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Juskiene I, Prokopciuk N, Franck U, Valiulis A, Valskys V, Mesceriakova V, Kvedariene V, Valiulyte I, Poluzioroviene E, Sauliene I, Valiulis A. Indoor air pollution effects on pediatric asthma are submicron aerosol particle-dependent. Eur J Pediatr 2022; 181:2469-2480. [PMID: 35312840 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-022-04443-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The school environment is crucial for the child's health and well-being. On the other hand, the data about the role of school's aerosol pollution on the etiology of chronic non-communicable diseases remain scarce. This study aims to evaluate the level of indoor aerosol pollution in primary schools and its relation to the incidence of doctor's diagnosed asthma among younger school-age children. The cross-sectional study was carried out in 11 primary schools of Vilnius during 1 year of education from autumn 2017 to spring 2018. Particle number (PNC) and mass (PMC) concentrations in the size range of 0.3-10 µm were measured using an Optical Particle Sizer (OPS, TSI model 3330). The annual incidence of doctor's diagnosed asthma in each school was calculated retrospectively from the data of medical records. The total number of 6-11 years old children who participated in the study was 3638. The incidence of asthma per school ranged from 1.8 to 6.0%. Mean indoor air pollution based on measurements in classrooms during the lessons was calculated for each school. Levels of PNC and PMC in schools ranged between 33.0 and 168.0 particles/cm3 and 1.7-6.8 µg/m3, respectively. There was a statistically significant correlation between the incidence of asthma and PNC as well as asthma and PMC in the particle size range of 0.3-1 µm (r = 0.66, p = 0.028) and (r = 0.71, p = 0.017) respectively. No significant correlation was found between asthma incidence and indoor air pollution in the particle size range of 0.3-2.5 and 0.3-10 µm. Conclusion: We concluded that the number and mass concentrations of indoor air aerosol pollution in primary schools in the particle size range of 0.3-1 µm are primarily associated with the incidence of doctor's diagnosed asthma among younger school-age children. What is Known: • Both indoor and outdoor aerosol pollution is associated with bronchial asthma in children. What is New: • The incidence of bronchial asthma among younger school age children is related to indoor air quality in primary schools. • Aerosol pollutants in the size range of 0.3-1 µm in contrast to larger size range particles can play major role in the etiology of bronchial asthma in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabele Juskiene
- Clinic of Children's Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Vilnius University Faculty of Medicine, Antakalnio Str. 57, Vilnius, LT-10207, Lithuania
| | - Nina Prokopciuk
- Clinic of Children's Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Vilnius University Faculty of Medicine, Antakalnio Str. 57, Vilnius, LT-10207, Lithuania. .,Department of Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Vilnius University Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Ulrich Franck
- Department of Environmental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Algirdas Valiulis
- Department of Rehabilitation, Physical and Sports Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Vilnius University Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vaidotas Valskys
- Center of Life Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | - Violeta Kvedariene
- Department of Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Vilnius University Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania.,Clinic of Chest Diseases and Allergology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Vilnius University Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Indre Valiulyte
- Vilnius University Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania.,Kantonsspital Thurgau, Frauenfeld, Switzerland
| | - Edita Poluzioroviene
- Clinic of Children's Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Vilnius University Faculty of Medicine, Antakalnio Str. 57, Vilnius, LT-10207, Lithuania
| | | | - Arunas Valiulis
- Clinic of Children's Diseases, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Vilnius University Faculty of Medicine, Antakalnio Str. 57, Vilnius, LT-10207, Lithuania.,Department of Public Health, Institute of Health Sciences, Vilnius University Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
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TAM WILSONW, WONG TZEWAI, WONG ANDROMEDAH, HUI DAVIDS. Effect of dust storm events on daily emergency admissions for respiratory diseases. Respirology 2011; 17:143-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.02056.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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D. M. Bolarin, D. K. Bhalla & M. T.. EFFECTS OF REPEATED EXPOSURES OF GERIATRIC RATS TO OZONE AND PARTICLE-CONTAINING ATMOSPHERES: AN ANALYSIS OF BRONCHOALVEOLAR LAVAG E AND PLASMA PROTEINS. Inhal Toxicol 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/089583797198105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Fung K, Krewski D, Burnett R, Dominici F. Testing the harvesting hypothesis by time-domain regression analysis. I: baseline analysis. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2005; 68:1137-54. [PMID: 16024493 DOI: 10.1080/15287390590936003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Although the association between air pollution and daily mortality is well established, the mechanisms by which air pollution results in excess mortality are not yet well understood. In particular, there exists debate over whether air pollution has a direct effect on mortality in the general population or simply shortens the life span of frail individuals, a hypothesis referred to as "harvesting." The goal of this investigation is to test the harvesting hypothesis using the time-domain regression method of Dominici et al. (2003a). We conducted simulations based on a two-compartment model that divides the population into a larger group of healthy individuals and a frail subpopulation. Death from air pollution is assumed to take place in two steps, by first moving from healthy population to the frail pool, then death with probability related to the level of air pollution. Using time-domain analysis, we seek to identify data patterns that would be characteristic of harvesting under different scenarios. For a pure harvesting model, time-domain analysis indicates that mortality is associated with a short-term air pollution episode of less than 2 d if the mean residency time in the frail pool is short. If both entrants and deaths depend on the level of air pollution and the rates of entry to and exit from the frail pool are about the same, the log relative risk estimates are essentially unchanged at all time scales. If pollution affects mortality in the frail pool more than entrants, larger effects will occur at shorter time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Fung
