrated test scheme. The aim of the project is to employ non-animal methods to assess the toxicological properties of chemicals, and to improve this assessment through the use of knowledge about mechanisms of toxic action. The information produced will contribute to the establishment of a more-scientific and more-efficient toxicological procedure for hazard assessment. Questions concerning which parameters need to be investigated and combined to make hazard assessments, and which parameters relevant to in vivo toxicity can be determined in non-whole animal test systems, will also be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Walum
- Unit of Neurochemistry and Neurotoxicology, University of Stockholm, S-106 91 Sweden
| | - Michael Balls
- Department of Human Morphology, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Vera Bianchi
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, via Trieste 75, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Bas Blaauboer
- RITOX, University of Utrecht, P.O. Box 80.176, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Andre Guillouzo
- INSERM, Unité deRecherches Hépatologiques, HopitalPont Chaillou, 35033 Rennes, France
| | - Gregory A. Moore
- National Chemicals Inspectorate, P.O. Box 1384, S-171 27 Solna, Sweden
| | - Lena Odland
- Unit of Neurochemistry and Neurotoxicology, University of Stockholm, S-106 91 Sweden
| | | | - Horst Spielmann
- ZEBET, Robert von Ostertag-Institut, Bundesgesundheitsamt, P.O. Box 33 00 13, W-1000 Berlin 33, Germany
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Abstract
Many of the toxic compounds that are at large in the environment represent a risk to our neuronal functions. Chemicals may have a direct or indirect effect on the nervous system and they may interfere with general biochemical properties or specific neuronal structures and processes. In this review, a brief presentation of the major neurotoxicological targets is given, together with a discussion of some aspects of the use of different in vitro models for screening purposes and mechanistic studies. It is believed that in vitro methods offer special opportunities for the development of new neurotoxicological assays, and that this development will mainly involve cultured model systems. Therefore, a presentation of nerve and glia tissue culture methods is given, followed by an overview of how information on the action of mercury and mercurials, excitotoxins and acrylamide has been obtained through the use of cultured cell models. It is concluded that the developmental potential in cell neurotoxicology lies within the areas of separation and identification of cells representative for different structures in the nervous system, co-cultivation of different cell types, in vivo/in vitro (ex vivo) procedures, chemically defined media, metabolic competent cultures of human cells and improved physiological conditions for cultivation and exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Walum
- Unit of Neurochemistry and Neurotoxicology, University of Stockholm, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth Hansson
- Institute of Neurobiology, University of Göteborg, P.O. Box 33031, S-400 33 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Alan L. Harvey
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XW, UK
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Schirmer K, Tom DJ, Bols NC, Sherry JP. Ability of fractionated petroleum refinery effluent to elicit cyto- and photocytotoxic responses and to induce 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity in fish cell lines. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2001; 271:61-78. [PMID: 11346041 DOI: 10.1016/s0048-9697(00)00831-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The ability of fractionated petroleum refinery effluent to cause cellular responses in fish cell lines was evaluated. The cellular responses, which included direct and indirect cytotoxicity, photocytotoxicity and induction of 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity, may potentially be linked to sublethal effects observed in effluent-exposed fish and fish larvae. In order to be able to quantify cellular responses rapidly, microtitre plates were used along with fluorescent probes. For the quantification of cyto- and photocytotoxicity, the fluorescent probes were alamar Blue and carboxyfluorescein diacetate acetoxymethyl ester (CFDA-AM), which monitor metabolic activity and cell membrane integrity, respectively. EROD activity was measured as the rate of conversion by EROD of the substrate 7-ethoxyresorufin to its fluorescent product, resorufin. Effluent from an Ontario refinery was fractionated into aqueous and particulate phase. As well, a solid phase extract (SPE) was used to prepare concentrated effluent for testing in the cell lines. The effluent was able to elicit all of the responses of interest although significant cyto- and photocytotoxicity required effluent equivalent concentrations above 100% effluent and could only be revealed upon exposure of cells to the SPE concentrated effluent. Based on their retention on C18, the cytotoxicants are likely to be non-polar to moderately polar chemicals. The presence of polar compounds affecting cellular metabolism was indicated by the responses of exposed cells to a 90% aqueous phase effluent. In contrast to cyto- and photocytotoxicity, EROD induction occurred at effluent equivalent concentrations well below 100% effluent and was elicited by the SPE and the particulate fraction thereby suggesting that most EROD-inducers were particle-bound. Among other applications, the described techniques could help to determine the source of causative agents of sublethal effects in the refining process.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Schirmer
