1
|
Benjamin JI, Pollock DM. Current perspective on circadian function of the kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2024; 326:F438-F459. [PMID: 38134232 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00247.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Behavior and function of living systems are synchronized by the 24-h rotation of the Earth that guides physiology according to time of day. However, when behavior becomes misaligned from the light-dark cycle, such as in rotating shift work, jet lag, and even unusual eating patterns, adverse health consequences such as cardiovascular or cardiometabolic disease can arise. The discovery of cell-autonomous molecular clocks expanded interest in regulatory systems that control circadian physiology including within the kidney, where function varies along a 24-h cycle. Our understanding of the mechanisms for circadian control of physiology is in the early stages, and so the present review provides an overview of what is known and the many gaps in our current understanding. We include a particular focus on the impact of eating behaviors, especially meal timing. A better understanding of the mechanisms guiding circadian function of the kidney is expected to reveal new insights into causes and consequences of a wide range of disorders involving the kidney, including hypertension, obesity, and chronic kidney disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jazmine I Benjamin
- Section of Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - David M Pollock
- Section of Cardio-Renal Physiology and Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Costello HM, Johnston JG, Juffre A, Crislip GR, Gumz ML. Circadian clocks of the kidney: function, mechanism, and regulation. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:1669-1701. [PMID: 35575250 PMCID: PMC9273266 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00045.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An intrinsic cellular circadian clock is located in nearly every cell of the body. The peripheral circadian clocks within the cells of the kidney contribute to the regulation of a variety of renal processes. In this review, we summarize what is currently known regarding the function, mechanism, and regulation of kidney clocks. Additionally, the effect of extrarenal physiological processes, such as endocrine and neuronal signals, on kidney function is also reviewed. Circadian rhythms in renal function are an integral part of kidney physiology, underscoring the importance of considering time of day as a key biological variable. The field of circadian renal physiology is of tremendous relevance, but with limited physiological and mechanistic information on the kidney clocks this is an area in need of extensive investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Costello
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Jermaine G Johnston
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- North Florida/South Georgia Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Alexandria Juffre
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - G Ryan Crislip
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Michelle L Gumz
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- North Florida/South Georgia Malcom Randall Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
- Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Puglisi S, Rossini A, Poli R, Dughera F, Pia A, Terzolo M, Reimondo G. Effects of SGLT2 Inhibitors and GLP-1 Receptor Agonists on Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:738848. [PMID: 34745006 PMCID: PMC8567993 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.738848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium-glucose cotransporters inhibitors (SGLT2-i) and GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP1-RA) are glucose-lowering drugs that are proved to reduce the cardiovascular (CV) risk in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In this process, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is assumed to play a role. The inhibition of SGLT2 improves hyperglycemia hampering urinary reabsorption of glucose and inducing glycosuria. This "hybrid" diuretic effect, which couples natriuresis with osmotic diuresis, potentially leads to systemic RAAS activation. However, the association between SGLT2-i and systemic RAAS activation is not straightforward. Available data indicate that SGLT2-i cause plasma renin activity (PRA) increase in the early phase of treatment, while PRA and aldosterone levels remain unchanged in chronic treated patients. Furthermore, emerging studies provide evidence that SGLT2-i might have an interfering effect on aldosterone/renin ratio (ARR) in patients with T2DM, due to their diuretic and sympathoinhibition effects. The cardio- and reno-protective effects of GLP-1-RA are at least in part related to the interaction with RAAS. In particular, GLP1-RA counteract the action of angiotensin II (ANG II) inhibiting its synthesis, increasing the inactivation of its circulating form and contrasting its action on target tissue like glomerular endothelial cells and cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, GLP1-RA stimulate natriuresis inhibiting Na+/H+ exchanger NHE-3, which is conversely activated by ANG II. Moreover, GLP1 infusion acutely reduces circulating aldosterone, but this effect does not seem to be chronically maintained in patients treated with GLP1-RA. In conclusion, both SGLT2-i and GLP1-RA seem to have several effects on RAAS, though additional studies are needed to clarify this relationship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Puglisi
- Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rossini
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Roberta Poli
- Metabolic Disease and Diabetes Unit, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Italy
- *Correspondence: Roberta Poli,
| | - Francesca Dughera
- Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Anna Pia
- Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Massimo Terzolo
- Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Reimondo
- Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zheng MH, Li FXZ, Xu F, Lin X, Wang Y, Xu QS, Guo B, Yuan LQ. The Interplay Between the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System and Parathyroid Hormone. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:539. [PMID: 32973674 PMCID: PMC7468498 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is the regulatory system by which renin induces aldosterone production. Angiotensin II (Ang II) is the main effector substance of the RAAS. The RAAS regulates blood pressure and electrolyte balance by controlling blood volume and peripheral resistance. Excessive activation of the RAAS is an important factor in the onset of cardiovascular disease and the deterioration of this disease. The most common RAAS abnormality is primary aldosteronism (PA). Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a peptide secreted by the main cells of the parathyroid gland, which promotes elevated blood calcium (Ca2+) levels and decreased blood phosphorus (Pi) levels. Excessive secretion of PTH can cause primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). Parathyroidism is highly prevalent in postmenopausal women and is often associated with secondary osteoporosis. PA and PHPT are common endocrine system diseases. However, studies have shown a link between the RAAS and PTH, indicating a positive relationship between them. In this review, we explore the complex bidirectional relationship between the RAAS and PTH. We also point out possible future treatment options for related diseases based on this relationship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hui Zheng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fu-Xing-Zi Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao Lin
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiu-Shuang Xu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bei Guo
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ling-Qing Yuan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Disease, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Ling-Qing Yuan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gebremichael Y, Lahu G, Vakilynejad M, Hallow KM. Benchmarking renin suppression and blood pressure reduction of direct renin inhibitor imarikiren through quantitative systems pharmacology modeling. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2018; 46:15-25. [PMID: 30443840 DOI: 10.1007/s10928-018-9612-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Multiple classes of antihypertensive drugs inhibit components of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). The primary physiological effector of the RAAS is angiotensin II (AngII) bound to the AT1 receptor (AT1-bound AngII). There is a strong non-linear feedback from AT1-bound AngII on renin secretion. Since AT1-bound AngII is not readily measured experimentally, plasma renin concentration (PRC) and/or activity (PRA) are typically measured to indicate RAAS suppression. We investigated the RAAS suppression of imarikiren hydrochloride (TAK-272; SCO-272), a direct renin inhibitor currently under clinical development. We employed a previously developed quantitative system pharmacology (QSP) model to benchmark renin suppression and blood pressure regulation with imarikiren compared to other RAAS therapies. A pharmacokinetic (PK) model of imarikiren was linked with the existing QSP model, which consists of a mechanistic representation of the RAAS pathway coupled with a model of blood pressure regulation and volume homeostasis. The PK and pharmacodynamic effects of imarikiren were calibrated by fitting drug concentration, PRA, and PRC data, and trough AT1-bound AngII suppression was simulated. We also prospectively simulated expected mean arterial pressure reduction in a cohort of hypertensive virtual patients. These predictions were benchmarked against predictions for several other (previously calibrated) RAAS monotherapies and dual-RAAS therapies. Our analysis indicates that low doses (5-10 mg) of imarikiren are comparable to current RAAS therapies, and at higher doses (25-200 mg), RAAS suppression may be equivalent to existing dual-RAAS combinations (at registered doses). This study illustrates application of QSP modeling to predict phase II endpoints from phase I data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeshitila Gebremichael
