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Al-Saleh I, Coskun S, Al-Doush I, Al-Rajudi T, Abduljabbar M, Al-Rouqi R, Palawan H, Al-Hassan S. The relationships between urinary phthalate metabolites, reproductive hormones and semen parameters in men attending in vitro fertilization clinic. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 658:982-995. [PMID: 30678022 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Evidence from previous studies has shown that phthalates may play a role in male reproductive function; however, results are still inconclusive, and the mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we first assessed whether exposure to phthalates is associated with altered reproductive hormones and semen parameters in 599 men attending an in vitro fertilization clinic. Secondly, we evaluated whether reproductive hormones could play a mediating role in the association between phthalates and sperm parameters. Eight phthalate metabolites were measured in two different spot urine samples: mono‑n‑butyl phthalate, mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP), monoethyl phthalate (MEP), monobenzyl phthalate, and four oxidative metabolites of di‑(2‑ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) [i.e., mono‑(2‑ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), mono‑(2‑ethyl‑5‑hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), mono‑(2‑ethyl‑5‑oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP), and mono‑(2‑ethyl‑5‑carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP)]. Semen parameters (concentration, volume, motility, and morphology) and reproductive hormones, i.e., follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), thyroid-stimulating hormone, estradiol (E2), testosterone (TEST) and prolactin (PROL) were also determined and considered the main study outcomes. Separate multivariate linear regression was used to assess associations between levels of each urinary phthalate metabolite, molar sum of DEHP metabolites (∑DEHP), percentage of MEHP to ∑DEHP (%MEHP), and each outcome (natural log-transformed). Inverse associations were observed between TEST and MiBP (β = -0.099), FSH and MEHHP (β = -0.087), and PROL and MEOHP (β = -0.102), while a positive relationship was seen between E2 and MEP (β = 0.098). %MEHP was associated positively with FSH (β = 0.118) and LH (β = 0.099), but negatively with TEST/LH (β = -0.086) and TEST/E2 (β = -0.109). Sperm concentration was associated positively with MECPP (β = 0.131), MEHHP (β = 0.117), MEOHP (β = 0.107) and ∑DEHP (β = 0.111), but negatively with %MEHP (β = -0.135). All p-values were <0.05. Sobel's test indicated that FSH mediated significantly up to 60% of the positive relationship between sperm concentration and MEHHP, while FSH and LH mediated respectively 15 and 12% of the inverse association between sperm concentration and %MEHP. Further research on this topic is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Al-Saleh
- Environmental Health Program, Research Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, PO Box: 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Serdar Coskun
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, PO Box: 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Inaam Al-Doush
- Environmental Health Program, Research Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, PO Box: 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tahreer Al-Rajudi
- Environmental Health Program, Research Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, PO Box: 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mai Abduljabbar
- Environmental Health Program, Research Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, PO Box: 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem Al-Rouqi
- Environmental Health Program, Research Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, PO Box: 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hemraz Palawan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, PO Box: 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Al-Hassan
- Reproductive Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, PO Box: 3354, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
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Mićić S, Dotlić R, Ilić V, Genbaćev O. Seminal plasma hormone profile in infertile men with and without varicocele. ARCHIVES OF ANDROLOGY 1986; 17:173-8. [PMID: 3111394 DOI: 10.3109/01485018608990193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Seminal plasma FSH, LH, prolactin, testosterone, and oestradiol were estimated in 41 infertile men with varicocele and 45 infertile men without varicocele who failed to impregnate their wives after 2 years of marriage and 30 fertile men. There was significant elevation of FSH in the seminal plasma of the infertile men with varicocele compared with the seminal plasma of the other infertile and fertile men. Seminal LH and prolactin values were similar in both infertile groups but significantly higher than in the fertile men. Testosterone and oestradiol levels in the seminal plasma of infertile men with varicocele were lower than in the fertile and the other infertile males. Finding that both steroids were decreased in infertile men with varicocele could explain disturbed function of spermatozoa in men with varicocele. Further analysis will elucidate the importance of these hormone findings in the seminal plasma of infertile men with varicocele.
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