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
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Villeneuve PJ, Burnett RT, Shi Y, Krewski D, Goldberg MS, Hertzman C, Chen Y, Brook J. A time-series study of air pollution, socioeconomic status, and mortality in Vancouver, Canada. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE ANALYSIS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2003; 13:427-35. [PMID: 14603343 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jea.7500292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the relationship between daily levels of particulate and gaseous phase pollutants and mortality within a dynamic cohort of approximately 550,000 individuals whose vital status was ascertained between 1986 and 1999. Time-series methods were applied to evaluate whether there were differential pollutant effects on daily aggregated numbers of deaths in the cohort that was stratified into quintiles of income as defined by the 1991 and 1996 Canadian censuses. The percent change in all-cause, cardiovascular, respiratory, and cancer daily mortality was calculated in relation to short-term changes in levels of a number of particulate (PM(2.5), PM(10-2.5), total suspended particle co-efficient of haze PM(10), SO(4)) and gaseous (O(3), CO, SO(2), NO(2)) pollutants. The estimated effects of air pollution on mortality were adjusted for day of week effects, and several meteorologic variables including temperature, change in barometric pressure, and relative humidity. Several gaseous pollutants were associated with an increased risk of mortality. Specifically for an increase equivalent to the difference between the 90th and 10th percentiles, the estimated percent change in daily mortality based on the 3-day average of NO(2), and SO(2) was 4.0% and 1.3%, respectively. The corresponding changes in mortality associated with SO(2) were much higher when analyses were restricted to death from respiratory disease. Specifically, a difference between the 90th and 10th percentiles was associated with a 5.6% (95% CI= -0.7% to 12.3%). The daily mean coarse fraction (PM(10-2.5)) was associated with increased cardiovascular mortality (estimated change=5.9%, 95% CI=1.1-10.8%). PM(2.5) was not found to be an important predictor of mortality. For NO(2), CO, and SO(2), there was some suggestion of increased risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality at lower levels of socioeconomic status. However, these results should be interpreted cautiously due to the small number of deaths observed within each stratum of socioeconomic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Villeneuve
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8.
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Kleinman MT, Bufalino C, Rasmussen R, Hyde D, Bhalla DK, Mautz WJ. Toxicity of chemical components of ambient fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) inhaled by aged rats. J Appl Toxicol 2000; 20:357-64. [PMID: 11139166 DOI: 10.1002/1099-1263(200009/10)20:5<357::aid-jat699>3.0.co;2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The toxicity of two important chemical components of fine ambient particulate matter (PM 2.5)-ammonium bisulfate (ABS) and elemental carbon (C)-was studied using aged (senescent) rats. The study tested the hypotheses that fine particle exposure can damage lungs and impair host defenses in aged rats and that ozone would potentiate the toxicity of these particles. Ammonium bisulfate aerosols were generated by nebulization of dilute aqueous solutions. Elemental carbon was generated from an aqueous suspension of carbon black. Carbon and ABS mixtures were generated by nebulization of a suspension of carbon black in a dilute aqueous solution of ABS. Rats were exposed, nose-only, for 4 h a day, three consecutive days a week, for 4 weeks. The rats were exposed to one of six atmospheres: (1) purified air; (2) C, 50 microg m(-3), 0.3 microm mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD); (3) ABS, 70 microg m(-3), 0.3 microm MMAD; (4) O3, 0.2 ppm; (5) ABS + C, 0.46 microm MMAD; and (6) ABS + C + O3, 0.45 microm MMAD. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey multiple comparison tests; a two-tailed significance level of 0.05 was used. The nuclei of lung epithelial and interstitial cells were examined to determine the labeling of the DNA of dividing cells by 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine and to identify the location of injury-repair-related cell replication. Increased labeling of both epithelial and interstitial lung cells occurred following all pollutant exposures. Although epithelial cells are most likely impacted by inhaled particles first, the adjacent interstitial cells were the cells that showed the greatest degree of response. Exposure to the ABS + C + O3 mixture resulted in losses of lung collagen and increases in macrophage respiratory burst and phagocytic activities that were statistically significant. Our results demonstrate that ozone can increase the toxicity of inhaled particles (or vice versa), and suggest that detailed study of mixtures could provide a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms by which inhaled pollutants adversely affect human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Kleinman
- Department of Community and Environmental Medicine, University of California, Irvine 92697-1825, USA.
