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Jurisch M, de Paula CCA, Augusti R. Distinguishing legal and illegal cigarettes by applying paper spray mass spectrometry and chemometric tools. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8752. [PMID: 32059068 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Smoking is responsible for one in five deaths around the world. Thus, governments have been trying to reduce the number of active smokers by increasing taxes on products. This scenario creates a new problem by raising the consumption of illegally traded cigarettes, which are often seized and analyzed by police forces. METHODS Legal and illegal cigarette samples were extracted and analyzed using paper spray ionization mass spectrometry (PS-MS). The mass spectrometer was set to operate in full-scan positive ion mode to yield representative chemical profiles of each sample. The results were used to build a chemometric model using partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) to discriminate between both sets of samples, i.e. legal and illegal. RESULTS The PS-MS procedure was fast, simple and efficient, yielding high-quality and reproducible mass spectra with a very good signal-to-noise ratio. Even though all samples displayed visually indistinguishable mass spectra, the PS-MS data handled by the PLS-DA approach furnished a model that reached sample classification with rates of 100% and 80% for the training and validation sets, respectively. CONCLUSIONS A novel methodology was successfully developed associating the PS-MS technique with chemometric analysis to differentiate between legal and illegal cigarettes. The PS-MS technique proved to be adequate for obtaining fingerprints of such types of samples despite high complexity, and a PLS-DA model was successfully constructed achieving 82.1% accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Jurisch
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | | | - Rodinei Augusti
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
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Simms L, Clarke A, Paschke T, Manson A, Murphy J, Stabbert R, Esposito M, Ghosh D, Roemer E, Martinez J, Freiesleben J, Kim HK, Lindegaard T, Scharfe M, Vincze I, Vlachos P, Wigotzki D, Pollner G, Lutz R. Assessment of priority tobacco additives per the requirements of the EU Tobacco Products Directive (2014/40/EU): Part 1: Background, approach, and summary of findings. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 104:84-97. [PMID: 30797887 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This paper is part of a series of 3 publications and describes the non-clinical and clinical assessment performed to fulfill the regulatory requirement per Art. 6 (2) of the EU Tobacco Products Directive 2014/40/EU; under which Member States shall require manufacturers and importers of cigarettes and roll-your-own tobacco containing an additive that is included in the priority list established by Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2016/787 to carry out comprehensive studies. The Directive requires manufacturers and importers of cigarettes and Roll Your Own tobacco to examine for each additive whether it; contributes to and increases the toxicity or addictiveness of tobacco products to a significant or measurable degree; if it leads to a characterizing flavor of the product; if it facilitates inhalation or nicotine uptake, and if it results in the formation of CMR (carcinogenic, mutagenic and reprotoxic) constituents and if these substances increase the CMR properties of the respective tobacco product to a significant or measurable degree. This publication gives an overview on comprehensive smoke chemistry, in vitro toxicity, and human clinical studies commissioned by the members of the Priority Additives Tobacco Consortium to independent Contract Research Organizations (CROs) where the emissions of test cigarettes containing priority additives were compared to emissions emerging from an additive-free reference cigarette. Whilst minor changes in smoke chemistry parameters were observed when comparing emissions from test cigarettes with emissions from additive-free reference cigarettes, only two of the additives (sorbitol and guar gum) tested led to significant increases in a limited number of smoke constituents. These changes were not observed when sorbitol or guar gum were tested in a mixture with other priority additives. None of the priority additives resulted in increases in in vitro toxicity (Ames, Micronucleus, Neutral Red Uptake) or led to changes in smoking behavior or absorption (rate or amount) of nicotine measured during the human clinical study as compared to the additive-free reference cigarette.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Simms
- Imperial Tobacco, 121 Winterstoke Road, Bristol, BS3 2LL, United Kingdom.
