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Simon TD, Schaffzin JK, Stevenson CB, Willebrand K, Parsek M, Hoffman LR. Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunt Infection: Emerging Paradigms in Pathogenesis that Affect Prevention and Treatment. J Pediatr 2019; 206:13-19. [PMID: 30528757 PMCID: PMC6389391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara D. Simon
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington/Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, Washington, United States,Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Joshua K. Schaffzin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - Charles B. Stevenson
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - Kathryn Willebrand
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Matthew Parsek
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Lucas R. Hoffman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington/Seattle Children’s Hospital, Seattle, Washington, United States,Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States,Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States,Center for Infection and Prematurity Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States
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Lanternier F, Mahdaviani SA, Barbati E, Chaussade H, Koumar Y, Levy R, Denis B, Brunel AS, Martin S, Loop M, Peeters J, de Selys A, Vanclaire J, Vermylen C, Nassogne MC, Chatzis O, Liu L, Migaud M, Pedergnana V, Desoubeaux G, Jouvion G, Chretien F, Darazam IA, Schäffer AA, Netea MG, De Bruycker JJ, Bernard L, Reynes J, Amazrine N, Abel L, Van der Linden D, Harrison T, Picard C, Lortholary O, Mansouri D, Casanova JL, Puel A. Inherited CARD9 deficiency in otherwise healthy children and adults with Candida species-induced meningoencephalitis, colitis, or both. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015; 135:1558-68.e2. [PMID: 25702837 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.12.1930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invasive infections of the central nervous system (CNS) or digestive tract caused by commensal fungi of the genus Candida are rare and life-threatening. The known risk factors include acquired and inherited immunodeficiencies, with patients often displaying a history of multiple infections. Cases of meningoencephalitis, colitis, or both caused by Candida species remain unexplained. OBJECTIVE We studied 5 previously healthy children and adults with unexplained invasive disease of the CNS, digestive tract, or both caused by Candida species. The patients were aged 39, 7, 17, 37, and 26 years at the time of infection and were unrelated, but each was born to consanguineous parents of Turkish (2 patients), Iranian, Moroccan, or Pakistani origin. Meningoencephalitis was reported in 3 patients, meningoencephalitis associated with colitis was reported in a fourth patient, and the fifth patient had colitis only. METHODS Inherited caspase recruitment domain family, member 9 (CARD9) deficiency was recently reported in otherwise healthy patients with other forms of severe disease caused by Candida, Trichophyton, Phialophora, and Exophiala species, including meningoencephalitis but not colitis caused by Candida and Exophiala species. Therefore we sequenced CARD9 in the 5 patients. RESULTS All patients were found to be homozygous for rare and deleterious mutant CARD9 alleles: R70W and Q289* for the 3 patients with Candida albicans-induced meningoencephalitis, R35Q for the patient with meningoencephalitis and colitis caused by Candida glabrata, and Q295* for the patient with Candida albicans-induced colitis. Regardless of their levels of mutant CARD9 protein, the patients' monocyte-derived dendritic cells responded poorly to CARD9-dependent fungal agonists (curdlan, heat-killed C albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Exophiala dermatitidis). CONCLUSION Invasive infections of the CNS or digestive tract caused by Candida species in previously healthy children and even adults might be caused by inherited CARD9 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Lanternier
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; Necker Pasteur Infectious Diseases Center, Necker Hospital, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Seyed Alireza Mahdaviani
- Pediatric Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elisa Barbati
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Romain Levy
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Blandine Denis
- Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; Necker Pasteur Infectious Diseases Center, Necker Hospital, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | | | - Sophie Martin
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Saint-Luc University Hospital, UCL, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michèle Loop
- Pediatric-Neonatology Unit, Saint-Jean Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julie Peeters
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Saint-Luc University Hospital, UCL, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ariel de Selys
- Pediatric-Neonatology Unit, Saint-Jean Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean Vanclaire
- Pediatric-Neonatology Unit, Saint-Jean Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christiane Vermylen
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Unit, Saint-Luc University Hospital, UCL, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Olga Chatzis
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Saint-Luc University Hospital, UCL, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luyan Liu
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Migaud
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Pedergnana