- School of Chemical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | | | | | - K Melissa Hallow
- School of Chemical, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chronobiology and Pharmacologic Modulation of the Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System in Dogs: What Have We Learned? Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 169:43-69. [DOI: 10.1007/112_2015_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
7
|
Mochel JP, Fink M, Bon C, Peyrou M, Bieth B, Desevaux C, Deurinck M, Giraudel JM, Danhof M. Influence of feeding schedules on the chronobiology of renin activity, urinary electrolytes and blood pressure in dogs. Chronobiol Int 2014; 31:715-30. [DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2014.897711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
8
|
Mochel JP, Fink M, Peyrou M, Desevaux C, Deurinck M, Giraudel JM, Danhof M. Chronobiology of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in dogs: relation to blood pressure and renal physiology. Chronobiol Int 2013; 30:1144-59. [DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2013.807275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
9
|
Circadian rhythms in urinary functions: possible roles of circadian clocks? Int Neurourol J 2011; 15:64-73. [PMID: 21811695 PMCID: PMC3138846 DOI: 10.5213/inj.2011.15.2.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian clocks are the endogenous oscillators that harmonize a variety of physiological processes within the body. Although many urinary functions exhibit clear daily or circadian variation in diurnal humans and nocturnal rodents, the precise mechanisms of these variations are as yet unclear. In this review, we briefly introduce circadian clocks and their organization in mammals. We then summarize known daily or circadian variations in urinary function. Importantly, recent findings by others as well as results obtained by us suggest an active role of circadian clock genes in various urinary functions. Finally, we discuss possible research avenues for the circadian control of urinary function.
Collapse
|
10
|
Uezono K, Kawasaki T, Itoh K, Cugini P. Effects of a 1 day fast on biohumoral variables associated with human circadian rhythmicity. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2002; 29:582-8. [PMID: 12060101 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1681.2002.03687.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
1. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of a short (1 day) fast by testing biohumoral variables associated with the human circadian rhythm. 2. Fifteen clinically healthy male volunteers (32 +/- 8 years old) participated in the study. Subjects were fed a control diet for 7 days. The last day was a control day and the following 8th day was the fasting day. Each subject was asked to collect urine seven times over a 24 h period. Chemical and hormonal variables were measured in each fractionated urine specimen. The time- qualified urinary excretion rates were biometrically analysed using conventional and chronobiological methods. 3. During fasting, significant incremental changes were detected in the urinary excretion rates of potassium, aldosterone, 17-hydroxycorticosteroids and adrenaline and significant decremental changes were detected in the excretion rates of sodium, chloride, creatinine, urea nitrogen, uric acid, 17-ketosteroids, noradrenaline and dopamine. The circadian rhythmicity of the variables was well preserved and remained almost stable throughout the fasting phase. 4. Fasting affected the mean oscillatory levels and oscillatory amplitudes of variables, suggesting that nutrients may have played roles as tonic and phasic modulators on the mechanisms that physiologically regulate ircadian rhythmicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Uezono
- Institute of Health Science, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Matthiesen T, Rittig S, Norgaard J, Pedersen E, Djurhuus J. Nocturnal Polyuria and Natriuresis in Male Patients with Nocturia and Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms. J Urol 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5347(01)65572-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T.B. Matthiesen
- Institute of Experimental Clinical Research, Department of Urology and Research Laboratory C, Department of Medicine and Nephrology, Skejby University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - S. Rittig
- Institute of Experimental Clinical Research, Department of Urology and Research Laboratory C, Department of Medicine and Nephrology, Skejby University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - J.P. Norgaard
- Institute of Experimental Clinical Research, Department of Urology and Research Laboratory C, Department of Medicine and Nephrology, Skejby University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - E.B. Pedersen