| | - Anna Clarke
- Imperial Tobacco, 121 Winterstoke Road, Bristol, BS3 2LL, United Kingdom
| | - Thilo Paschke
- Japan Tobacco International SA, Rue Kazem Radjavi 8, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andrew Manson
- British American Tobacco, Globe House, Temple Place, London, United Kingdom
| | - James Murphy
- British American Tobacco, Research & Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton, SO158TL, United Kingdom
| | - Regina Stabbert
- Philip Morris International, Philip Morris Products SA, Rue des Usines 90, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Marco Esposito
- Philip Morris International, Philip Morris Products SA, Rue des Usines 90, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - David Ghosh
- Philip Morris International, Philip Morris International Management SA, Avenue de Rhodanie 50, 1001, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ewald Roemer
- TobToxConsulting, Imp. Blanchet-Dailleres 9, 1585, Cotterd, Switzerland
| | - Javier Martinez
- Japan Tobacco International SA, Rue Kazem Radjavi 8, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jarl Freiesleben
- Mac Baren Tobacco Company A/S, Porthusvej 100, DK-5700 Svenborg, Denmark
| | - Hyo-Keun Kim
- KT&G Research Institute, 30 Gajeong-ro, Yusong-gu, Daejeon, 34128, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Marc Scharfe
- LandewykTobacco S. A, 31 rue de Hollerich, 1741, Luxembourg B.P, 2202L-1022, Luxembourg
| | - Istvan Vincze
- Continental Tobacco Corporation, Continental Dohányipari Zrt, 1-3, Dohány utca Sátoraljaújhely, 3980, Hungary
| | | | - Diane Wigotzki
- Joh. Wilh. von Eicken GmbH, Drechslerstr. 1 - 3, 23556, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Gwen Pollner
- Pöschl Tabak GmbH & Co. KG, Dieselstrasse 1, 84144, Geisenhausen, Germany
| | - Rolf Lutz
- Philip Morris International, Philip Morris International Management SA, Avenue de Rhodanie 50, 1001, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Paumgartten FJR, Gomes-Carneiro MR, Oliveira ACAXD. The impact of tobacco additives on cigarette smoke toxicity: a critical appraisal of tobacco industry studies. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2017; 33Suppl 3:e00132415. [PMID: 28954055 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00132415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette production involves a number of substances and materials other than just tobacco, paper and a filter. Tobacco additives include flavorings, enhancers, humectants, sugars, and ammonium compounds. Although companies maintain that tobacco additives do not enhance smoke toxicity and do not make cigarettes more attractive or addictive, these claims are questioned by independent researchers. This study reviewed the studies on the effects of tobacco additives on smoke chemistry and toxicity. Tobacco additives lead to higher levels of formaldehyde and minor changes in other smoke analytes. Toxicological studies (bacterial mutagenicity and mammalian cytoxicity tests, rat 90 days inhalation studies and bone-marrow cell micronucleus assays) found that tobacco additives did not enhance smoke toxicity. Rodent assays, however, poorly predicted carcinogenicity of tobacco smoke, and were clearly underpowered to disclose small albeit toxicologically relevant differences between test (with tobacco additives) and control (without tobacco additives) cigarettes. This literature review led to the conclusion that the impact of tobacco additives on tobacco smoke harmfulness remains unclear.
