Role of P4502E1 in the metabolism of 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-ethane

Contributions of human enzymes in carcinogen metabolism

Considerable support exists for the roles of metabolism in modulating the carcinogenic properties of chemicals. In particular, many of these compounds are pro-carcinogens that require activation to electrophilic forms to exert genotoxic effects. We systematically analyzed the existing literature on the metabolism of carcinogens by human enzymes, which has been developed largely in the past 25 years. The metabolism and especially bioactivation of carcinogens are dominated by cytochrome P450 enzymes (66% of bioactivations). Within this group, six P450s--1A1, 1A2, 1B1, 2A6, 2E1, and 3A4--accounted for 77% of the P450 activation reactions. The roles of these P450s can be compared with those estimated for drug metabolism and should be considered in issues involving enzyme induction, chemoprevention, molecular epidemiology, interindividual variations, and risk assessment.

Summary of information on human CYP enzymes: human P450 metabolism data

This chapter is an update of the data on substrates, reactions, inducers, and inhibitors of human CYP enzymes published previously by Rendic and DiCarlo (1), now covering selection of the literature through 2001 in the reference section. The data are presented in a tabular form (Table 1) to provide a framework for predicting and interpreting the new P450 metabolic data. The data are formatted in an Excel format as most suitable for off-line searching and management of the Web-database. The data are presented as stated by the author(s) and in the case when several references are cited the data are presented according to the latest published information. The searchable database is available either as an Excel file (for information contact the author), or as a Web-searchable database (Human P450 Metabolism Database, www.gentest.com) enabling the readers easy and quick approach to the latest updates on human CYP metabolic reactions.

The effect of inducers and inhibitors of urethane metabolism on its in vitro and in vivo metabolism in rats

The activation of urethane (ethyl carbamate) is important in its exerting its carcinogenic effect. Rats were treated with inducers and inhibitors of urethane metabolism, and the conversion of [carbonyl-14C]urethane to 14CO2 in vivo was measured. The cytochrome P-450 inducers, phenobarbital and beta-naphthoflavone, and esterase inhibitor, paraoxon, were without effect while the CYP2E1 inhibitor, diethyldithiocarbamate, decreased metabolism to about 3% of control. Ethanol administered acutely inhibited urethane metabolism. Pyridine, shown previously to enhance this metabolism in microsomal preparations, greatly inhibited it in vivo. The discordant results between the in vitro and in vivo studies may be related to the presence of pyridine acting as an inhibitor in whole animals and suggest that caution is needed in extrapolating from in vitro results to in vivo implications.