- Institute of Experimental Clinical Research, Department of Urology and Research Laboratory C, Department of Medicine and Nephrology, Skejby University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - J.C. Djurhuus
- Institute of Experimental Clinical Research, Department of Urology and Research Laboratory C, Department of Medicine and Nephrology, Skejby University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
|
13
|
Cugini P, Letizia C, Cerci S, Di Palma L, Battisti P, Coppola A, Scavo D. A chronobiological approach to circulating levels of renin, angiotensin-converting enzyme, aldosterone, ACTH, and cortisol in Addison's disease. Chronobiol Int 1993; 10:119-22. [PMID: 8388783 DOI: 10.1080/07420529309059700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This study deals with a chronobiological approach to the circadian rhythm of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and the ACTH-cortisol axis (ACA) in patients with Addison's disease (PAD). The aim is to explore the mechanism(s) for which the circadian rhythmicity of the RAAS and ACA takes place. The study has shown that both the RAAS and ACA are devoid of a circadian rhythm in PAD. The lack of rhythmicity for renin and ACTH provides indirect evidence that their rhythmic secretion is in some way related to the circadian oscillation of aldosterone and cortisol. This implies a new concept: a positive feedback may be included among the mechanisms which chronoregulate the RAAS and ACA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Cugini
- University of Rome, La Sapienza, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cugini P, Lucia P, Di Palma L, Re M, Canova R, Gasbarrone L, Cianetti A. The circadian rhythm of atrial natriuretic peptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide, beta-endorphin and cortisol in healthy young and elderly subjects. Clin Auton Res 1992; 2:113-8. [PMID: 1386266 DOI: 10.1007/bf01819666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Atrial natriuretic peptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide, beta-endorphin and cortisol are humoral variables characterized by a 24-h periodicity. We evaluated the circadian rhythm of these peptides and hormones in healthy subjects who were young (between 20-25 years) or elderly (between 65-75 years). All were on controlled diets. Blood samples were collected six times during a 24-h period (at 06.00, 08.00, 12.00, 18.00, 20.00 and 24.00 h) beginning 8-h after start of recumbency. The time-related data were analysed by the Cosinor method in order to validate the circadian rhythm and to quantify rhythmometric parameters which included the midline estimate of rhythm (mesor). In contrast to the young subjects, Cosinor analysis failed to reveal a significant circadian rhythm in elderly subjects, for plasma cortisol. In elderly subjects oscillation (mesor) of atrial nutriuretic peptide was higher, while that of vasoactive intestinal peptide and beta-endorphins was lower. The results suggest changes in the physiological secretion of these three peptides in healthy elderly subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Cugini
- II Clinica Medica, Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Affiliation(s)
- M A Brock
- Clinical Immunology Section, Natinal Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cugini P, Murano G, Lucia P, Letizia C, Lisanu M, Scavo D, Gillum RF, Lee JY, Halberg F, Koga Y. Effects of a mild and prolonged restriction in sodium or food intake on the circadian rhythm of aldosterone and related variables. Chronobiol Int 1987; 4:245-50. [PMID: 3508744 DOI: 10.3109/07420528709078531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The effect of a mild reduction in dietary sodium intake (-30 mEq/24 hr) and body weight (-2 kg/2 months) on circadian rhythms of urinary aldosterone (UA), sodium (UNa), potassium (UK), creatinine (UC) and volume (UV) have been investigated in nine clinically healthy subjects. The mild reduction in dietary sodium is associated with: (1) a decrease in the 24-hr excretion rate of UNa, UK and UV, and an increased mesor of UA and UC; (2) a lowered extent of the circadian variation for UNa, UK, UV and a greater amplitude for UA and UC (3) a later crest in the temporal phase for UK, UA, UC, an earlier phasic wave for UNa. The mild reduction in calorie intake resulting in a body weight loss is associated with a more pronounced decrease in the 24-hr excretion rate of UNa and UK, and in the extent of circadian fluctuation for UNa. Peculiar events are: (1) the decreased 24-hr excretion rate for UA, and the increased mesor for UV; (2) the extent variability increased for UV, decreased for UC. Such effect may have a practical resonance for heuristic physiology since the role of dietary sodium and food intake has been better clarified. Dietary sodium and food can be regarded as 'chronomodulatory agents' for the adrenal cortex since their adrenotropic influence is extended to the tonic as well as phasic secretion of aldosterone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Cugini
- Patologia Medica, University of Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|