Evaluation of classification systems for nonspecific idiopathic orbital inflammation

Orbital inflammatory pseudotumor: new advances in diagnosis, pathogenesis, and treatment

Orbital inflammatory pseudotumor (OIP) is a benign, non-specific inflammatory disorder that commonly occurs in middle-aged adults and is usually unilateral but can occur bilaterally. Its clinical manifestations have tremendous clinical heterogeneity and vary according to the site of infiltration and the degree of lesions, including orbital pain, swelling, diplopia, proptosis, restricted eye movement, and decreased visual acuity. Clinical features, Image characteristics and pathological examinations often need to be evaluated to confirm the diagnosis. Currently, there is no systematic research on the pathogenesis of OIP, which may be related to immunity or infection. The first-line treatment is glucocorticoids. Radiotherapy, immunosuppressants, and biologics can be considered for treatment-resistant, hormone-dependent, or intolerant patients. In this review, we aim to summarize and focus on new insights into OIP, including new diagnostic criteria, pathogenesis, and discoveries in new drugs and treatment strategies. In particular, we highlight the literature and find that T cell-mediated immune responses are closely related to the pathogenesis of OIP. Further exploration of the mechanism and signaling pathway of T cells in the immune process will help to identify their therapeutic targets and carry out targeted therapy to treat refractory OIP and reduce the side effects of traditional treatments.

Clinical heterogeneity between two subgroups of patients with idiopathic orbital inflammation

Objective

Idiopathic orbital inflammation (IOI) is a group of orbital inflammatory diseases of unknown etiopathogenesis. We investigated whether patients with IOI have clinical heterogeneity based on the presence (typical group) or absence (atypical group) of a unique onset that periocular inflammatory symptoms emerge suddenly but progress slowly.

Methods and analysis

This retrospective cohort study included 195 patients diagnosed with IOI. We analysed the clinical data of patients, including the outcomes of corticosteroid treatment, in two subgroups stratified on the basis of the presence (130 patients) or absence (65 patients) of the unique onset.

Results

Patients in the typical group were significantly younger at disease onset than those in the atypical group (median age; 52 vs 65 years, p=0.002); had more ocular adnexa-specific lesions, namely, dacryoadenitis, myositis, scleritis and optic perineuritis (78% vs 45%, p=0.00001); and had significantly fewer associations with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (4% vs 15%, p=0.004). Among 30/119 patients (25%) who were steroid refractory in the typical group, a long period of time from symptom onset to initiation of treatment was a significant steroid-refractory risk factor (OR: 16.7), whereas, among the 18/40 patients (45%) who were steroid refractory in the atypical group, intraconal diffuse lesions were a significant steroid-refractory risk factor (OR: 8.8).

Conclusion

This cohort study suggests clinical heterogeneity between the two subgroups of patients with IOI.

Non-specific orbital inflammation: Current understanding and unmet needs

Non-specific orbital inflammation (NSOI) is a noninfectious inflammatory condition of the orbit. Although it is generally considered the most common diagnosis derived from an orbital biopsy, it is a diagnosis of exclusion, meaning that the diagnosis requires exclusion of a systemic process or another identifiable etiology of orbital inflammation. The clinical diagnosis of NSOI is ill-defined, but it is typically characterized by acute orbital signs and symptoms, including pain, proptosis, periorbital edema, chemosis, diplopia, and less commonly visual disturbance. NSOI poses a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge: The clinical presentations and histological findings are heterogeneous, and there are no specific diagnostic criteria or treatment guidelines. The etiology and pathogenesis of NSOI are poorly understood. Here we recapitulate our current clinical understanding of NSOI, with an emphasis on the most recent findings on clinical characteristics, imaging findings, and treatment outcomes. Furthermore, gene expression profiling of NSOI and its implications are presented and discussed.

Aminobisphosphonate-associated orbital and ocular inflammatory disease

PURPOSE

Aminobisphosphonates may cause orbital/ocular inflammation. Awareness of the clinical presentation and disease course is crucial. The purpose of this study was to analyse demographics, clinical presentation, disease course and treatment of aminobisphosphonate-associated orbital/ocular inflammation in a large series of patients.

METHODS

A retrospective study of patients with aminobisphosphonate-associated orbital/ocular inflammation and a literature review to differentiate disease presentation and course between various aminobisphosphonates.

RESULTS

Eight patients from our institution (6 women and 2 men, median age 62 years) were included. The used drugs were zoledronate, alendronate and risedronate. The most common clinical presentation was conjunctival hyperaemia/chemosis. Scleritis was the most common manifestation, followed by diffuse orbital inflammation and anterior uveitis. Ultrasound aided in diagnosis in all our patients. The aminobisphosphonate was halted in all patients, and some patients had anti-inflammatory treatment. Literature review included 68 patients (83 eyes), of them the most abundant drugs causing orbital/ocular inflammation were pamidronate (38 eyes) and zoledronate (35 eyes). Overall, among 76 patients, all drugs induced orbital disease, while uveitis was induced mostly by zoledronate and pamidronate, less by alendronate and not found among risedronate users. Time interval from drug administration to symptoms was hours to 28 days. Resolution was achieved in all patients, after 1-60 days from disease presentation, and the longer resolution period was found among alendronate users.

CONCLUSION

Orbital/ocular inflammation was mostly caused by intravenous aminobisphosphonates. Uveitis was not induced by risedronate. The putative aminobisphosphonate should be halted at the onset of orbital/ocular involvement and prognosis is favourable.

Idiopathic Dacryoadenitis: Clinical Features, Histopathology, and Treatment Outcomes

PURPOSE

To review the clinical and histologic features of idiopathic dacryoadenitis, and to assess prognostic factors associated with disease recurrence, treatment recalcitrance, and incomplete treatment response.

DESIGN

Retrospective interventional case series.

METHODS

setting: Tertiary referral centers.

PATIENTS

Seventy-nine cases of biopsy-confirmed idiopathic dacryoadenitis.

OBSERVATION PROCEDURES

The following data were reviewed: age, sex, laterality, symptom onset, clinical presentation, histopathology, treatment response, and recurrence.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES

Rates of treatment recalcitrance, incomplete treatment response, and recurrence.

RESULTS

Idiopathic dacryoadenitis patients had a mean age of 50 years, 57% were female, and 16% of cases were bilateral. Fifty-two percent had inflammation extending to adjacent structures on imaging. Twenty percent were recalcitrant to treatment, 17% had an incomplete treatment response, and 15% of patients had a recurrence during a mean follow-up time of 64 months. Risk factors for an incomplete treatment response were male sex (P = .01) and inflammation extending to extraocular muscle (P = .01). A clinical presentation of "classic" dacryoadenitis was a risk factor for treatment recalcitrance (P = .02). Bilateral cases were younger than unilateral cases (P = .004) and had an increased risk of recurrence (P = .05). Sclerosing cases were associated with an insidious onset of symptoms (P = .009), but neither histopathology nor the speed of symptom onset was associated with a poor prognosis.

CONCLUSION

Thirty-seven percent of idiopathic dacryoadenitis had a poor response to treatment and 15% of cases recurred. The prognostic factors identified in this study have not been reported previously and may inform management.