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Desoubeaux
- Parasitology-Mycology-Tropical Medicine Unit, Bretonneau Hospital, Center for the Study of Respiratory Diseases, INSERM U1100/Equipe 3 School of Medicine, Tours, France
| | - Gregory Jouvion
- Human Histopathology and Animal Models, Infection and Epidemiology Department, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Fabrice Chretien
- Human Histopathology and Animal Models, Infection and Epidemiology Department, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France; Neuropathology Laboratory, Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Ilad Alavi Darazam
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alejandro A Schäffer
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jean J De Bruycker
- Immunology and Rheumatology Unit, Saint-Justine Hospital University Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Louis Bernard
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Bretonneau Hospital, Tours, France
| | | | | | - Laurent Abel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Dimitri Van der Linden
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Saint-Luc University Hospital, UCL, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tom Harrison
- Infection and Immunity Research Institute, Saint George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Capucine Picard
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; Department of Neurosurgery, Tangier, Morocco; Study Center for Immunodeficiency, Necker Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France; Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Lortholary
- Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; Necker Pasteur Infectious Diseases Center, Necker Hospital, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Imagine Institute, Paris, France; National Reference Center for Invasive Mycoses and Antifungals, Molecular Mycology Unit, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Davood Mansouri
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital, AP-HP, Paris, France; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY
| | - Anne Puel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.
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Simon TD, Hall M, Dean JM, Kestle JRW, Riva-Cambrin J. Reinfection following initial cerebrospinal fluid shunt infection. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2010; 6:277-85. [PMID: 20809713 DOI: 10.3171/2010.5.peds09457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT Significant variation exists in the surgical and medical management of CSF shunt infection. The objectives of this study were to determine CSF shunt reinfection rates following initial CSF shunt infection in a large patient cohort and to determine management, patient, hospital, and surgeon factors associated with CSF shunt reinfection. METHODS This retrospective cohort study included children who were in the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) database, who ranged in age from 0 to 18 years, and who underwent uncomplicated initial CSF shunt placement in addition to treatment for initial CSF shunt infection between January 1, 2001, and December 31, 2008. The outcome was CSF shunt reinfection within 6 months. The main predictor variable of interest was surgical approach to treatment of first infection, which was determined for 483 patients. Covariates included patient, hospital, surgeon, and other management factors. RESULTS The PHIS database includes 675 children with initial CSF shunt infection. Surgical approach to treatment of the initial CSF shunt infection was determined for 483 children (71.6%). The surgical approach was primarily shunt removal/new shunt placement (in 286 children [59.2%]), but a substantial number underwent externalization (59 children [12.2%]), of whom a subset went on to have the externalized shunt removed and a new shunt placed (17 children [3.5% overall]). Other approaches included nonsurgical management (64 children [13.3%]) and complete shunt removal without shunt replacement (74 children [15.3%]). The 6-month reinfection rate was 14.8% (100 of 675 patients). The median time from infection to reinfection was 21 days (interquartile range [IQR] 5-58 days). Children with reinfection had less time between shunt placement and initial infection (median 50 vs 79 days, p = 0.06). No differences between those with and without reinfection were seen in patient factors (patient age at either shunt placement or initial infection, sex, race/ethnicity, payer, indication for shunt, number of comorbidities, distal shunt location, and number of shunt revisions at first infection); hospital volume; surgeon volume; or other management factors (for example, duration of intravenous antibiotic use). Nonsurgical management was associated with reinfection, and complete shunt removal was negatively associated with reinfection. However, reinfection rates did not differ between the 2 most common surgical approaches: shunt removal/new shunt placement (44 [15.4%] of 286; 95% CI 11.4%-20.1%) and externalization (total 12 [20.3%] of 59; 95% CI 11.0%-32.8%). Externalization followed by shunt removal/new shunt placement (5 [29.4%] of 17; 95% CI 10.3%-56.0%) and nonsurgical management (15 [23.4%] of 64; 95% CI 13.8%-35.7%) had higher, but nonstatistically significant, reinfection rates. The length of stay was shorter for nonsurgical management. CONCLUSIONS Surgical approach to treatment of initial CSF shunt infection was not associated with reinfection in this large cohort of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara D Simon
- Division of Inpatient Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.
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