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4
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Kienhuis AS, Staal YCM, Soeteman-Hernández LG, van de Nobelen S, Talhout R. A test strategy for the assessment of additive attributed toxicity of tobacco products. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 94:93-102. [PMID: 27155068 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The new EU Tobacco Product Directive (TPD) prohibits tobacco products containing additives that are toxic in unburnt form or that increase overall toxicity of the product. This paper proposes a strategy to assess additive attributed toxicity in the context of the TPD. Literature was searched on toxicity testing strategies for regulatory purposes from tobacco industry and governmental institutes. Although mainly traditional in vivo testing strategies have been applied to assess toxicity of unburnt additives and increases in overall toxicity of tobacco products due to additives, in vitro tests combined with toxicogenomics and validated using biomarkers of exposure and disease are most promising in this respect. As such, tests are needed that are sensitive enough to assess additive attributed toxicity above the overall toxicity of tobacco products, which can associate assay outcomes to human risk and exposure. In conclusion, new, sensitive in vitro assays are needed to conclude whether comparable testing allows for assessment of small changes in overall toxicity attributed to additives. A more pragmatic approach for implementation on a short-term is mandated lowering of toxic emission components. Combined with risk assessment, this approach allows assessment of effectiveness of harm reduction strategies, including banning or reducing of additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne S Kienhuis
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Yvonne C M Staal
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Lya G Soeteman-Hernández
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne van de Nobelen
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Reinskje Talhout
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Shintu L, Caldarelli S, Campredon M. HRMAS NMR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics as an alternative analytical tool to control cigarette authenticity. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:9093-100. [PMID: 24057027 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7354-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we present for the first time the use of high-resolution magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (HRMAS NMR) spectroscopy combined with chemometrics as an alternative tool for the characterization of tobacco products from different commercial international brands as well as for the identification of counterfeits. Although cigarette filling is a very complex chemical mixture, we were able to discriminate between dark, bright, and additive-free cigarette blends belonging to six different filter-cigarette brands, commercially available, using an approach for which no extraction procedure is required. Second, we focused our study on a specific worldwide-distributed brand for which established counterfeits were available. We discriminated those from their genuine counterparts with 100% accuracy using unsupervised multivariate statistical analysis. The counterfeits that we analyzed showed a higher amount of nicotine and solanesol and a lower content of sugars, all endogenous tobacco leaf metabolites. This preliminary study demonstrates the great potential of HRMAS NMR spectroscopy to help in controlling cigarette authenticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Shintu
- Aix Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, CNRS, iSm2-UMR 7313, 13397, Marseille, France,
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Appleton S, Olegario RM, Lipowicz PJ. TSNA levels in machine-generated mainstream cigarette smoke: 35 years of data. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 66:197-207. [PMID: 23557986 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This paper characterizes historical and current tobacco specific nitrosamine (TSNA) levels in mainstream (MS) cigarette smoke of US commercial cigarettes. To conduct this analysis, we gathered 35 years of published data of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and N-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) levels in MS cigarette smoke. We also assessed internal data of MS smoke NNK and NNN levels generated from various market monitoring initiatives and from control cigarettes used in a multi-year program for testing cigarette ingredients. In all, we analyzed machine smoking data from 401 cigarette samples representing a wide range of products and design characteristics from multiple manufacturers and market leaders. There was no indication that TSNA levels systematically increased in cigarette MS smoke over the 35-year analysis period. In particular, TSNA levels expressed as either per cigarette or normalized for tar suggest a downward trend in MS smoke over the past 10 years. The apparent downward trend in TSNA levels in MS smoke may reflect industry and agricultural community efforts to reduce levels of TSNAs in tobacco and cigarette smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Appleton
- Altria Client Services Inc., 601 East Jackson Street, Richmond, VA 23219, USA.
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Oldham MJ, Coggins CRE, McKinney WJ. A comprehensive evaluation of selected components and processes used in the manufacture of cigarettes: approach and overview. Inhal Toxicol 2013; 25 Suppl 2:1-5. [PMID: 24341842 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2013.854429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT In addition to tobacco and cigarette ingredients, there are many non-tobacco components and processes used to manufacture commercial cigarettes. Proposed cigarette components and manufacturing process changes were evaluated using a tiered toxicological testing program. OBJECTIVE The toxicological testing and evaluation of proposed changes to selected non-tobacco cigarette components and manufacturing processes are described in this special report. MATERIALS AND METHODS Selected non-tobacco cigarette components and manufacturing processes were evaluated using experimental and control cigarettes. These experimental cigarettes were evaluated using mainstream smoke chemistry, bacterial mutagenicity and cytotoxicity assays. In some evaluations, 90-day nose-only mainstream smoke inhalation studies using rats were performed. RESULTS Some proposed design changes were not implemented, or limitations on their use were established. Most study results, however, were similar to those previously reported in the scientific literature for design changes in cigarette construction. CONCLUSION The studies reported in the series of publication demonstrate that our testing approach is feasible for evaluation of cigarette component and manufacturing process changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Oldham
- Regulatory Affairs, Altria Client Services Inc. , Richmond, VA , USA and
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