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, ON, Canada
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Suarez N, Walum E, Eriksson H. Cellular neurotoxicity of trivalent manganese bound to transferrin or pyrophosphate studied in human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cell cultures. Toxicol In Vitro 1995; 9:717-21. [DOI: 10.1016/0887-2333(95)00062-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/1994] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Cellular methods for identification of neurotoxic chemicals and estimation of neurotoxicological risk. Toxicol In Vitro 1993; 7:321-6. [DOI: 10.1016/0887-2333(93)90022-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Komulainen H, Bondy SC. Increased free intrasynaptosomal Ca2+ by neurotoxic organometals: distinctive mechanisms. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1987; 88:77-86. [PMID: 2436355 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(87)90271-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Effects of several alkylmetals on free intrasynaptosomal Ca2+ concentration, [Ca2+]i, were studied in vitro using the fluorescent Ca2+ indicator fura-2. Neurotoxic alkylmetals methylmercury (Met-Hg), triethyllead (TEL), triethyltin (TET), and trimethyltin (TMT) (at 2.5-30 microM) increased [Ca2+]i to different degrees. Met-Hg was the most potent, elevating [Ca2+]i 100-800 nM, dose dependently and significantly more than high K+ (150 nM) or veratridine (350 nM). The effect of Met-Hg could not be inhibited with a Ca2+ channel blocker, verapamil, nor with a Na+ channel blocker, tetrodotoxin. Inhibition of the mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake in situ with rotenone + oligomycin decreased the potency of Met-Hg to elevate [Ca2+]i but did not change the resting [Ca2+]i. Met-Hg also slightly decreased synaptosomal ATP. TEL and TET elevated [Ca2+]i by 100-200 nM. The effect of TEL, but not that of TET, could be blocked with verapamil (36%) and veratridine (67%). TEL was less efficient in the presence of ouabain. Neither TEL nor TET had significant mitochondrial effects in situ contributing to [Ca2+]i. TMT increased [Ca2+]i less than TET while dimethyltin and methyltin were inactive. These results indicate that neurotoxic derivatives of alkylmetals studied increase [Ca2+]i. This occurs mainly either by nonspecific increase (Met-Hg, TET) of Ca2+ leakage through the plasma membrane and/or specific interference with the mechanisms regulating Ca2+ fluxes through the plasma membrane (TEL).
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Walum E. A Comparison of Different Endpoints in Neuroblastoma Cell Toxicity Tests of Three Heavy Metal Compounds. Altern Lab Anim 1987. [DOI: 10.1177/026119298701400312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The cytotoxicities of HgCl2 (MC), CH3Hg Cl (MMC) and (C2H5)3SnCl (TET) were investigated in a mouse neuroblastoma cell line (C1300, clone NB41A3). General cytotoxicity was determined as TD25 and TD50 values in a cell detachment test and a monolayer growth test, respectively. Membrane toxicity was studied as increase in the efflux of tritiated 2-deoxy- D-glucose-6-phosphate from exposed cells, and metabolic effects as inhibition of oxygen consumption. It was found that the general endpoints (detachment and growth) correlated better to both animal and human in vitro toxicity than the more specific endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Walum
- Unit of Neurochemistry and Neurotoxicology, University of Stockholm, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Walum E, Peterson A, Erkell LJ. Photometric recording of cell viability using trypan blue in perfused cell cultures. Xenobiotica 1985; 15:701-4. [PMID: 4072256 DOI: 10.3109/00498258509047430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A perfusion system was developed to increase the reliability of cell viability estimations by continuous measurement of the uptake of trypan blue dye. Monolayer cell cultures were perfused with buffer containing toxic substances and trypan blue, and the staining of cells was continuously recorded at 591 nm in a spectrophotometer. Using mercuric chloride and methylmercuric chloride as test substances with C6 rat glioma cells, time- and dose-dependent increases in light absorbance were obtained over a 12h recording period. Methylmercuric chloride at 10(-6) M caused a half-maximal increase in relative absorbance in 4.5 h, whereas the corresponding time for mercuric chloride was 10.5 h.
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