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Ostro BD, Hurley S, Lipsett MJ. Air pollution and daily mortality in the Coachella Valley, California: a study of PM10 dominated by coarse particles. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 1999; 81:231-238. [PMID: 10585019 DOI: 10.1006/enrs.1999.3978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Many epidemiological studies provide evidence of an association between airborne particles, measured as PM10 (particulate matter less than 10 microm in diameter), and daily morbidity and mortality. Most of these studies have been conducted in urban areas where PM10 consists primarily of fine particles (<2.5 microm in diameter). Few studies have investigated impacts associated with coarse mode particles (>2.5 microm in diameter). We investigated associations between PM10 and daily mortality in the Coachella Valley, a desert resort and retirement area east of Los Angeles, where coarse particles of geologic origin typically comprise approximately 50-60% of PM10 and can exceed 90% during wind events. Our analysis utilized daily data on mortality from 1989 through 1992 as well as several pollutant and meteorological variables, including PM10, nitrates, sulfates, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, temperature, and relative humidity. Outcome variables included several measures of daily mortality, including all-cause, cardiovascular and respiratory mortality, and counts of deaths for those above age 50. Multivariate Poisson regression models were used to explain these health endpoints, controlling for temperature, humidity, day of the week, season, and time, using locally weighted smoothing techniques. The analysis indicated statistically significant associations between PM10 (2- or 3-day lags) and each measure of mortality. The results were robust to various model specifications, correction for autocorrelation and overdispersion, and analysis of influential observations. A 10 microg/m3 change in daily PM10 was associated with an approximately 1% increase in mortality, which is of similar magnitude to particle-associated impacts identified in urban areas. Thus, our findings provide evidence for a mortality effect of PM10 in an area where the particulate mass is dominated by coarse particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Ostro
- California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Oakland 94612, USA
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Takenaka S, Godleski JJ, Heini A, Karg E, Kreyling WG, Ritter B, Schulz H, Ziesenis A, Heyder J. Health effects of sulfur-related environmental air pollution. V. Lung structure. Inhal Toxicol 1999; 11:439-54. [PMID: 10380178 DOI: 10.1080/089583799197087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The lungs of 8 male beagle dogs were examined morphologically and morphometrically after exposure for 13 mo to a respirable sulfur(IV) aerosol at a mass concentration of 1.53 mg m(-3) (16.5 h/day), and to an acidic sulfate aerosol carrying 15.2 micromol m(-3) hydrogen ions into the lungs (6 h/day). An additional eight dogs served as unexposed controls. Standard morphometric analyses of both the surface epithelia of the conducting airways and the alveolar region were performed. These analyses showed no difference between the exposure group and control group. However, there was a tendency to an increase in the volume density of bronchial glands in the exposure group. Five of eight exposed animals showed thickened ridges (knob-like structures) at the entrance to alveoli in the alveolar duct and alveolar sac. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the thickening was mainly due to type II cell proliferation. As the previous experiment using sulfite aerosol only showed no alterations in the proximal alveolar regions, the changes observed may be considered as effects of acidic sulfate aerosol alone or in combination with sulfite. These findings suggest that sulfur aerosols have the potential to induce epithelial alterations in the proximal alveolar region, which is a primary target for air pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Takenaka
- GSF-Institute for Inhalation Biology, PO Box 1129, D-85758 Neuherberg, Germany.
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Kley D, Kleinmann M, Sanderman H, Krupa S. Photochemical oxidants: state of the science. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 1999; 100:19-42. [PMID: 15093111 DOI: 10.1016/s0269-7491(99)00086-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/1998] [Accepted: 03/22/1999] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric photochemical processes resulting in the production of tropospheric ozone (O(3)) and other oxidants are described. The spatial and temporal variabilities in the occurrence of surface level oxidants and their relationships to air pollution meteorology are discussed. Models of photooxidant formation are reviewed in the context of control strategies and comparisons are provided of the air concentrations of O(3) at select geographic locations around the world. This overall oxidant (O(3)) climatology is coupled to human health and ecological effects. The discussion of the effects includes both acute and chronic responses, mechanisms of action, human epidemiological and plant population studies and briefly, efforts to establish cause-effect relationships through numerical modeling. A short synopsis is provided of the interactive effects of O(3) with other abiotic and biotic factors. The overall emphasis of the paper is on identifying the current uncertainties and gaps in our understanding of the state of the science and some suggestions as to how they may be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kley
- Institut für Chemie der Belasteten Atmosphäre, Abteilung für Chemie und Dynamik der Geosphäre, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Juelich, Germany
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